ped- (#ped-) peh₂- (#peh₂-) peh₂ǵ- (#peh₂ǵ-) peh₂ḱ- (#peh₂ḱ-) peh₂w- (#peh₂w-) peh₃- (#peh₃-) peḱ- (#peḱ-) pekʷ- (#pekʷ-) pel- (#pel-) pelH- (#pelH-) pelth₂- (#pelth₂-) pent- (#pent-) per- (#per-) perd- (#perd-) perḱ- (#perḱ-) pesd- (#pesd-) peth₂- (#peth₂-) peyǵ- (#peyǵ-) peyḱ- (#peyḱ-) peys- (#peys-) peysḱ- (#peysḱ-) pleh₁- (#pleh₁-) pleh₂- (#pleh₂-) pleḱ- (#pleḱ-) plew- (#plew-) plewd- (#plewd-) plewk- (#plewk-) pnew- (#pnew-) preh₂- (#preh₂-) preḱ- (#preḱ-) prews- (#prews-) preyH- (#preyH-) prk- (#prk-) reh₁d- (#reh₁d-) reh₁t- (#reh₁t-) reyǵ- (#reyǵ-)

P

ped-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*PIE roots pr^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]

to walk, to step
to stumble, to fall

Derived terms

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*péd-ye-ti (*ye-present)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pádyati (see there for further descendants)
*pi-péd-ti ~ *pi-pd-énti (reduplicated present)
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: հիւծանիմ (hiwcanim)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pibdáti
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pibdáti
    - Sanskrit: पिब्दमान (píbdamāna, pres.part.)
*pe-pód-e ~ *pe-pd-ḗr (reduplicated perfect)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *papā́da
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *papā́da
    - Sanskrit: पपाद (papā́da)
*pod-éye-ti (causative)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pādáyati
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pādáyati
    - Sanskrit: पादयति (pādáyati)
*ped-e-ti (innovative root present)
- Proto-Germanic: *fetaną (see there for further descendants)
*pṓd-s (“foot”)
*ped-om (“step”)
- Proto-Anatolian:
  - Hittite: 𒁉𒂊𒁕𒀭 (pe-e-da-an /⁠pēdan⁠/)
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: հետ (het), յետ (yet), ետ (et)
- Proto-Celtic: *ɸedom
  - (possibly) Old Irish: ed (“space, interval”)^[5]
- Proto-Germanic: *fetą
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: πέδον (pédon, “ground”)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *padám
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *padám
    - Sanskrit: पद (padá, “step”)
      - Hindi: पद (pad, “step”)
- Proto-Italic: *pedom
  - Umbrian: 𐌐𐌄𐌛𐌖𐌌 (peřum), 𐌐𐌄𐌛𐌖 (peřu), perso (acc. sg.)
  - ⇒ Latin: (op)pidum
*ped-eh₂
- Proto-Hellenic: *pédā
  - Ancient Greek: πέδη (pédē)
*pēd-ó-
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pēdā́ˀ
  - Latgalian: pāda
  - Latvian: pēda
  - Lithuanian: pėdà (but also masculine pė́das)
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: πηδόν (pēdón, “oar blade”)
*ped-to-
- Proto-Italic: *pessom
  - Latin: pessum
*ped-yós
- Proto-Hellenic: *peďďos
  - Ancient Greek: πεζός (pezós, “afoot”)
*ped-yōs
- Proto-Italic: *pedjōs
  - Latin: pēior
*ped-tm̥mo-
- Proto-Italic: *pessəmos
  - Latin: pessimus
*ped-uro-
- Proto-Germanic: *feturaz (see there for further descendants)
*ped-tís (or *ped-h₂t-í-s, with -h₂t- from the root *h₂et- (“to go, to wander”)^[4])
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *patˢtíš (“foot soldier”)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Balto-Slavic:
- Proto-Slavic: *pěšь, *pěxъ, *pasti, *padati (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Germanic: *fatōną
Proto-Italic:
- Latin: expediō
- Latin: impediō
- Latin: peccō (for *pedcō)

References

^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 790-792
^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*ped-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 458
^ Cheung, Johnny (2007) “*pad”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 287-288
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Wodtko, Dagmar S., Irslinger, Britta, Schneider, Carolin (2008) Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, pages 526-540
^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 136

peh₂-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*PIE roots pr^[1]^[2]^[3]

to protect, to ward
to shepherd

Usage notes

Semantic shift from "protector" towards "shepherd, herder" can be seen in many branches, signifying the importance of herding. Unusual is the o-grade root in Greek ποιμήν (poimḗn, “shepherd, herdsman”), where the abstract nomina agentis suffix *-mn̥ usually binds e-grade, but that hardly seems sufficient to reconstruct *h₃ in the root and to separate it from *peh₂-.

