Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kuningaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Alternative reconstructions

• *kunungaz

Etymology

From *kunją (“clan”) +‎ *-ingaz (“suffix of belonging”), with semantic shift from "someone of the family" > "someone that inherits (from their family)" > "king".

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈku.niŋ.ɡɑz/

Noun

*kuningaz m

1. king

Inflection

masculine a-stemDeclension of *kuningaz (masculine a-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*kuningaz	*kuningōz, *kuningōs
vocative	*kuning	*kuningōz, *kuningōs
accusative	*kuningą	*kuninganz
genitive	*kuningas, *kuningis	*kuningǫ̂
dative	*kuningai	*kuningamaz
instrumental	*kuningō	*kuningamiz

Related terms

• *kuningǭ

Derived terms

• *kuningadōmaz
• *kuningarīkiją

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *kuning
  • Old English: cyning, cyng, cyneg, cynig, cuning, kyning, kining, kuning, cyncg, cyngc, kyningc, kung — Northumbrian
    • Middle English: king, kenin, kening, kinig (in compounds, toponymic), gug, kug (in compounds, influenced by Old Norse (see etymology)), knyng (transmission error), chinge, chinȝ, cing, cining, cinȝ, ging, keing, keng, kingk, kingue, kining, kink, kyng, kynge
      • English: king (see there for further descendants)
      • Scots: keeng, king
      • Yola: kinge, king
    • → English: cyning (learned)
  • Old Frisian: kening, kining, kinig, keneng, koning
    • North Frisian: köning, kining (Mooring), Köning (Sylt)
    • Saterland Frisian: Kening
    • West Frisian: kening
  • Old Saxon: kuning
    • Middle Low German: könink, könnink, kunig
      • Low German:
        • Dutch Low Saxon: koaning, könning
        • German Low German: Koning, Köning, Keunig
          • Plautdietsch: Kjennich
      • → Latgalian: kieneņš
      • → Latvian: ķēniņš
      • → Saterland Frisian: König, Köänig
      • → West Frisian: keuning
  • Old Dutch: cuninc
    • Middle Dutch: cōninc
      • Dutch: koning
        • Afrikaans: koning
        • Negerhollands: koning, kiniṅ
        • → Mohegan-Pequot: kunnung
        • → Sranan Tongo: kownu
          • → Lokono: kónoe
          • → Aukan: konu
          • → Kari'na: konu
      • Limburgish: keuning
  • Old High German: kuning, cuning, chuninc, chuning, khuninc
    • Middle High German: künic, künec
      • Alemannic German: Künig, Chüng, Keenig
      • Bavarian: Kine, Kini, Kenig, Kineng
      • Central Franconian: Kinnik, Künning, Künnik
      • Cimbrian: khuuneg
      • German: König
      • Luxembourgish: Kinnek
      • Rhine Franconian:

        Pennsylvania German: Keenich

      • Vilamovian: kyng
      • Yiddish: קיניג (kinig), קעניג (kenig)
• Old Norse: konungr, kongr — later form, ᚴᚢᚾᚢᚴᛁ (kunuki) — dative singular, ᚴᚢᚾᚢᚴᛋ (kunuks) — genitive singular, ᚴᚢᚾᚢᚴᛅᛦ (kunukaʀ), ᚴᚢᚿᚢᚴᛆᛧ (kunukaʀ) — nominative plural
  • Icelandic: konungur, kóngur
  • Faroese: kongur, konungur
  • Norn: konung
  • Norwegian Nynorsk: konge, kong, konung; (dialectal) kung
  • Jamtish: kung
  • Elfdalian: kunungg
  • Old Swedish: konunger, kununger, kunger
    • Swedish: konung, kung, kong
  • Old Danish: kung, konung
    • Scanian: káng
    • Danish: konge, kong, konning
      • Norwegian Bokmål: konge
      • → Greenlandic: kunngi
  • Old Gutnish: kunungr
    • Gutnish: kuningg, kungg
• → Lithuanian: kunigas, kuningas, kunigaikštis
• → Latvian: kungs
• → Proto-Finnic: *kuningas (see there for further descendants)
• → Proto-Samic: *konëŋkēs (see there for further descendants)
• → Proto-Slavic: *kъnędzь (see there for further descendants)