tempus

See also: Tempus

Finnish

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Latin tempus.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈtempus/, [ˈt̪e̞mpus̠]
• Rhymes: -empus
• Syllabification^(key): tem‧pus

Noun

tempus (dated)

1. (linguistics) tense

Declension

Inflection of tempus (Kotus type 39/vastaus, no gradation)
nominative		tempus	tempukset
genitive		tempuksen	tempusten tempuksien
partitive		tempusta	tempuksia
illative		tempukseen	tempuksiin
		singular	plural
nominative		tempus	tempukset
accusative	nom.	tempus	tempukset
	gen.	tempuksen
genitive		tempuksen	tempusten tempuksien
partitive		tempusta	tempuksia
inessive		tempuksessa	tempuksissa
elative		tempuksesta	tempuksista
illative		tempukseen	tempuksiin
adessive		tempuksella	tempuksilla
ablative		tempukselta	tempuksilta
allative		tempukselle	tempuksille
essive		tempuksena	tempuksina
translative		tempukseksi	tempuksiksi
abessive		tempuksetta	tempuksitta
instructive		—	tempuksin
comitative		See the possessive forms below.

Possessive forms of tempus (Kotus type 39/vastaus, no gradation)

first-person singular possessor singular plural nominative tempukseni tempukseni accusative nom. tempukseni tempukseni gen. tempukseni genitive tempukseni tempusteni tempuksieni partitive tempustani tempuksiani inessive tempuksessani tempuksissani elative tempuksestani tempuksistani illative tempukseeni tempuksiini adessive tempuksellani tempuksillani ablative tempukseltani tempuksiltani allative tempukselleni tempuksilleni essive tempuksenani tempuksinani translative tempuksekseni tempuksikseni abessive tempuksettani tempuksittani instructive — — comitative — tempuksineni second-person singular possessor singular plural nominative tempuksesi tempuksesi accusative nom. tempuksesi tempuksesi gen. tempuksesi genitive tempuksesi tempustesi tempuksiesi partitive tempustasi tempuksiasi inessive tempuksessasi tempuksissasi elative tempuksestasi tempuksistasi illative tempukseesi tempuksiisi adessive tempuksellasi tempuksillasi ablative tempukseltasi tempuksiltasi allative tempuksellesi tempuksillesi essive tempuksenasi tempuksinasi translative tempukseksesi tempuksiksesi abessive tempuksettasi tempuksittasi instructive — — comitative — tempuksinesi first-person plural possessor singular plural nominative tempuksemme tempuksemme accusative nom. tempuksemme tempuksemme gen. tempuksemme genitive tempuksemme tempustemme tempuksiemme partitive tempustamme tempuksiamme inessive tempuksessamme tempuksissamme elative tempuksestamme tempuksistamme illative tempukseemme tempuksiimme adessive tempuksellamme tempuksillamme ablative tempukseltamme tempuksiltamme allative tempuksellemme tempuksillemme essive tempuksenamme tempuksinamme translative tempukseksemme tempuksiksemme abessive tempuksettamme tempuksittamme instructive — — comitative — tempuksinemme second-person plural possessor singular plural nominative tempuksenne tempuksenne accusative nom. tempuksenne tempuksenne gen. tempuksenne genitive tempuksenne tempustenne tempuksienne partitive tempustanne tempuksianne inessive tempuksessanne tempuksissanne elative tempuksestanne tempuksistanne illative tempukseenne tempuksiinne adessive tempuksellanne tempuksillanne ablative tempukseltanne tempuksiltanne allative tempuksellenne tempuksillenne essive tempuksenanne tempuksinanne translative tempukseksenne tempuksiksenne abessive tempuksettanne tempuksittanne instructive — — comitative — tempuksinenne third-person possessor singular plural nominative tempuksensa tempuksensa accusative nom. tempuksensa tempuksensa gen. tempuksensa genitive tempuksensa tempustensa tempuksiensa partitive tempustaan tempustansa tempuksiaan tempuksiansa inessive tempuksessaan tempuksessansa tempuksissaan tempuksissansa elative tempuksestaan tempuksestansa tempuksistaan tempuksistansa illative tempukseensa tempuksiinsa adessive tempuksellaan tempuksellansa tempuksillaan tempuksillansa ablative tempukseltaan tempukseltansa tempuksiltaan tempuksiltansa allative tempukselleen tempuksellensa tempuksilleen tempuksillensa essive tempuksenaan tempuksenansa tempuksinaan tempuksinansa translative tempuksekseen tempukseksensa tempuksikseen tempuksiksensa abessive tempuksettaan tempuksettansa tempuksittaan tempuksittansa instructive — — comitative — tempuksineen tempuksinensa

Synonyms

• aikamuoto

Derived terms

compounds

• liittotempus

 

Further reading

• “tempus”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎^[1] (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-03

Latin

Tempus horologio significatur.