Derived terms

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*peh₂(y)-
- Proto-Albanian: *pa ̊
  - Albanian: pashë
*péh₂-ti ~ *ph₂-énti (athematic root present)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páHti
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *páHti
    - Sanskrit: पाति (pā́ti)
  - Proto-Iranian: *páHti
    - Avestan: 𐬞𐬁𐬝 (pāt̰)
    - Northern Kurdish: pa (as in pavan (“guardian”), panêrr (“warden”))
*péh₂-s-ti ~ *ph₂-s-énti (s-present)^[4]^[5]
*ph₂-sḱé-ti (*sḱé-present)
- Proto-Italic: *pāskō (possibly; enlarged into a sḱe-present)
  - Latin: pāscō (“put to graze”)
- Proto-Tocharian: *pāsk-
  - Tocharian A: pās- ("to look after, guard")
  - Tocharian: paskenträ
*poh₂-t-éye- or *ph₂-t-éye- (enlarged causative)
- Proto-Germanic: *fōdijaną (“to feed”) (see there for further descendants)
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: πατέομαι (patéomai, “to eat”)
*ph₂-t-éh₂-(ye)-
- Proto-Germanic: *fadōną (“to graze, feed oneself”) (see there for further descendants)
*poh₂-mn̥
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: πῶμα (pôma, “lid, cover”)
*poh₂-i-mn̥
- Balto-Slavic:
  - Lithuanian: piemuõ (“shepherd”)
  - → Proto-Finnic: *paimën (“shepherd”)
    - Finnish: paimen
    - Ingrian: paimen
    - Karelian:
      - North Karelian: paimen
      - South Karelian: paimen
    - Livonian: paint
    - Ludian: paimen
    - Veps: paimen
    - Votic: paimõn
- Hellenic:
  - Mycenaean Greek: 𐀡𐀕 (po-me, “shepherd”)
  - Ancient Greek: ποιμήν (poimḗn, “shepherd, herdsman”)
*poh₂-yus
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *paHyúš
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *paHyúṣ
    - Sanskrit: पायु (pāyú, “guard, protector”)
  - Proto-Iranian: *paHyúš
    - Avestan: 𐬞𐬁𐬌𐬌𐬎 (pāiiu)
*ph₂tḗr (“father”) (or from a nursery form *pa^[6])
*peh₂-tew-
- Iranian: *pātew-
  - Persian (pâda, “flock”)
  - Zazaki: pawetene (“to protect”), with metathesis
- Iranian: *ā-pāta- "city, cultivated"
  - Persian: آباد (âbâd, “inhabited, cultivated; city, habitation”)
  - Bactrian: αβαδο (abado, “cultivated”)
  - Kurdish:
    - Central Kurdish: awedan (“built; inhabited; florishing”)
    - Northern Kurdish: ava (“built; inhabited; florishing”)
- Iranian: *ā-pāta-na "city hall"
  - Old Persian: 𐎠𐎱𐎭𐎠𐎴 (a-p-d-a-n /⁠apadāna⁠/)
- Armenian *pawta- "flock" (with metathesis):
  - Old Armenian: հաւտ (hawt, “flock”)
  - Old Armenian: *հաւտաղ (*hawtał, “shepherd”)
    - Armenian: հոտաղ (hotaġ, “shepherd”)

? *peh₂-lo-
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Sanskrit: पाल (pāla) (or from पार (pārá))
*peh₂-tro- (“guarder, protector, keeper”)
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: հաւրան (hawran, “herd”)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páHtras
  - Proto-Iranian: *páHθrah
    - Central Iranian:
      - Avestan: 𐬞𐬁𐬚𐬭𐬀 (pāθra)
        → Manichaean Middle Persian: [script needed] (pʾhr /⁠pāhr⁠/), [Term?] (/⁠pāhrag⁠/) (learned)
    - Northeastern Iranian:
      - Sogdian: [script needed] (pʾδr /⁠pāθr⁠/), [script needed] (pʾrδ /⁠pārθ⁠/), [script needed] (pʾš /⁠pāš⁠/, “respect, honour”)
    - Northwestern Iranian:
      - Parthian: [script needed] (pḥr /⁠pahr⁠/), [script needed] (pḥrg /⁠pahrag⁠/, “watch-post”)
        → Middle Persian: [script needed] (pʾḥl /⁠pahr⁠/), [Term?] (/⁠pahrag⁠/)
        Classical Persian: پَهْرَه (pahra, “watch, guard”)
        
        → Old Armenian: պահակ (pahak, “guard, watchman”)
        
        → Old Armenian: պարհ (parh), պահ (pah, “watch, guard”)
    - Southwestern Iranian:
      - Middle Persian: [script needed] (pʾs /⁠pās⁠/, “watch, guard”)
        Classical Persian: پَاس (pās, “watch, guard”)
    - → Middle Armenian: պահրան (pahran) (possibly)
- ⇒ Proto-Slavic: *patriti
*peh₂-dʰlom
- Italic:
  - Latin: pābulum
*peh₂-dʰrom
- Proto-Germanic: *fōdrą (“fodder, sheath”) (see there for further descendants)
*Péh₂-usōn^[7]
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: Πάν (Pán)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *puHšā́
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *puHṣā́
    - Sanskrit: पूषन् (pūṣán, “Vedic god of meeting, marriages, journeys, roads, and the feeding of cattle”)
    - Northern Kurdish: pawan (“domain; grazing-land, reserved or hired and fixed pasture; sheeppen; preserver, protector”), poxan (“landfill”) (perhaps)
*péh₂-tōr ~ ph₂-tr-és (“protector, guardian”)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páHtā
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *páHtā
    - Sanskrit: पाता (pātā́, “protector, guardian”)
  - Proto-Iranian: *páHtā
    - Avestan: 𐬞𐬁𐬙𐬁 (pātā)
Unsorted formations:
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: հովիւ (hoviw, “shepherd”) < *h₃éwi-peh₂-
  - (?) Old Armenian: հայիմ (hayim, “to watch”)
- Proto-Germanic: *fōdô (“food”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *fōstrą (“fostering”) (see there for further descendants)
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: πῶυ (pôu, “flock of sheep”)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *paH-
  - Proto-Iranian: *paH-
    - Kurdish:
      - Northern Kurdish: payîn (“to wait, to anticipate”)
    - Old Persian: 𐎱𐎠 (p-a /⁠pā-⁠/)
      - Middle Persian: [script needed] (NTLWNtn'), to protect, guard (pʾtn' /⁠pādan⁠/)
        Persian: پاییدن (pâyidan)
- Italic:
  - Latin: panis
  - Latin: penes, penetrō
  - Latin: penus, Penātes
  - Umbrian: puni

References

^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “pā-: pə-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 787
^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “pō(i)-: (pəi- ?:) pī-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 839
^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*peh₂(i̯)-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 460
^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “paḫš-^a(ri), paḫš-ⁱ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 611-613
^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*pasti I”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 392
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 449-450
^ Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 434

peh₂ǵ-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative forms

*peh₂ḱ-

Root

*PIE roots pr^[1]^[2]^[3]

to attach, fix, fasten

Derived terms

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peh₂ǵ-neu-^[4]
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: πήγνυμι (pḗgnumi, “I secure, fasten”)
*ph₂ǵ-éh₂ye-ti (iterative or causative verb with *-eh₂yéti)
- Italic:
  - ⇒ Latin: prōpāgō
*ph₂-né-ǵ- ~ *ph₂-n̥-ǵ- (nasal-infix present)^[1]
- Proto-Italic: *pangō
  - Latin: pangō (“I fasten, fix”) (see there for further descendants)
*ph₂ǵ-tós
- Italic:
  - Latin: pactus
*ph₂ǵ-eh₂
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: πάγη (págē)
*peh₂ǵ-mn̥
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: πῆγμα (pêgma)
- Italic:
  - ⇒ Latin: prōpagmen
*ph₂ǵ-o-^[4]
- Proto-Germanic: *faką (“enclosure, section”) (see there for further descendants)
*peh₂ǵ-os^[1]
- Proto-Italic: *pāgos
  - Latin: pāgus (“district, region”)
- Balto-Slavic:
  - Proto-Slavic: *pazъ (see there for further descendants)
*péh₂ǵ-s (nomen actionis)
- Hellenic:
  - ⇒? Ancient Greek: ἅπαξ (hápax)
*p(e)h₂ǵ-sleh₂
- Proto-Italic: *pākslā
  - Latin: pāla
*p(e)h₂ǵ-slo-
- Proto-Italic: *pākslos
  - Latin: pālus (“stake, pole”)
*p(e)h₂ǵ-slo-lo-
- Proto-Italic: *pākslolos
  - Latin: paxillus
*peh₂ǵ-sno-
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: πάχνη (pákhnē)
*ph₂ǵ-y(e)h₂-lo-
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: πάσσαλος (pássalos)
    - → Latin: pessulus
*peh₂ǵ-dʰlo-
- Italic:
  - ⇒ Latin: repāgulum
(possibly) *ph₂ǵ-sth₂-^[5]
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: հաստ (hast)
- Proto-Germanic: *fastuz (see there for further descendants)
  - → Proto-Slavic: *postъ (“fasting”) (see there for further descendants)
Unsorted formations:
- Albanian:
  - Proto-Albanian: *en-pāginja^[6]
    - Albanian: mpij (“to benumb”)
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: աստեմ (astem, “to look for a bride; ask in marriage”)
- Celtic:
  - Welsh: aelod (“a member”)
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: πάγος (págos, “cliff, peak”), πάσσαλος (pássalos) (perhaps), πηγή (pēgḗ) (perhaps), πηγός (pēgós)
- Indo-Iranian:
  - Avestan: 𐬞𐬁𐬰𐬀𐬤𐬵𐬀𐬧𐬙 (pāzaŋᵛhaṇt)
  - Khotanese: [script needed] (pāysa-, “surface”)
  - Sanskrit: पज्र (pajrá-, “solid, firm”)
  - Sanskrit: पाजस् (pā́jas, “surface, face”)
- Italic:
  - Latin: pāgina (“page, sheet”)
  - ⇒ Latin: compāgēs, prōpāgēs

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “pangō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 442-3
^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 787–788
^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 461
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Guus Kroonen (2013) “*faka-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*fastu-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 138
^ Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “mpij”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 279

peh₂ḱ-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative forms

*peh₂ǵ-

Root

*PIE roots pr^[1]^[2]

to join, to attach
agreement, settlement

Derived terms

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*ph₂ḱ- (zero-grade root present)
- Proto-Italic: *pakō
  - Latin: pācō (“to come to an agreement”) (infinitive pācāre) (see there for further descendants)
*ph₂-né-ḱ- ~ *ph₂-n̥-ḱ- (nasal-infix present)
- Proto-Germanic: *fanhaną (“to catch, to take”) (see there for further descendants)
*poh₂ḱ-éye- (causative)
- Proto-Germanic: *fōgijaną (“to join”) (see there for further descendants)
*péh₂ḱ-s
- Proto-Italic: *pāks
  - Latin: pāx
*ph₂ḱ-ró-s
- Proto-Germanic: *fagraz (“fair”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *pakros
  - Umbrian: pacer
*ph₂ḱ-tó-
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: pactum (“settlement”)

Unsorted formations

>? Proto-Germanic: *faganaz (“glad”) (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Slavic: *pěkrъ
Proto-Indo-Iranian:
- Proto-Indo-Aryan:
  - Sanskrit: पाश (pā́śa)
    - ⇒ Sanskrit: पाशयति (pāśayati)^[2]
  - Proto-Iranian:
    - Khotanese: [script needed] (pāsa-, “fastening, cord”)

References

^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “pāx”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 452
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 461-2

