πολύς
Ancient Greek
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Indo-European *polh₁ús (“much, many”), o-grade derivative of the root *pleh₁- (“to fill”). Cognates include Latin plūs (“more”), Sanskrit पुरु (puru, “much, many, abundant”), Old Irish oll (“great, vast”), Old English feolo (“much, many”) and Old Armenian յոլով (yolov).[1]
Pronunciation
[edit]- (5th BCE Attic) IPA(key): /po.lýs/
- (1st CE Egyptian) IPA(key): /poˈlys/
- (4th CE Koine) IPA(key): /poˈlys/
- (10th CE Byzantine) IPA(key): /poˈlys/
- (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA(key): /poˈlis/
Adjective
[edit]πολῠ́ς • (polŭ́s) m (feminine πολλή, neuter πολῠ́); first/second declension
- (of number, in the plural) many, a lot of
- (with nouns of multitude) large, great
- (of amount, with mass nouns) a lot of, much
- (rare, of a person) great, mighty
- (of sound) loud
- (attributively, adverbial) strongly, fully
- (of space) wide, large
- (of distance) far
- (of time) long; late
- πολὺν χρόνον
- polùn khrónon
- for a long time
- 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 8.101.3:
- ἔτι πολλῆς νυκτός
- éti pollês nuktós
- though [it was] still late night
- ἔτι πολλῆς νυκτός
- neuter πολύ (polú) or πολλά (pollá) as substantive
Usage notes
[edit]Unlike in English, when πολύς (polús) is combined with another adjective, it is usually joined to the adjective with καί (kaí): πολλὰ καὶ κακά (pollà kaì kaká, “many bad things”, literally “many and bad things”).
The declension of πολύς (polús) is formed from two stems, πολ- (pol-) and πολλ- (poll-) < πολϝ- (polw-).
Declension
[edit]Number | Singular | Dual | Plural | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Case/Gender | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |||||
Nominative | πολῠ́ς polŭ́s |
πολλή pollḗ |
πολῠ́ polŭ́ |
— | — | — | πολλοί polloí |
πολλαί pollaí |
πολλᾰ́ pollắ | |||||
Genitive | πολλοῦ polloû |
πολλῆς pollês |
πολλοῦ polloû |
— | — | — | πολλῶν pollôn |
πολλῶν pollôn |
πολλῶν pollôn | |||||
Dative | πολλῷ pollôi |
πολλῇ pollêi |
πολλῷ pollôi |
— | — | — | πολλοῖς polloîs |
πολλαῖς pollaîs |
πολλοῖς polloîs | |||||
Accusative | πολῠ́ν polŭ́n |
πολλήν pollḗn |
πολῠ́ polŭ́ |
— | — | — | πολλούς polloús |
πολλᾱ́ς pollā́s |
πολλᾰ́ pollắ | |||||
Vocative | πολλέ pollé |
πολλή pollḗ |
πολῠ́ polŭ́ |
— | — | — | πολλοί polloí |
πολλαί pollaí |
πολλᾰ́ pollắ | |||||
Derived forms | Adverb | Comparative | Superlative | |||||||||||
πολλῶς pollôs |
πλείων / πλέων pleíōn / pléōn |
πλεῖστος pleîstos | ||||||||||||
Notes: |
|
Number | Singular | Dual | Plural | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Case/Gender | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |||||
Nominative | πολῠ́ς / πολλός / πουλύς polŭ́s / pollós / poulús |
πολῠ́ς / πολλή / πουλύς polŭ́s / pollḗ / poulús |
πολῠ́ / πουλύ polŭ́ / poulú |
— | — | — | πολλοί / πολέες / πολεῖς polloí / polées / poleîs |
πολλαί / πολέες / πολεῖς pollaí / polées / poleîs |
πολλᾰ́ pollắ | |||||
Genitive | πολλοῦ / πολέος polloû / poléos |
πολλῆς / πολέος pollês / poléos |
πολλοῦ / πολέος polloû / poléos |
— | — | — | πολλῶν / πολέων pollôn / poléōn |
πολλᾱ́ων / πολλέ͜ων / πολλῶν pollā́ōn / pollé͜ōn / pollôn |
πολλῶν / πολέων pollôn / poléōn | |||||
Dative | πολλῷ pollôi |
πολλῇ pollêi |
πολλῷ pollôi |
— | — | — | πολέσι / πολέσιν / πολέεσσι / πολέεσσιν / πολλοῖς polési(n) / poléessi(n) / polloîs |
πολέσι / πολέσιν / πολέεσσι / πολέεσσιν / πολλοῖς polési(n) / poléessi(n) / polloîs |
πολέσι / πολέσιν / πολέεσσι / πολέεσσιν / πολλαῖς polési(n) / poléessi(n) / pollaîs | |||||
Accusative | πολύν / πουλύν / πολλόν polún / poulún / pollón |
πολλήν pollḗn |
πολῠ́ / πουλύ polŭ́ / poulú |
— | — | — | πολλούς / πολέας polloús / poléas |
πολλᾱ́ς / πολέας pollā́s / poléas |
πολλᾰ́ pollắ | |||||
Vocative | πολλέ pollé |
πολῠ́ς / πολλή / πουλύς polŭ́s / pollḗ / poulús |
πολῠ́ / πουλύ polŭ́ / poulú |
— | — | — | πολλοί / πολέες / πολεῖς polloí / polées / poleîs |
πολλαί / πολέες / πολεῖς pollaí / polées / poleîs |
πολλᾰ́ pollắ | |||||
Derived forms | Adverb | Comparative | Superlative | |||||||||||
— | πλείων / πλέων pleíōn / pléōn |
πλεῖστος pleîstos | ||||||||||||
Notes: |
|
Antonyms
[edit]- ὀλίγος (olígos)
Derived terms
[edit]- πολλάκις (pollákis)
- πολυβόειος (polubóeios)
- πολυγαμία (polugamía)
- Πολυδεύκης (Poludeúkēs)
