Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/nurþraz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Pre-Germanic *h₁nŕ̥t(e)ros, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ner- (“inner, under”), which may be from *h₁en (“in”). Compare Tocharian B ñor (“below”), Ancient Greek ἐνέρτερος (enérteros), νέρτερος (nérteros, “below (the earth)”), Umbrian nertru (“left”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈnur.θrɑz/

Adjective

*nurþraz (comparative *nurþrōzô, superlative *nurþrōstaz)

1. north, northern

Inflection

Declension of *nurþraz (a-stem)

Strong declension
Case	Masculine		Feminine		Neuter
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*nurþraz	*nurþrai	*nurþrō	*nurþrôz	*nurþrą, -atō	*nurþrō
Accusative	*nurþranǭ	*nurþranz	*nurþrǭ	*nurþrōz	*nurþrą, -atō	*nurþrō
Genitive	*nurþras, -is	*nurþraizǫ̂	*nurþraizōz	*nurþraizǫ̂	*nurþras, -is	*nurþraizǫ̂
Dative	*nurþrammai	*nurþraimaz	*nurþraizōi	*nurþraimaz	*nurþrammai	*nurþraimaz
Instrumental	*nurþranō	*nurþraimiz	*nurþraizō	*nurþraimiz	*nurþranō	*nurþraimiz
Weak declension
Case	Masculine		Feminine		Neuter
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*nurþrô	*nurþraniz	*nurþrǭ	*nurþrōniz	*nurþrô	*nurþrōnō
Accusative	*nurþranų	*nurþranunz	*nurþrōnų	*nurþrōnunz	*nurþrô	*nurþrōnō
Genitive	*nurþriniz	*nurþranǫ̂	*nurþrōniz	*nurþrōnǫ̂	*nurþriniz	*nurþranǫ̂
Dative	*nurþrini	*nurþrammaz	*nurþrōni	*nurþrōmaz	*nurþrini	*nurþrammaz
Instrumental	*nurþrinē	*nurþrammiz	*nurþrōnē	*nurþrōmiz	*nurþrinē	*nurþrammiz

Derived terms

• *nurþanē
• *nurþrą
• *nurþrōnijaz

Coordinate terms

compass points:  ^[edit]

	*nurþraz
*westraz		*austraz
	*sunþraz

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *norþr
  • Old English: norþ
    • Middle English: north, norþ, northe, norþe, norrþ
      • English: north
      • Scots: north
      • Yola: nordh, noardth
    • → Old French: nort (see there for further descendants)
  • Old Frisian: north
  • Old Saxon: *northar, *nordar
    • Middle Low German: nōrder, narder
  • Old High German: *nordar
    • Middle High German: norder
• Old Norse: norðr
  • Icelandic: norður
  • Faroese: norður
  • Norn: nord
  • Norwegian Nynorsk: nord, norder-
  • Old Swedish: nor
    • Swedish: norr, nord (influenced by Dutch or Low German)
  • Danish: nord
    • Norwegian Bokmål: nord
  • Gutnish: nådar, nårdar

Adverb

*nurþraz (comparative *nurþrōz, superlative *nurþrōst)

1. north, northward

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *norþr
  • Old English: norþ
    • Middle English: north
      • English: north
      • Scots: north
      • Yola: nordh
  • Old Frisian: *north
    • West Frisian: noard
  • Old Saxon: north
  • Old Dutch: *north
    • Middle Dutch: nort
      • Dutch: noord
        • Afrikaans: noord
        • Negerhollands: noord
        • → Papiamentu: nort, nòrt, noord
      • Limburgish: naord
  • Old High German: *nordar
    • Middle High German: norder
• Old Norse: norðr
  • Icelandic: norður
  • Faroese: norður
  • Old Swedish: nor
    • Swedish: norr
  • Danish: nord