peh₂w-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*PIE roots pr

few, little
smallness

Derived terms

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*peh₂u-kos^[1]
- Proto-Italic: *paukos
  - Latin: paucus (see there for further descendants)
  - Latin: pūpa/pūpus (possibly reduplicated)^[2] (see there for further descendants)
  - Latin: putus, pūsus, pusillus, pauxillus, pullus (see there for further descendants)
*péh₂u-ros^[3]^[4]^[1]
- Proto-Hellenic: *pā́uros
  - Ancient Greek: παῦρος (paûros), φαῦλος (phaûlos)
    - Greek: φαύλος (fávlos)
- Proto-Italic: *pauros, *paurelos
  - Latin: parvus (see there for further descendants), paullus/paulus
*péh₂w-ids^[5]
- Proto-Hellenic: *pā́wits
  - Epic Aeolic Greek: πάϊς (páïs)
  - Attic-Ionic Greek: παῖς (paîs), παῦς (paûs)
    - Greek: παιδί (paidí), -παις (-pais)
*peh₂w(o)-p(o)rh₃os (“providing little”)^[6]
- Proto-Italic: *pawoparos
  - Latin: pauper (see there for further descendants)
*ph₂w-er-os^[7]
- Proto-Celtic: *ɸuweros
  - Proto-Brythonic: *uwer
    - Middle Welsh: wyr
      - Welsh: ŵyr
- Proto-Italic: *puweros
  - Latin: puer (see there for further descendants)
*ph₂w-os
- Proto-Germanic: *fawaz (see there for further descendants)
Unsorted formations:
- Albanian:
  - Proto-Albanian:
    - Albanian: palo-
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: փոքր (pʻokʻr) (probably an expressive formation)^[8]^[9]^[10]
    - Armenian: փոքր (pʻokʻr)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *putas,^[11] *pautas (“little, young of a bird”)
  - ⇒ Latgalian: putnys (“bird”)
  - ⇒ Latvian: putns (“bird”)
  - ⇒ Lithuanian: putýtis (“chick”)
  - Sudovian: paud (“bird”)
  - Proto-Slavic: *pъtъ, *putъ
    - ⇒ Proto-Slavic: *pъtakъ (“bird”) (see there for further descendants), *pъtica (“bird”) (see there for further descendants), *pъtъka/*putъka (“fowl, duck”)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *putrás (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Sanskrit: पोत (pota, “young of an animal”) (see there for further descendants)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “paucus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 450-451
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “pūpa”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 500
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “παῦρος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1158
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “parvus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 448
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “παῖς”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1142-1142
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “pauper”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 451
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “puer”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 496
^ Ačaṙean, Hračʻeay (1979) “փոքր”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, volume IV, Yerevan: University Press, page 530ab
^ Solta, G. R. (1960) Die Stellung des Armenischen im Kreise der indogermanischen Sprachen (Studien zur armenischen Geschichte; 9)‎^[3] (in German), Vienna: Mekhitarist Press, pages 361–362
^ Olsen, Birgit Anette (1999) The noun in Biblical Armenian: origin and word-formation: with special emphasis on the Indo-European heritage (Trends in linguistics. Studies and monographs; 119), Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, page 165
^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*pъtakъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 424

peh₃-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*PIE roots pr^[1]^[2]

to drink
Synonym: *h₁egʷʰ-

Alternative reconstructions

*peh₃(y)-^[3]

Derived terms

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*péh₃-t ~ *ph₃-ént (root aorist)^[4]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit: अपात् (ápāt)
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: πῶθι (pôthi, 2sg.impv.)
*pí-ph₃-e-ti (thematic reduplicated present)
*pe-póh₃-e ~ *pe-ph₃-ḗr (reduplicated perfect)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit: पपौ (papáu)
*péh₃-mn̥
- Proto-Hellenic: *pṓmə
  - Ancient Greek: πῶμα (pôma), πόμα (póma)
*péh₃-ti-s ~ *ph₃-téy-s
- Proto-Hellenic: *pótis
  - Ancient Greek: πόσις (pósis)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pHtíš
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pHtíṣ
    - Sanskrit: पीति (pītí)
*ph₃-tó-s (“(having been) drunk; having drunk”)
- Proto-Hellenic: *potós
  - Ancient Greek: ποτός (potós, “drunk; that which drinks; drink, for drinking”)
- Proto-Italic: *pōtos
  - Latin: pōtus
    - → Italian: poto
    - ⇒ Latin: pōtō (see there for further descendants)
*péh₃-tlo-m
- Proto-Celtic: *ɸotlom
  - Old Irish: ól (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páHtram
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *páHtram
    - Sanskrit: पात्र (pā́tra) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *pōtlom
  - Latin: pōculum (see there for further descendants)
*peh₃-ter-
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit: पातृ (pā́tṛ or pātṛ́, “drinker”)

*pih₃- (reanalyzed) or *peh₃-y- (extended)
- Proto-Albanian: *pīja^[5]
  - Old Albanian: pii
    - Albanian: pi
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Proto-Slavic: *piti (see there for further descendants)
- *pih₃-n-
  - Proto-Albanian:
    - Albanian: pinë
  - Proto-Hellenic:
    - Ancient Greek: πῑ́νω (pī́nō)
      - Ionic Greek: πῑ́νω (pī́nō)
      - Lesbian Greek: πώνω (pṓnō)
      - Greek: πίνω (píno)
  - Thracian: πίνον (pínon, “beer”)
- *pih₃-wo-m
  - Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    - Proto-Slavic: *pivo (“beer”) (see there for further descendants)
- *poh₃y-éye-ti
  - Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    - Proto-Slavic: *pojiti (“to give to drink”) (see there for further descendants)
  - Proto-Indo-Iranian:
    - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
      - Sanskrit: पाययति (pāyáyati)
- *ph₃i-tó-s
  - Proto-Indo-Iranian: *piHtás (with laryngeal metathesis^[6])
    - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
      - Sanskrit: पीत (pītá, “(having been) drunk; having drunk, imbibed; saturated”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Anatolian:
- Hittite: [script needed] (pa-a-aš-šu-an-zi, “to swallow”) (possibly from s-extension *peh₃-s-^[7])
Balto-Slavic:
- Old Prussian: poieti
- Proto-Slavic: *pojь (“beverage, drink”)
Proto-Hellenic: *pótos
- Ancient Greek: πότος (pótos)

Descendants

Proto-Indo-Iranian:
- Proto-Indo-Aryan:
  - Sanskrit: पा (pā, “to drink”)

References

^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “bibō, -ere”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 71-72
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “πίνω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1194-1195
^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 462-463
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “pōtus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 485
^ Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “pi”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, pages 324–325
^ Lubotsky, Alexander (2017–2018) “Chapter XVII: Indo-Iranian”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The phonology of Proto-Indo-Iranian, page 1884
^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 649

peḱ-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology 1

Root

*PIE roots pr^[1]

to pluck (wool, hair)

