Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/tvarogъ

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

Probably related to *tvoriti, Old Church Slavonic творъ (tvorŭ, “form”), Russian утво́р (utvór, “leaven, ferment”), Czech tvořidlo (“container for cheesemaking”). Morphologically *tvar- +‎ *-ogъ. For meaning compare French fromage, Italian formaggio.

Unlikely to be from a Turkic language (compare Chagatai [script needed] (turak, “cheese”)).

Noun

*tvarogъ m

1. quark (soft creamy cheese)

Inflection

Declension of *tvarogъ (hard o-stem)

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*tvarogъ	*tvaroga	*tvarodzi
genitive	*tvaroga	*tvarogu	*tvarogъ
dative	*tvarogu	*tvarogoma	*tvarogomъ
accusative	*tvarogъ	*tvaroga	*tvarogy
instrumental	*tvarogъmь, *tvarogomь*	*tvarogoma	*tvarogy
locative	*tvarodzě	*tvarogu	*tvarodzěxъ
vocative	*tvarože	*tvaroga	*tvarodzi

^* -ъmь in North Slavic, -omь in South Slavic.

See also

• *syrъ
• *kvasъ

Descendants

• East Slavic:
  • Belarusian: тваро́г (tvaróh); тво́раг (tvórah), тво́рах (tvórax), творо́г (tvoróh), творі́х (tvoríx), твору́г (tvorúh) (dialectal)
    • ⇒ Belarusian: атваро́г (atvaróh), отворо́г (otvoróh) (dialectal)
  • Russian: творо́г (tvoróg), тваро́г (tvaróg), тво́рог (tvórog)
  • Carpathian Rusyn: тварі́г (tvaríh)
  • Ukrainian: тва́рог (tvároh), творі́г (tvoríh), творо́г (tvoróh), твору́г (tvorúh) (dialectal)
    • ⇒ Ukrainian: отворо́г (otvoróh) (dialectal)
• South Slavic:
  • Old Church Slavonic:

    Old Cyrillic script: тварогъ (tvarogŭ)

    Glagolitic script: ⱅⰲⰰⱃⱁⰳⱏ (tvarogŭ)

    • Bulgarian: тваро́г (tvaróg) (obsolete)
• West Slavic:
  • Old Czech: tvaroh
    • Czech: tvaroh
  • Old Polish: twaróg
    • Polish: twaróg
  • Slovak: tvaroh
  • Sorbian:
    • Upper Sorbian: twaroh
    • Lower Sorbian: twarog
  • → Middle High German: twarc
    • → German: Quark
      • → Danish: kvark
      • → Dutch: kwark
      • → English: quark
      • → Japanese: クワルク (kuwaruku)
      • → Kashubian: kwark
      • → Korean: 크바르크 (keubareukeu)
      • → Swedish: kvarg
    • → German: Quargel
      • → Serbo-Croatian: kvargl, кваргл
  • → German Low German: Dwarg
    • → Plautdietsch: Dwoaj

Further reading

• “Quark” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache
• Tsykhun, G. A., editor (2010), “тваро́г”, in Этымалагічны слоўнік беларускай мовы [Etymological Dictionary of the Belarusian Language] (in Belarusian), volumes 13 (су- – трапка́ч), Minsk: Belaruskaia navuka, →ISBN
• Melnychuk, O. S., editor (2006), “тва́рог”, in Етимологічний словник української мови [Etymological Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language] (in Ukrainian), volume 5 (Р – Т), Kyiv: Naukova Dumka, →ISBN, page 530
• Šanskij, N. M. (2004) “творог”, in Školʹnyj etimologičeskij slovarʹ russkovo jazyka [School Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Drofa
• Chernykh, P. Ja. (1993) “творог”, in Историко-этимологический словарь русского языка [Historical-Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), 3rd edition, volume 2 (панцирь – ящур), Moscow: Russian Lang., →ISBN, page 231
• Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “творог”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress