Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/haugaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *kowk-ó-s (with Verner's law in effect on the second *-k-), from *kewk- (“hill, elevation”).^[1]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈxɑu̯.ɣɑz/

Noun

*haugaz m

height; hill

Inflection

masculine a-stemDeclension of *haugaz (masculine a-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*haugaz	haugōz, haugōs
vocative	*haug	haugōz, haugōs
accusative	*haugą	*hauganz
genitive	haugas, haugis	*haugǫ̂
dative	*haugai	*haugamaz
instrumental	*haugō	*haugamiz

Related terms

*hauhaz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *haug
- Old Saxon: *hōg
  - Middle Low German: hôch, hö̂
    - German Low German: Hooch, Hööch
  - ⇒ Middle Low German: hö̂chil
    - ⇒ Middle Low German: hö̂chillîn, hö̂chilîn
- Old High German: houg (in compounds: steinenhoug, marchoug, etc.)
  - Middle High German: houc
  - ⇒ Middle High German: hogil
    - ⇒ German: Hügel
- → Old French: hoge (also possibly via Old Norse haugr)
  - ⇒ Old French: ahoge, ahuge
    - → Middle English: huge
      - Scots: huge, hudge
      - English: huge
Old Norse: haugr
- Icelandic: haugur
- Faroese: heygur, heyggjur
- Norwegian Nynorsk: haug
- Norwegian Bokmål: haug
- Old Swedish: hø̄gher
  - Swedish: hög
- Old Danish: høgh
  - Middle Danish: høg, høw
    - Danish: høj
      - Norwegian Bokmål: høy (riksmål)
- → Middle English: houȝ, hogh, hoo
  - Scots: hog, howe, how
  - English: hough, hoe, how, howe

References

^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*hauha-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 215: “*hauga-”