Derived terms

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*péḱ-ti
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: πέκω (pékō, “to comb”)
*peḱ-te-ti (perhaps by metathesis from *petḱ- < *pe-pḱ- or the same seen in *pléḱ-te-ti)
- Proto-Germanic: *fehtaną (“to comb, detangle, struggle”)
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: πεκτέω (pektéō, “to shear”)
- Proto-Italic: *pektō
  - Latin: pectō (“to comb”)
*poḱ-os-
- Proto-Germanic: *fahaz (“sheep”)
*poḱ-o-
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: πόκος (pókos)
*poḱ-ti-
- Proto-Germanic: *fahtiz (“fleece”)
  - Old English: feht
  - Old Frisian: fecht
  - Middle Dutch: vacht
    - Dutch: vacht
*p(e)ḱ-tén-s
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: κτείς (kteís)
- Italic:
  - Latin: pecten
*poḱ-s-om
- Proto-Germanic: *fahsą
*poḱ-s-mn̥
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páćšma (see there for further descendants)
Unsorted formations:
- Balto-Slavic:
  - Lithuanian: pešù, pèšti (“to pluck, tear (of hair)”), iterative pašýti (“to brawl”)

Etymology 2

Root

*PIE roots pr^[2]

Benveniste (1969: 47-61) proposed that the primary meaning was "movable property, wealth", with a secondary meaning of "livestock" simply because this was how wealth was measured by the Proto-Indo-Europeans (and many descendant cultures). In corroboration, Kim McCone (1991:43-44) highlights wealth- and/or status-oriented terms such as Old Irish (am)bue, Homeric Greek -boios, and Sanskrit -guh.

Derived terms

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*peḱ-u
*péḱ-os ~ *péḱ-es-os
- Proto-Hellenic: *pékos
  - Ancient Greek: πέκος (pékos, “fleece, wool”)
- Proto-Italic: *pekos
  - Latin: pecus (“cattle”) (see there for further descendants)

Etymology 3

Root

*PIE roots pr^[3]

Derived terms

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*peḱ- (root present)
- Proto-Germanic: *fehaną (“to rejoice”)
  - Old English: gefēon (“to be glad”), fægen (“glad”, past participle)
    - English: fain
  - Old High German: gifehan (“to be glad”)
  - Old Norse: feginn (past participle)
    - Icelandic: feginn
    - Faroese: fegin
    - Norwegian: fegen
*poḱ-éye- (causative)
- Proto-Germanic: *fagjaną (“to please”)
  - Gothic: *𐍆𐌰𐌷𐌾𐌰𐌽 (*fahjan) (in 𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌻𐌰𐍆𐌰𐌷𐌾𐌰𐌽 (fullafahjan))
- Balto-Slavic:
  - Lithuanian: púošiu (“adorn”)^[4]
Unsorted formations:
- Celtic:
  - Middle Irish: perhaps āil (“pleasant”)
- Germanic:
  - Old Norse: fága (“adorn, polish”)
  - Gothic: 𐍆𐌰𐌷𐌴𐌸𐍃 (fahēþs, “joy”)

References

^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “pectō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎^[4], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “pecū”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎^[5], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
^ Guus Kroonen (2013) Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[6], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
^ Smoczyński, Wojciech (2007) “puõšti”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka litewskiego‎^[7] (in Polish), Vilnius: Uniwersytet Wileński, page 489

pekʷ-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*PIE roots pr (imperfective)^[1]^[2]^[3]

to cook
to ripen

Reconstruction

It has been suggested^[4]^[5] that Hittite and Lydian terms which point to a root *pekʷ- (“to pound, crush, crack (grain)”) may preserve the original meaning of the PIE root, which later shifted in meaning to “to prepare food, cook” by the ancestor of the non-Anatolian branches.

Derived terms

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*pékʷ-e-ti (root present)^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11]
*pékʷ-ye-ti (full-grade ye-present)
- Proto-Hellenic: *péťťō (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páčyatay
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *páćyatay
    - Sanskrit: पच्यते (pácyate)
*pékʷ-mn̥ ~ *pkʷ-mén-
- Proto-Hellenic: *pékʷmə
  - Ancient Greek: πέμμᾰ (pémmă)
*pékʷ-tis ~ *pkʷ-téy-^[12]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *péktis (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *pékʷtis
  - Ancient Greek: πέψῐς (pépsĭs)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pákti ~ *paktí
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pákti ~ *paktí
    - Sanskrit: पक्ति (pákti, paktí)
- Proto-Italic: *kʷektjō
  - Latin: coctiō
*pékʷ-tōr ~ *pkʷ-trés (“one who cooks”)
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: πέπτρια (péptria, “female baker”) (< *pékʷ-trih₂)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *paktā́
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *paktā́
    - Sanskrit: पक्तृ (paktṛ́)
- Proto-Italic: *kʷektōr
  - Latin: coctor
*pókʷ-o-s
- Proto-Hellenic: *pókʷos
  - Ancient Greek: ἀρτοκόπος (artokópos)
  - Mycenaean Greek: 𐀀𐀵𐀡𐀦 (a-to-po-qo /⁠artopókʷos⁠/)
- Proto-Italic: *kʷokʷos
  - Latin: coquus (see there for further descendants)
*pokʷ-tó-s^[13]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *paktas (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Celtic: *kʷoxtos (see there for further descendants)
- (perhaps) Proto-Hellenic: *pekʷtós
  - Ancient Greek: πεπτός (peptós)
- Proto-Italic: *kʷoktos
  - Latin: coctus
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páktas
  - Proto-Iranian: *páktah
    - Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬗𐬙𐬀 (pacta)
Unsorted formations:
- >? Proto-Anatolian: *pekʷ-^[5]^[4]
  - Hittite:
    - ⇒ Hittite: 𒉺𒀝𒆪𒍑𒃷𒍣 (pa-ak-ku-uš-kán-zi, “pound, crack, crush, grind”, impf.3pl.pres.act.)^[14]
    - ⇒ Hittite: 𒉺𒀝𒋗𒉿𒀭 (pa-ak-šu-wa-an /⁠pak(kuš)šuu̯ant-⁠/, “cracked (of grain)”)^[14]
    - ⇒ Hittite: 𒉺𒀝𒆪𒍑𒋗𒅈 n (pa-ak-ku-uš-šu-ar /⁠pakkušš(u)u̯ar⁠/, “wooden implement for crushing cereals”)^[14]
  - ⇒ Lydian: 𐤥𐤹𐤡𐤠𐤲𐤶𐤫𐤯 (wcpaqẽnt, “tramples upon”, 3sg.pres.ind.act.)
- Indo-Iranian:
  - Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit: पक्व (pakva) (see there for further descendants)