Picture dictionary

tempus

calvāria

cerebrum

oculus

labium

nāsus

ōs

mentum

māxilla

auris

tempus

collum

Click on labels in the image.

Etymology

From Proto-Italic *tempos. Two ultimate roots/origins have been proposed:

• From Proto-Indo-European *tempos (“stretch”), from the extension *temp- of the root *ten- (“to stretch, string”), with meaning development "what is stretched, stretching" → "stretch (of time)" → "time, occasion".
• From Proto-Indo-European *temh₁- (“to cut”), thus "a section (of time)", this root also giving Latin temnō, tondeō, Ancient Greek τέμνω (témnō); compare the etymology of English time. templum is a possible cognate that has also been assigned to both roots. (Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced?)

Sense 2 is a semantic loan from Ancient Greek τὰ καίρῐᾰ (tà kaíria, “the vital or fatal place (on the body)”), from καιρός (kairós, “time, opportunity, etc.”), and is less frequent in singular form. Compare Old English þunwang (“temple of the head”), Middle High German tinne, tinge (“forehead, temples”).

As seen from the adverb temperī, the noun would originally have declined like genus.

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): /ˈtem.pus/, [ˈt̪ɛmpʊs̠]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /ˈtem.pus/, [ˈt̪ɛmpus]

Noun

tempus n (genitive temporis); third declension

1. (literally):
   1. A portion or period of time, a time.

      ad/in tempus ― temporarily; for a time

      tempus diurnum ― daytime

      • c. 37 BCE – 30 BCE, Virgil, Georgics III.284:

        sed fvgit intereā fvgit inreparābile tempvs

        But it flees, meanwhile, it flees... irretrievable time.

      • c. 99 BCE – 55 BCE, Lucretius, De rerum natura 5.220:

        Cur anni tempora morbos adportant?

        Why do the seasons of the year bring maladies?

      1. (especially) The time intervening two events; an interval, period.
         • 397 CE – 401 CE, Aurelius Augustinus Hipponensis, Confessions 4:

           per īdem tempus annōrum novem, ab ūndēvīcēnsimō annō aetātis meae ūsque ad duodētrīcēnsimum, sēdūcēbāmur et sēdūcēbāmus

           During this period of nine years, from my nineteenth year to my twenty-eighth, I went astray and led others astray.

   2. (in general) Time.
   3. (in particular) The kairos, right time, due season, due time, proper time, appointed time, opportune time, opportunity.

      in tempore ― at the appropriate time; in due season

      ad tempus venīre ― to come at the right time

      ante tempus ― too soon (literally, “before the right time”)

3. (anatomy):
   1. (in the plural) The temples of the head.
   2. (poetic, transferred sense) (in general) The face, visage; the head.
4. (other transferred senses):
   1. The time or age in its moral aspects; the state of the times, position, state, condition; (in the plural) the times, circumstances.

      prō tempore ― according to the circumstances

      • 63 BCE, Cicero, Catiline Orations Oratio in Catilinam Prima in Senatu Habita.II:

        Ō tempora, ō mōrēs! Senātus haec intellegit, cōnsul videt; hic tamen vīvit. Vīvit?

        Shame on the age and on its principles! The senate is aware of these things; the consul sees them; and yet this man lives. Lives!

   2. (poetry, rhetoric) Time; measure, quantity.
   3. (grammar) A tense of a verb.
   4. (Medieval Latin, rare) The weather.

Inflection

Third-declension noun (neuter, imparisyllabic non-i-stem).

