Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/tvoriti

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *twarīˀtei, causative/iterative of Proto-Indo-European *twerH-. Baltic cognates include Lithuanian tvérti (“to seize, to form”), Latvian tvert (“to seize, to hold”), Lithuanian tvárstyti (“to bandage”), Latvian tvarstīt (“to snap, to catch”) (1sg. tvarstu), Lithuanian turė́ti (“to hold”), Latvian turēt (“to hold”), Old Prussian turīt (“to have”). Indo-European cognates include Ancient Greek σορός (sorós, “urn”).

Verb

*tvorìti^[1]^[2]^[3]

to make

Inflection

Conjugation of *tvoriti, *tvori, *tvoritь (?, -i-, s-aorist, accent paradigm b)

Verbal noun	Infinitive	Supine	L-participle
*tvořenьje	*tvoriti	*tvoritъ	*tvorilъ

	Participles
Tense	Past	Present
Passive	*tvořenъ	*tvorimъ
Active	*tvořь	*tvorę

	Aorist			Present
Person	1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Singular	*tvorixъ	*tvori	*tvori	*tvořǫ	*tvoriši	*tvoritь
Dual	*tvorixově	*tvorista	*tvoriste	*tvorivě	*tvorita	*tvorite
Plural	*tvorixomъ	*tvoriste	*tvorišę	*tvorimъ	*tvorite	*tvorętь
	Imperfect			Imperative
Person	1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Singular	*tvořaaxъ	*tvořaaše	*tvořaaše	—	*tvori	*tvori
Dual	*tvořaaxově	*tvořaašeta	*tvořaašete	*tvorivě	*tvorita	—
Plural	*tvořaaxomъ	*tvořaašete	*tvořaaxǫ	*tvorimъ	*tvorite	—

(*)*tvorivъ is a later doublet of the past active participle

Conjugation of *tvoriti, *tvori, *tvoritь (?, -i-, s-aorist, accent paradigm c)

Verbal noun	Infinitive	Supine	L-participle
*tvořenьje	*tvoriti	*tvoritъ	*tvorilъ

	Participles
Tense	Past	Present
Passive	*tvořenъ	*tvorimъ
Active	*tvořь	*tvorę

	Aorist			Present
Person	1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Singular	*tvorixъ	*tvori	*tvori	*tvořǫ	*tvoriši	*tvoritь
Dual	*tvorixově	*tvorista	*tvoriste	*tvorivě	*tvorita	*tvorite
Plural	*tvorixomъ	*tvoriste	*tvorišę	*tvorimъ	*tvorite	*tvorętь
	Imperfect			Imperative
Person	1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Singular	*tvořaaxъ	*tvořaaše	*tvořaaše	—	*tvori	*tvori
Dual	*tvořaaxově	*tvořaašeta	*tvořaašete	*tvorivě	*tvorita	—
Plural	*tvořaaxomъ	*tvořaašete	*tvořaaxǫ	*tvorimъ	*tvorite	—

(*)*tvorivъ is a later doublet of the past active participle

Related terms

*tvьrdь (“citadel, firmament”)
*tvь̑rdъ (“firm, hard, solid”)
*tvȃrь (“creation, creature”)
*tvȍrъ (“creation, creature”)

Descendants

East Slavic:
- Old East Slavic: творити (tvoriti)
  - Old Ruthenian: творити (tvoriti)^[4]
    - Belarusian: твары́ць (tvarýcʹ)
    - Ukrainian: твори́ти (tvorýty)
  - Russian: твори́ть (tvorítʹ)
South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic:
  Cyrillic: творити (tvoriti)
  
  Glagolitic: ⱅⰲⱁⱃⰻⱅⰻ (tvoriti)
- Bulgarian: творя́ (tvorjá)
- Macedonian: твори (tvori)
- Serbo-Croatian:
  Cyrillic: тво̀рити
  
  Latin: tvòriti
- Slovene: tvọ́riti (tonal orthography)
West Slavic:
- Old Czech: tvořiti
  - Czech: tvořit
- Old Polish: tworzyć
  - Polish: tworzyć
  - Silesian: tworzić
- Slovak: tvoriť
- Pomeranian:
  - Kashubian: twòrzëc
  - Slovincian: twôrzëc
- Sorbian:
  - Upper Sorbian: tworić
  - Lower Sorbian: tworiś

References

^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*tvorìti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 501: “v. (c) ‘make’”
^ Olander, Thomas (2001) “tvoriti: tvorjǫ tvoritь”, in Common Slavic Accentological Word List‎^[1], Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “b skabe (PR 140)”
^ Snoj, Marko (2016) “tvọ̄riti”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar [Slovenian Etymology Dictionary] (in Slovene), 3rd edition, https://fran.si: “Pslovan. *tvori̋ti”
^
^{The template Template:R:zle-obe:HSBM does not use the parameter(s): url=tvoriti
Please see Module:checkparams for help with this warning.}Bulyka, A. M., editor (2013), “творити”, in Гістарычны слоўнік беларускай мовы [Historical Dictionary of the Belarusian Language] (in Belarusian), numbers 33 (струна – треснутися), Minsk: Belaruskaia navuka, →ISBN, page 246

[1] Derksen, Rick (2008) “*tvorìti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 501: “v. (c) ‘make’”

[2] Olander, Thomas (2001) “tvoriti: tvorjǫ tvoritь”, in Common Slavic Accentological Word List‎^[1], Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “b skabe (PR 140)”

[3] Snoj, Marko (2016) “tvọ̄riti”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar [Slovenian Etymology Dictionary] (in Slovene), 3rd edition, https://fran.si: “Pslovan. *tvori̋ti”

[4] {The template Template:R:zle-obe:HSBM does not use the parameter(s): url=tvoriti
Please see Module:checkparams for help with this warning.}Bulyka, A. M., editor (2013), “творити”, in Гістарычны слоўнік беларускай мовы [Historical Dictionary of the Belarusian Language] (in Belarusian), numbers 33 (струна – треснутися), Minsk: Belaruskaia navuka, →ISBN, page 246

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