References

^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “1.*pek^u̯-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 798
^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “1.*pek^u̯-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 468
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “πέσσω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1180-1181
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Janda, Michael (2000) Eleusis: Das indogermanische Erbe der Mysterien (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; Hauptreihe, 96), Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachwissenschaft der Universität Innsbruck, pages 49–51
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 Sasseville, David, Rieken, Elisabeth, Steer, Thomas (2017–) “*pek^u̯-”, in Olav Hackstein, Jared L. Miller & Elisabeth Rieken, editors, Digital Philological-Etymological Dictionary of the Minor Ancient Anatolian Corpus Languages (eDiAna)‎^[8], München & Marburg
^ Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “pjek”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 329
^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*pektì”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 393
^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “kepti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 237-238
^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*kʷokʷ-o-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page page180
^ Cheung, Johnny (2007) “*pač”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 286-287
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “coquō, -ere”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 134
^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*pȇktь”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 393
^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*pȏtъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 415
↑ ^14.0 ^14.1 ^14.2 Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “pakkušš-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 618–619

pel-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*PIE roots pr^[1]^[2]

to cover, to wrap
skin, hide, cloth

Derived terms

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*pel-ḗn ~ *pl̥-nés
- *pl-ēn-ih₂, *pl-ēn-(y)éh₂^[3]^[4]^[5]
  - Proto-Balto-Slavic: *plēnīˀ, *plēnjāˀ, *plēnāˀ (“membrane”)
    - Latgalian: plieņs
    - Latvian: plēne, plēnes
    - Lithuanian: plėnė̃, plėnìs
    - Old Prussian: pleynis
    - Proto-Slavic: *plěnà (see there for further descendants)
- *pél-en-(e)h₂ ~ *pl-én-(e)h₂^[3]^[6]^[4]
  - Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    - Proto-Slavic: *pelenà (“diaper”), *pelna (see there for further descendants)
- *pel-nó-m^[5]^[3]
  - Proto-Germanic: *fellą (“skin, hide”)^[5] (see there for further descendants)
- *pl̥-n-eh₂
  - >? Proto-Italic: *palnā
    - >? Latin: palla (“a fine cloth”) (see there for further descendants)
- *pel-n-i-s^[4]^[5]
  - Proto-Italic: *pelnis
    - Latin: pellis (“pelt, hide”) (see there for further descendants)
*pél-mn̥
- ⇒? *pel-mo-s
  - Proto-Germanic: *felmaz (“covering, skin, hide”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *felmô (< collective *pél-mō)
- Proto-Hellenic: *pélmə
  - Ancient Greek: πέλμᾰ (pélmă, “sole (of the foot); stalk”)
    - Greek: πέλμα (pélma)
*pél-sḱo-s
- Proto-Albanian: *plaska
  - Albanian: plah (“to cover”, denominative)
*pél-trom
- >? Proto-Celtic: *ɸletrom (“skin, hide; leather”) (with vowel metathesis)
  - Proto-Brythonic: *lledr (see there for further descendants)
  - Middle Irish: lethar
  - →? Proto-Germanic: *leþrą (“leather”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic:
- Lithuanian: palà (“linen kerchief”)

Extensions

*pel-k-
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Old Prussian: pelkis (“cloak”)
- >? Proto-Germanic: *felhaną (“to hide, conceal; to bury; to adhere”) (see there for further descendants)
*pel-t-
- ⇒? *polto- (or substantivized from *pol-to-)
  - Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    - ⇒ Proto-Slavic: *poltьno (“linen”) (see there for further descendants)
- >? Ancient Greek: πέλτη (péltē) (via Thracian?) (see there for further descendants)
*pl-ew- (or a u-variant of *pleh₂-?)^[7]
- ⇒ *plēw-eh₂
  - ⇒? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *plēwāˀ (“membrane”)
    - Latgalian: plēve
    - Latvian: plêve
    - Lithuanian: plėvė̃
    - Proto-Slavic: *plěva (see there for further descendants)
- ⇒ *h₁epi-plow-yo-m
  - >? Proto-Hellenic: *epiplóyyon
    - Ancient Greek: ἐπίπλοον (epíploon) (see there for further descendants)
⇒? *pl-eh₂- or *pel-h₂-
- ⇒ *pleh₂-s-o-s
  - Proto-Anatolian:
    - >? Hittite: 𒉺𒆷𒄴𒊭𒀸 (pa-la-aḫ-ša-aš, “a garment”) (or from *pleh₂- (“wide, broad, flat”))^[8]
- ⇒ *pélh₂-t-^?
  - Proto-Hellenic:
    - >? Ancient Greek: *πέλας (*pélas) (or from Pre-Greek)
      - >? Ancient Greek: ἐρυσίπελας (erusípelas) (+ *h₁rewdʰ-ti-^?) (see there for further descendants)