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	tempus	tempora
Genitive	temporis	temporum
Dative	temporī	temporibus
Accusative	tempus	tempora
Ablative	tempore	temporibus
Vocative	tempus	tempora

Derived terms

• ex tempore
• prō tempore
• temperī
• temperō
• tempestās
• temporālis
• temporāneus
• temporārius
• temporātim
• temporī
• tempus fugit

 

Descendants

From the sense "time"

Inherited

• Balkan Romance:
  • Megleno-Romanian: timp
  • Romanian: timp
• Dalmatian:
  • tiamp
• Italo-Romance:
  • Corsican: tempu
  • Italian: tempo (see there for further descendants)
  • Neapolitan: tiempo
  • Sicilian: tempu
• North Italian:
  • Istriot: tenpo
  • Venetan: tenpo, tènp
  • Gallo-Italian:
    • Ligurian: tempo
    • Lombard: temp
    • Piedmontese: temp
• Rhaeto-Romance:
  • Friulian: timp
  • Ladin: tëmp
  • Romansch: temp, taimp, tains
• Gallo-Romance:
  • Franco-Provençal: temps
  • Oïl:
    • Old French: temps, tans, tens
      • Anglo-Norman: tens
        • Middle English: tens
          • English: tense
      • Bourguignon: tamps
      • Franc-Comtois: temps
      • Middle French: temps
        • French: temps
      • Norman: temps
      • Walloon: tins
      , tans, tens
  • Oc:
    • Old Catalan: temps
      • Catalan: temps
    • Old Occitan: tems
      • Occitan: tèms, tems, temps
• Ibero-Romance:
  • Asturian: tiempu
  • Galician: tempo
  • Portuguese: tempo
  • Spanish: tiempo

Borrowings

• → Basque: denbora
• → Norwegian Bokmål: tempus
• → Russian: темп (temp)
• → Sardinian: tempus
• → Swedish: tempus
• → Welsh: tymor

Meaning "temple of the head"

• Asturian: tenllera
• Catalan: templa
• Esperanto: tempio
• Old French: temple
  • French: tempe
  • → Middle English: temple
    • English: temple
• Galician: tempas
• Italian: tempia
• → Portuguese: têmpora
• Romanian: tâmplă
• → Sardinian: tempus
• Sicilian: sintimentu
• Spanish: tiempo

Meaning "weather"

• Catalan: temps
• Galician: tempo
• Italian: tempo
• Neapolitan: tiempo
• Old French: temps, tans, tens
  • Anglo-Norman: tens
    • Middle English: tens
      • English: tense
  • Bourguignon: tamps
  • Franc-Comtois: temps
  • Middle French: temps
    • French: temps
  • Norman: temps
  • Walloon: tins
• Portuguese: tempo
• Romanian: timp
• Sicilian: tempu
• Spanish: tiempo

Further reading

• “tempus”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “tempus”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• tempus in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
• tempus in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
• Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎^[2], London: Macmillan and Co.
  • to be separated by an immense interval of space and time: intervallo locorum et temporum disiunctum esse
    
  • time passes: tempus praeterit, transit
    
  • to have time for a thing: tempus habere alicui rei
    
  • I have no time to do something: tempus mihi deest ad aliquid faciendum
    
  • to pass one's time in doing something: tempus consumere in aliqua re
    
  • to waste time on something: tempus terere, conterere (in) aliqua re
    
  • to employ one's time in..: tempus conferre ad aliquid
    
  • to devote time to anything: tempus tribuere alicui rei
    
  • to lose no time: tempus non amittere, perdere
    
  • to devote every spare moment to...; to work without intermission at a thing: nullum tempus intermittere, quin (also ab opere, or ad opus)
    
  • to spend time: tempus ducere
    
  • to put off till another time; to postpone: aliquid in aliud tempus, in posterum differre
    
  • to require, give, take time for deliberation: tempus (spatium) deliberandi or ad deliberandum postulare, dare, sibi sumere
    
  • to accommodate oneself to circumstances: tempori servire, cedere
    
  • since the time that, since (at the beginning of a sentence): ex quo tempore or simply ex quo
    
  • at the same moment that, precisely when: eo ipso tempore, cum; tum ipsum, cum
    
  • occasions arise for..: incidunt tempora, cum
    
  • circumstances demand: tempus (ita) fert (not secum)
    
  • it is high time that..: tempus maximum est, ut
    
  • the present day: haec tempora, nostra haec aetas, memoria
    
  • in our time; in our days: his temporibus, nostra (hac) aetate, nostra memoria, his (not nostris) diebus
    
