Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/under

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From a merger of two originally distinct prepositions as a result of Verner's law: Pre-Germanic *untér and *undʰér, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁n̥tér (“inside”), from which also Latin inter; and *h₁n̥dʰér (“under”), whence Latin īnfrā, Sanskrit अध (adhá, “below”), Ossetian дӕлӕ (dælæ, “below”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈun.der/

Preposition

*under

1. (+dative) among, between
2. (+dative) under, beneath (location)
3. (+accusative) under (direction)

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *undar
  • Old English: under
    • Middle English: under, vnder, onder
      • English: under
      • Scots: unner
      • Yola: unnere
  • Old Frisian: under
    • North Frisian: öner
    • Saterland Frisian: unner
    • West Frisian: ûnder
  • Old Saxon: undar
    • Middle Low German: under, ünder, ynder
      • Low German: ünner
      • Plautdietsch: unja
  • Old Dutch: under
    • Middle Dutch: onder
      • Dutch: onder
        • Afrikaans: onder
        • Berbice Creole Dutch: ondro
        • Negerhollands: onder, ondu, undu
        • → Aukan: ondoo
      • Limburgish: ónger
  • Old High German: untar, undar, under
    • Middle High German: unter
      • German: unter
      • Hunsrik: unne
      • Luxembourgish: ënner
      • Yiddish: אונטער (unter)
• Old Norse: undir
  • Icelandic: undir
  • Faroese: undir
  • Norn: onjder, onder
  • Norwegian Bokmål: under
  • Norwegian Nynorsk: under
  • Old Swedish: undir
    • Swedish: under
  • Danish: under
  • Gutnish: undar, unda, undur
• Gothic: 𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐍂 (undar)
• →? Old Galician-Portuguese: unter
  • Galician: unter, ontre