Root

*PIE roots pr (perhaps the same as the above)

to fold

Extensions

*pleḱ-

Derived terms

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*pl-okos
- Proto-Iranian: *frakah
  - Parthian: (/⁠-frag⁠/, “-fold”)
    Manichaean script: -𐫜𐫡𐫃 (-frg) (e.g. 𐫅𐫇𐫜𐫡𐫃 (dwfrg /⁠dōfrag⁠/, “two-fold”) )
  - Classical Persian: پر (-pirr)
    Iranian Persian: پر (-per(r)), پل (-pel, “-fold”) (e.g. in Shushtari dialect (dôper, “two-fold”)) ^[9]
*pl-o-
- Proto-Hellenic: *-plós
  - Ancient Greek: -πλός (-plós) (e.g. ἁπλός (haplós), διπλός (diplós))
- Proto-Italic: *-plos
  - Latin: -plus (e.g. simplus, duplus)
*pé-pl-os (reduplicated thematic noun)
- Proto-Hellenic: *péplos
  - >? Ancient Greek: πέπλος (péplos, “woven cloth, fabric, carpet”)
*pel-t-
- Proto-Germanic: *falþaną
*pl̥-tu-
- Proto-Celtic: *ɸaltu- (“joint”)
  - Old Irish: alt
    - Irish: alt
    - Scottish Gaelic: alt
*pl̥-to- (possibly^[10])
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit: *पृत (pṛta)
      - Sanskrit: पुट (puṭa, “fold”)
⇒ *pl̥-h₂-t-yo-
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: -πλάσιος (-plásios), -πλήσιος (-plḗsios) (e.g. τριπλάσιος (triplásios))
Unsorted formations:
- Proto-Albanian: *palā
  - Albanian: palë
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: -πλόος (-plóos), -πλοῦς (-ploûs) (e.g. ἁπλόος (haplóos), ἁπλοῦς (haploûs), διπλόος (diplóos), διπλοῦς (diploûs))

Root

*PIE roots pr

to beat, push, drive

Extensions

*pel-d-
- *pel-d
  - Proto-West Germanic: *felt (see there for further descendants)
*pel-em-
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: πελεμίζω (pelemízō)
*pel-h₂-

*pl-eh₂-g-
- *pleh₂-g-e-ti (thematic present)
  - Proto-Germanic: *flōkaną (see there for further descendants)
  - Proto-Italic: *plāgō
    - Latin: plāgō (see there for further descendants)
- *pl(e)h₂-n-g-e-ti
  - Proto-Italic: *plāngō
    - Latin: plangō (see there for further descendants)
- *pl(e)h₂-g-ye-ti
  - Proto-Hellenic: *plā́ďďō
    - Ancient Greek: πλάζω (plázō)
- *pl(e)h₂-g-éh₂
  - Proto-Albanian: *plāgā^[11]
    - Albanian: plojë (“bloodshed, carnage”)
  - Proto-Hellenic: *plāgā́ (“slaughter”)
    - Ancient Greek: πλαγά (plagá), πληγή (plēgḗ, “blow (of a weapon)”)
  - Proto-Italic: *plāgā
    - Latin: plāga (“blow; slaughter; plague, misfortune”) (see there for further descendants)
- Unsorted formations:
  - >? Proto-Germanic: *flekkaz (“mark, spot, blemish”) (see there for further descendants)
  - >? Proto-Germanic: *flekkô (see there for further descendants)

*pl-eh₂-k-
- *pl-(e)h₂-k-ye-ti
  - Proto-Hellenic: *plāťťō
    - Ancient Greek: πλήσσω (plḗssō)
    - Attic Greek: πλήττω (plḗttō)
      - → Greek: πλήττω (plítto)
  - Proto-Balto-Slavic: *plā́ˀktei
    - Proto-Slavic: *plakati (see there for further descendants)
- *pl-eh₂-k-tro-
  - Proto-Hellenic: *plā́ktrom
    - Ancient Greek: πλᾶκτρον (plâktron), πλῆκτρον (plêktron) (see there for further descendants)

*pl-eh₁-k-t-
- *pl-éh₁-k-t-e-ti
  - Proto-Italic: *plēktō
    - Latin: plēctō

Derived terms

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*pol-ye-ti
- Proto-Italic: *poljō
  - Latin: poliō
*pol-eh₂-yé-ti
- Proto-Italic: *polāō
  - Latin: (inter)polō
*pl̥-yé-ti
- Proto-Hellenic: *pə́ľľō
  - Ancient Greek: πάλλω (pállō)
*pl̥-né-ti ~ *pl̥-n-énti
- Proto-Italic: *pelnō
  - Latin: pellō
*pl̥-tós
- Proto-Hellenic: *plətós
  - Ancient Greek: παλτός (paltós) (by analogy to πάλλω)
- Proto-Italic: *poltos
  - ⇒ Latin: pultō
Unsorted formations:
- Ancient Greek: πόλεμος (pólemos) (perhaps)

Root

*PIE roots pr (perhaps related to the above root, i.e. resulting from beating)

flour, dust

Derived terms

Unsorted formations:
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: πάλη (pálē)
  - Ancient Greek: πόλτος (póltos)
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: puls
  - Latin: pulvis
  - Latin: pollen
- Proto-Slavic: *pylъ
  - Polish: pył
  - Polish: pyłek
  - Polish: pylić
  - Polish: pylenie
  - Polish: pylnik

Root

*PIE roots pr^[12]

alternative reconstruction of *pelH- (“pale, gray”)

References

^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*fella-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[9], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 135
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “pellis”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 455
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Derksen, Rick (2015) “plėnė”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 365: “*pl-ēn-”
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “pellis”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 455: “*pelni-”
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 ^5.3 Guus Kroonen (2013) “*fella-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[10], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 135: “*pel-nó-”
^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*pelenà; *pelna”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 394
^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*plěva”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 405
^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “^(TÚG)palaḫša-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 619
^ [11], "دوپر" in Dehkhoda Dictionary.
^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[12] (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 141
^ Orel, Vladimir E. (2000) A concise historical grammar of the Albanian language: reconstruction of Proto-Albanian‎^[13], Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page ploje
^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “falwa-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[14], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

pelH-

See also: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/pelh₁- and Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/pelh₂-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative reconstructions

*pel-^[1]
*pelh₁-^[2]

Etymology

Derksen takes the original meaning of the root as "to burn, singe", whence secondary senses including "ashes" (the result of burning) and "gray" (the color of ash).^[2]

Possibly related to Proto-Uralic *piľe (“dark”).

