Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/upp

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

The form is from either *ub + a nasal affix representing an earlier *up-nó, related to *uppai (earlier *up-nóy) and *ubanē; or by analogy with *uppai.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /upː/

Adverb

*upp

1. up, upwards

Related terms

• *ub
• *ubanē
• *upanaz
• *uppai

Derived terms

• *upp-
  • *upphiminaz
• *uppijaną

Descendants

Gothic shows a peculiar full-grade *eup-, while West Germanic (minus Anglo-Frisian) shows a secondary "full-grade" *ūp(ą) (German auf); for the same treatment compare *īn(ą) (German ein) and *ūt(ą) (German aus).

• Old English: upp, up
  • Middle English: up, upp, ap
    • English: up
    • Scots: up
    • Yola: ap, up
• Old Frisian: uppa, oppa, up, op
  • North Frisian:
    • Sylt: üp
  • Saterland Frisian: op, ap
  • West Frisian: op
• Old Saxon: ūp
  • Middle Low German: up
    • Low German: up, op
• Old Dutch: ūp
  • Middle Dutch: op
    • Dutch: op, (dialectal) oep
    • West Flemish: up, ip
• Old High German: ūf
  • Middle High German: ūf
    • Alemannic German: uf, ufe
    • Bavarian: aaf, auf

      Cimbrian: af

    • German: auf
    • Vilamovian: u̇f
    • Yiddish: אויף (oyf)
  • Old Rhine Franconian: uf
    • Middle Rhine Franconian: uf
      • Rhine Franconian: uff, off

        Pennsylvania German: uff

        Hunsrik: uff

  • Old Central Franconian: *up
    • Middle Central Franconian: up
      • Central Franconian: op

        Kölsch: op

• Old Norse: upp
  • Icelandic: upp
  • Faroese: upp
  • Norwegian Nynorsk: upp
  • Old Swedish: up
    • Swedish: upp
  • Danish: op
    • Norwegian Bokmål: opp
      • → Norwegian Nynorsk: opp
• Gothic: 𐌹𐌿𐍀 (iup)