- πολύϊχθυς (polúïkhthus)
- πολυμαθής (polumathḗs)
- πολύμητις (polúmētis)
- Πολύμνια (Polúmnia)
- πολύπους (polúpous)
- πολύσημος (polúsēmos)
- πολύσπαστον (polúspaston)
- πολύτλᾱς (polútlās)
- πολύτροπος (polútropos)
Related terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “πολύς”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1220-1
Further reading
[edit]- “πολύς”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “πολύς”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
- “πολύς”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
- πολύς in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
- Bauer, Walter et al. (2001) A Greek–English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, Third edition, Chicago: University of Chicago Press
- πολύς in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
- “πολύς”, in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
- G4183 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
- Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language[1], London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
- abundant idem, page 5.
- affluent idem, page 17.
- ample idem, page 28.
- bitter idem, page 80.
- considerable idem, page 163.
- copious idem, page 173.
- deal idem, page 198.
- deep idem, page 203.
- divers idem, page 243.
- extensive idem, page 296.
- flowing idem, page 330.
- full idem, page 348.
- generous idem, page 356.
- great idem, page 372.
- heavy idem, page 393.
- highest idem, page 400.
- huge idem, page 409.
- immense idem, page 417.
- large idem, page 476.
- liberal idem, page 488.
- long idem, page 498.
- many idem, page 513.
- much idem, page 545.
- multitudinous idem, page 546.
- numerous idem, page 563.
- overflowing idem, page 585.
- plentiful idem, page 620.
- profuse idem, page 653.
- quantity idem, page 663.
- repeated idem, page 696.
- rich idem, page 712.
- stream idem, page 824.
- strong idem, page 827.
- teeming idem, page 859.
- ungrudging idem, page 920.
- unremitting idem, page 929.
- unsparing idem, page 932.
- various idem, page 944.
- vast idem, page 945.
- voluminous idem, page 956.
- wealthy idem, page 970.
Greek
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Inherited from Ancient Greek πολύς (polús, “many”).
Pronunciation
[edit]Adjective
[edit]πολύς • (polýs) m (feminine πολλή, neuter πολύ)
- much, many, a lot of
- Αγόρασα πολύ λάδι. ― Agórasa polý ládi. ― I bought a lot of oil.
- too much
- Έβαλες πολλή ζάχαρη στον καφέ. ― Évales pollí záchari ston kafé. ― You put too much sugar in the coffee.
Declension
[edit]singular | plural | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
masculine | feminine | neuter | masculine | feminine | neuter | ||
nominative | πολύς (polýs) | πολλή (pollí) | πολύ (polý) | πολλοί (polloí) | πολλές (pollés) | πολλά (pollá) | |
genitive | πολλού (polloú)1 | πολλής (pollís) | πολλού (polloú)1 | πολλών (pollón) | πολλών (pollón) | πολλών (pollón) | |
accusative | πολύ (polý) πολλύν (pollýn)2 |
πολλή (pollí) | πολύ (polý) | πολλούς (polloús) | πολλές (pollés) | πολλά (pollá) | |
vocative | — | — | — | πολλοί (polloí)1 | πολλές (pollés)1 | πολλά (pollá)1 |
Notes: 1 rare 2 before vowels
Derivations:
Comparative: πιο + positive forms (e.g. πιο πολύς, etc.)
Relative superlative: definite article + πιο + positive forms (e.g. ο πιο πολύς, etc.)
Derivations: relative superlative: ο + comparative forms (eg "ο περισσότερος", etc)
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Related terms
[edit]- Ancient Greek terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Ancient Greek terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *pelh₁-
- Ancient Greek terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European
- Ancient Greek 2-syllable words
- Ancient Greek terms with IPA pronunciation
- Ancient Greek lemmas
- Ancient Greek adjectives
- Ancient Greek oxytone terms
- Ancient Greek terms with rare senses
- Ancient Greek terms with usage examples
- Ancient Greek terms with quotations
- Greek terms inherited from Ancient Greek
- Greek terms derived from Ancient Greek
- Greek terms with IPA pronunciation
- Greek lemmas
- Greek adjectives
- Greek terms with usage examples
- Greek adjectives in declension πολύς
- Greek irregular adjectives
- Greek suppletive adjectives