Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂eǵ-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*h₂eǵ- (imperfective)

to drive

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₂eǵ- (47 c, 0 e)

*h₂éǵ-e-ti (thematic root present)
*h₂eǵ-dʰlo-^[1]
- Proto-Italic: *agdlom?
  - ⇒ Latin: (co)āgulum (see there for further descendants)
*h₂eǵ-i-no- (“of a goat; goat-skin”)^[2]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *āˀźina
  - Lithuanian: oženà f (“goat-skin”), ožìnis (“goat”, adj.)
  - Proto-Slavic: *azьno n (“goat-skin”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit: अजिन n (ajína, “skin (of an animal, esp. goat), hide; pelt, fur; leather bag”)
      - →⇒ Telugu: అజినము (ajinamu, “skin”)
  - Proto-Iranian:
    - Avestan: 𐬍𐬰𐬀𐬉𐬥𐬀 (īzaēna, “leathern”)
*h₂éǵ-mn̥ ~ *h₂ǵ-mén-s
- Proto-Hellenic: *ákʰmə
  - ⇒ Aeolic Greek: ἄχματα (ákhmata)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háȷ́ma
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háȷ́ma
    - Sanskrit: अज्मन् (ájman)
- Proto-Italic: *agmən
  - Latin: agmen
    - ⇒ Latin: exāmen (see there for further descendants)
*h₂óǵ-mo-s (“drive, path”)
*h₂eǵ-nó-s
- >? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *agnas
  - Lithuanian: agnùs (“agile, energetic”)
*h₂(e)ǵ-ó-s
- Proto-Hellenic: *agós
  - Ancient Greek: ἀγός (agós, “leader”)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Haȷ́ás (“leader; goat”) (see there for further descendants)
*h₂éǵ-ro-s (“field, pasturage”)
*h₂eǵ-ro- (“hunt, slaughter”)
- Proto-Celtic: *agrom (“slaughter, battle”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: ἄγρα (ágra, “hunt”), ᾰ̓́γρη (ágrē) — Ionic
    - Greek: άγρα (ágra)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - ⇒ Avestan: 𐬀𐬰𐬭𐬋𐬛𐬀𐬌𐬜𐬍 (azrōdaⁱδī, “hunt”)
*h₂eḱs- (“axis”)^[3]
*h₂ǵ-es- (post-PIE)
- >? Proto-Germanic: *kas-
- Proto-Italic: *gezō
  - Faliscan: 𐌊𐌄𐌔𐌄𐌕 (keset)
  - Latin: gerō (see there for further descendants)
    - ⇒ Latin: gestō (see there for further descendants)
*h₂ǵ-tó-s
- ⇒ Proto-Celtic: *ambaxtos
  - Proto-Brythonic: *ammaɨθ
    - Old Breton: ambaith
    - Cornish: ammeth
    - Middle Welsh: amaeth
      - Welsh: amaeth
  - Old Irish: amos, amsach (perhaps borrowed from Brythonic)
    - Irish: amhas
  - Gaulish: ambaxtos
    - → Latin: ambactus, ambaxtus^[4] (see there for further descendants)
    - → Proto-Germanic: *ambahtaz (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *aktós
  - Ancient Greek: ἐπακτός (epaktós)
- Proto-Italic: *aktos
  - Latin: āctus (see there for further descendants)
*h₂éǵ-tōr ~ *h₂ǵ-trés
- Proto-Hellenic: *áktōr
  - Ancient Greek: ἄκτωρ (áktōr)
- Proto-Italic: *aktōr
  - Latin: actor (see there for further descendants)
*h₂éǵ-tr-eh₂
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HáštraH (see there for further descendants)
Unsorted formations:
- Indo-Aryan:
  - Sanskrit:
    - Sanskrit: आजि (āji, “match, competition”)
- Iranian:
  - Classical Persian: آژیانه (āžiyāna, “the marbled field or ground”)
  - Classical Persian: آژینه (āžīna, “the iron tool which releated to axile”)
  - Zazaki: hêga (hēgā, “ground, earth”) (maybe from un-iranian roots)
- Proto-Tocharian: *āk^[5]
  - Tocharian A: āk
  - Tocharian B: āk
- Proto-Tocharian: *ekäñye- (possibly)^[6]
  - Tocharian A: akäṃtsune
  - Tocharian B: ekaññe

Descendants

Proto-Tocharian: *āk-^[7]
- Tocharian A: āk-
- Tocharian B: āk-
Sanskrit: अज् (aj)
→ Proto-Uralic: *aja- (see there for further descendants)

References

De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*h₂eg̑-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 255f
Wodtko, Dagmar S., Irslinger, Britta, Schneider, Carolin (2008) “*h₂eg̑-”, in Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, pages 267-277

^ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*azьno”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 31–32
^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 4
^ Lambert, Pierre-Yves, Pinault, Georges-Jean (2007) Gaulois et celtique continental‎^[1], page 191
^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “āk”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 38
^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “ekaññi”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 79
^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “āk-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 38-39

[1] Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN

[2] Derksen, Rick (2008) “*azьno”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 31–32

[3] Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 4

[4] Lambert, Pierre-Yves, Pinault, Georges-Jean (2007) Gaulois et celtique continental‎^[1], page 191

[5] Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “āk”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 38

[6] Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “ekaññi”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 79

[7] Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “āk-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 38-39

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