Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-yōs

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

For **-yoss (stem + nominative *-s). It was directly added to the e-grade root (if there was one) rather than to the stem of the adjective.

Suffix

*-(é)-yōs

1. Forms adjectives from roots, meaning "very" or "rather".

Declension

Athematic, amphikinetic
	masculine	feminine
nominative	*-(é)-yōs	*-(∅)-yésih₂
genitive	*-(∅)-isés	*-(∅)-isyéh₂s
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*-(é)-yōs	*-(é)-yosh₁(e)	*-(é)-yoses
vocative	*-(é)-yos	*-(é)-yosh₁(e)	*-(é)-yoses
accusative	*-(é)-yosm̥	*-(é)-yosh₁(e)	*-(é)-yosm̥s
genitive	*-(∅)-isés	*?	*-(∅)-isóHom
ablative	*-(∅)-isés	*?	*-(∅)-ismós, *-(∅)-isbʰós
dative	*-(∅)-iséy	*?	*-(∅)-ismós, *-(∅)-isbʰós
locative	*-(∅)-yés, *-(∅)-yési	*?	*-(∅)-isú
instrumental	*-(∅)-iséh₁	*?	*-(∅)-ismís, *-(∅)-isbʰís
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*-(∅)-yésih₂	*-(∅)-yésih₂h₁(e)	*-(∅)-yésih₂es
vocative	*-(∅)-yésih₂	*-(∅)-yésih₂h₁(e)	*-(∅)-yésih₂es
accusative	*-(∅)-yésih₂m̥	*-(∅)-yésih₂h₁(e)	*-(∅)-yésih₂m̥s
genitive	*-(∅)-isyéh₂s	*?	*-(∅)-isyéh₂oHom
ablative	*-(∅)-isyéh₂s	*?	*-(∅)-isyéh₂mos, *-(∅)-isyéh₂bʰos
dative	*-(∅)-isyéh₂ey	*?	*-(∅)-isyéh₂mos, *-(∅)-isyéh₂bʰos
locative	*-(∅)-isyéh₂, *-(∅)-isyéh₂i	*?	*-(∅)-isyéh₂su
instrumental	*-(∅)-isyéh₂h₁	*?	*-(∅)-isyéh₂mis, *-(∅)-isyéh₂bʰis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*-(é)-yos	*-(é)-yosih₁	*-(é)-yōs
vocative	*-(é)-yos	*-(é)-yosih₁	*-(é)-yōs
accusative	*-(é)-yos	*-(é)-yosih₁	*-(é)-yōs
genitive	*-(∅)-isés	*?	*-(∅)-isóHom
ablative	*-(∅)-isés	*?	*-(∅)-ismós, *-(∅)-isbʰós
dative	*-(∅)-iséy	*?	*-(∅)-ismós, *-(∅)-isbʰós
locative	*-(∅)-yés, *-(∅)-yési	*?	*-(∅)-isú
instrumental	*-(∅)-iséh₁	*?	*-(∅)-ismís, *-(∅)-isbʰís

Usage notes

Adverbs were formed by using the stem, *-yos-, without any ending.

Derived terms

Category Proto-Indo-European adjectives suffixed with *-yōs not found

• *-is-ō ~ *-is-n-es
  • Proto-Germanic: *-izô, also *-ōzô
  • Proto-Hellenic: *-ihō
    • Ancient Greek: -ίων (-íōn)
• *-is-tos
  • Proto-Germanic: *-istaz, also *-ōstaz
  • Proto-Hellenic: *-istos
    • Ancient Greek: -ιστος (-istos)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-ištʰas (see there for further descendants)
• *-is-(t)m̥mos
  • Proto-Albanian: *-sama, *-isama
    • Albanian:

      Gheg: -çëm, -çme

      Tosk: -shëm, -shme

  • Proto-Celtic: *-samos, *-isamos
    • Proto-Brythonic: *-haβ̃ (see there for further descendants)
    • Old Irish: -em
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-ištamas
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-iṣṭamas
      • Sanskrit: -इष्टम (-iṣṭama)
  • Proto-Italic: *-isemos
    • Latin: -issimus

Descendants

• Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-jas
  • Proto-Slavic: *-jьjь (accusative *-jьšь)
• Proto-Celtic: *-yūs, accusative *-(y)osam
  • Proto-Brythonic: *-ox (see there for further descendants)
  • Old Irish: -iu
• Proto-Hellenic: *-yōs (*-y- is lost in palatalization)
  • Ancient Greek: -ων (-ōn) (with -ν- (-n-) conflated from the *-isō variant)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-yās
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-yas
    • Sanskrit: -यस् (-yas)
  • Proto-Iranian: *-yah
    • Avestan: -𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬵 (-iiah)
• Proto-Italic: *-jōs
  • Latin: -ior

See also

• *-(t)ero-

References

• Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN