Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-ungō

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This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

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Alternative forms

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Etymology

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    Unknown, but possibly from an earlier *-ōngō, equivalent to *-ōną +‎ *-gō. No certain cognates outside of Germanic and not found in Gothic, which has instead similar verbal nouns without -g-. Perhaps cognate with Latin suffixes -undus (forms the gerund) or from Proto-Indo-European *-n̥kʷos as in ἀλλοδαπός (allodapós), ποδαπός (podapós), and possibly propinquus.

    Pronunciation

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    Suffix

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    *-ungō f

    1. -ing, -ion; forms gerund nouns from verbs.

    Inflection

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    ō-stemDeclension of *-ungō (ō-stem)
    singular plural
    nominative *-ungō *-ungôz
    vocative *-ungō *-ungôz
    accusative *-ungǭ *-ungōz
    genitive *-ungōz *-ungǫ̂
    dative *-ungōi *-ungōmaz
    instrumental *-ungō *-ungōmiz

    Usage notes

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    • *-ungō was originally used with weak class 2 verbs (verbs ending in *-ōną) and *-ingō was used with weak class 1 verbs (verbs ending in *-janą) which eventually extended to all other verbs, possibly absorbing other verbal suffixes in the process (e.g. *-āngō, *-angō, *-engō, etc.). Over time, the distinction between *-ungō and *-ingō in the daughter languages became blurred and the suffixes were eventually merged in modern times.

    Derived terms

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    Descendants

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