  • in the time of Pericles: aetate (temporibus) Periclis
    
  • in old days, in the olden time: antiquis temporibus
    
  • the imperial epoch: tempora Caesariana
    
  • a man of considerable learning for those times: vir ut temporibus illis doctus
    
  • in process of time: tempore progrediente
    
  • at the first opportunity: primo quoque tempore
    
  • at this moment: hoc tempore
    
  • in an instant: puncto temporis
    
  • at the important moment: momento temporis
    
  • just at the critical moment: in ipso discrimine (articulo) temporis
    
  • on the spur of the moment: temporis causa
    
  • to be there at a given time: ad tempus adesse
    
  • for a short time: ad exiguum tempus
    
  • for a short time: brevis or exigui temporis
    
  • after some time: spatio temporis intermisso
    
  • at present; for the moment: in praesentia, in praesens (tempus)
    
  • the spirit of the times, the fashion: saeculi consuetudo or ratio atque inclinatio temporis (temporum)
    
  • the succession of the four seasons: commutationes temporum quadripartitae
    
  • in spring, summer, autumn, winter time: verno, aestivo, auctumnali, hiberno tempore
    
  • the charms of spring: suavitas verni temporis
    
  • morning, noon, evening, night: tempus matutīnum, meridianum, vespertinum, nocturnum
    
  • the morning hours: tempora matutina
    
  • to live (all) one's life (honourably, in the country, as a man of learning): vitam, aetatem (omnem aetatem, omne aetatis tempus) agere (honeste, ruri, in litteris), degere, traducere
    
  • the last stage of life, one's last days: extremum tempus aetatis
    
  • under such unfavourable circumstances: in tanta rerum (temporum) iniquitate
    
  • according to circumstances: pro re (nata), pro tempore
    
  • according to circumstances: pro tempore et pro re
    
  • not to leave off work for an instant: nullum tempus a labore intermittere
    
  • to spend one's leisure hours on an object: otiosum tempus consumere in aliqua re
    
  • to devote all one's leisure moments to study: omne (otiosum) tempus in litteris consumere
    
  • the history of our own times; contemporary history: memoria huius aetatis (horum temporum)
    
  • universal history: omnis memoria, omnis memoria aetatum, temporum, civitatum or omnium rerum, gentium, temporum, saeculorum memoria
    
  • to consult history: memoriam annalium or temporum replicare
    
  • the mythical period, the heroic age: tempora heroica (N. D. 3. 21. 54)
    
  • to go back to the remote ages: repetere ab ultima (extrema, prisca) antiquitate (vetustate), ab heroicis temporibus
    
  • chronology: temporum ratio, descriptio, ordo
    
  • to observe the chronological order of events: temporum ordinem servare
    
  • to observe the chronological order of events: servare et notare tempora
    
  • to narrate events in the order of their occurrence: res temporum ordine servato narrare
    
  • to make a chronological mistake: temporibus errare (Phil. 2. 9. 23)
    
  • to calculate the date of an event: ad temporum rationem aliquid revocare
    
  • to be exact in calculating dates: diligentem esse in exquirendis temporibus
    
  • to speak extempore: subito, ex tempore (opp. ex praeparato) dicere
    

Latvian

Noun

tempus m

1. accusative plural of temps

Norwegian Nynorsk

Etymology

From Latin tempus (“time”). Doublet of tempo.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈtɛmpʉs/

Noun

tempus n (definite singular tempuset, indefinite plural tempus, definite plural tempusa)

1. (linguistics, grammar) tense

Inflection

Historical inflection of tempus indefinite singular definite singular indefinite plural definite plural pre-1983 tempus tempuset tempora tempora, temporaa [temporai] 1983 tempus tempuset tempora, tempus tempora, temporaa [temporai]; tempusa [tempusi] 2012 (current) tempus tempuset tempus tempusa Forms in italics are currently considered non-standard. Forms in [brackets] were official, but considered second-tier.

References

• “tempus” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

Sardinian

Etymology

From Latin tempus

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈtempus/

Noun

tempus m (plural tempos)

1. (countable and uncountable) time
2. (uncountable) weather

Swedish

Noun

tempus n

1. (grammar) tense; a grammatical category that provides information about at which point in time a mentioned event takes place.

   Coordinate terms: aspekt, modus