Root

*PIE roots pr^[3]

pale, gray

Derived terms

Lua error in Module:rootsee at line 89: Unable to infer source from pagename 'User:Sobreira/PIE roots pr' as it isn't a Reconstruction or Appendix page

*polH-nó-s
- Proto-Italic: *polnos
  - Latin: pullus (see there for further descendants)
*pelH-tó-s, *pl̥H-tós
- Proto-Celtic: *ɸlētos (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *palHtás
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *palHtás
    - Sanskrit: पलित (palitá, “gray”) (see there for further descendants)
*pl̥H-kó-s
- Proto-Albanian: *plaka
  - Albanian: plak (old man)
*polH-wos
- Proto-Germanic: *falwaz (see there for further descendants)
- ? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *palwas (see there for further descendants)
*polH-men-s
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *palmōns
  - Proto-Slavic: *pòlmy (flame)
*pelH-en
- Latgalian: palni
- Latvian: pęlni (ashes)
- Lithuanian: pelenaĩ (ashes)

Unsorted formations:
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: ալի (ali, “gray hair; wave”)
- Balto-Slavic:
  - Latgalian: palāks
  - Latvian: pelēks
  - Lithuanian: pelekas, pìlkas
  - Old Prussian: pelē
  - Slavic:
    - East Slavic:
      - Russian: пелёсый (peljósyj)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *parHušás (see there for further descendants)
- Italic:
  - Latin: palleō; pallidus
- Ancient Macedonian: [script needed] (pellus)

References

^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*falwa-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[15], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 126–127
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Derksen, Rick (2015) “pelenai”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 348-9
^ Philippa, Marlies, Debrabandere, Frans, Quak, Arend, Schoonheim, Tanneke, van der Sijs, Nicoline (2003–2009) “vaal”, in Etymologisch woordenboek van het Nederlands‎^[16] (in Dutch), Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press

pelth₂-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*PIE roots pr (perfective)^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]

to spread, extend
flat
Synonym: *pleh₂-

Derived terms

Lua error in Module:rootsee at line 89: Unable to infer source from pagename 'User:Sobreira/PIE roots pr' as it isn't a Reconstruction or Appendix page

*pléth₂-t ~ *pl̥th₂-ént (root aorist)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit: प्रथान (prathāná, ptc.med.)
*pléth₂-e-ti (thematic perfect)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Lithuanian: plė̃sti
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *prátʰati
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *prátʰati
    - Sanskrit: प्रथते (práthate)
  - Proto-Iranian: *práθatī
    - Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬚𐬀𐬯𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬵 (fraθasauuah)
*ploth₂-éye-ti (causative)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pratʰáyati
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pratʰáyati
    - Sanskrit: प्रथयति (pratháyati)
*pl(e)th₂-mṓ
- Proto-Hellenic: *plətamṓn
  - Ancient Greek: πλᾰτᾰμών (plătămṓn)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pratʰHmán
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pratʰHmán
    - Sanskrit: प्रथिमन् (prathimán)
*pléth₂-os ~ *pléth₂-es- (see there for further descendants)
*pléth₂-us, *pl̥th₂-éwih₂ (see there for further descendants)
*plet-yo- (*h₂ deleted due to Pinault's law)^[6]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Proto-Slavic: *pleťè (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Celtic: *ɸletyos^[7]
  - Middle Irish: leithe
*pl̥th₂-enós
*pl̥th₂-ó-s
- Proto-Germanic: *fuldō (“earth, ground”)^[8] (< *pl̥th₂-éh₂) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *plətā (< *pl̥th₂-éh₂)
  - Ancient Greek: πλᾰ́τη (plắtē)
    Ancient Greek: πλᾰ́τᾱ (plắtā)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pr̥tʰás
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pr̥tʰás
    - Sanskrit: पृथ (pṛthá)
Unsorted formations:
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Lithuanian: plokščia

References

^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “plā̆t- (plā̆d-), plē̆t-, plō̆t-, plət-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 833-834
^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*pleth₂-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 486-487
^ Wodtko, Dagmar S., Irslinger, Britta, Schneider, Carolin (2008) “*pleth₂-”, in Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, pages 564-566
^ Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, pages 83, 133, 539
^ Lubotsky, Alexander (2011) “prathⁱ”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University, pages 392-3
^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*pletjè”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 404
^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*fletyo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 134
^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “fuldō-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[17], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 159

pent-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*PIE roots pr^[1]

to pass
path

Derived terms

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*pént-e-ti (thematic root present)
- Proto-Germanic: *finþaną (“to find”) (see there for further descendants)
*pónt-oh₁-s (“path, road”) (see there for further descendants)
*pn̥t-tós
- Proto-Germanic: *funsaz
*pōntH- (probably spurious^[2])
- Celtic:
  - Old Irish: áitt (“place”)
    - Irish: áit
    - Scottish Gaelic: àite
Unsorted formations:
- Proto-Germanic: *fanþijaną (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-West Germanic: *fanþijō (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *fandōną (see there for further descendants)

References

^ Guus Kroonen (2013) Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[18], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*yantī”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 433-434

per-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*PIE roots pr

before, in front
first

Derived terms

Lua error in Module:rootsee at line 89: Unable to infer source from pagename 'User:Sobreira/PIE roots pr' as it isn't a Reconstruction or Appendix page

*pér-i (locative)
- Proto-Albanian: *per(i)
  - Albanian: për
- Proto-Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: հեռ- (heṙ-)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *per
  - Lithuanian: per, per-, par-
  - Latvian: par, par-
  - Old Prussian: per
  - Proto-Slavic: *per, *per- (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Celtic: *ɸeri-
- Proto-Germanic: *firi- (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: περί (perí), πέρ (pér) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pári
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pári
    - Sanskrit: परि (pári) (see there for further descendants)
  - Proto-Iranian: *pári
    - Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌 (paⁱri)
      - → Persian: پیراـ (pirâ-, “peri-”, prefix)
    - Kurdish:
      - Northern Kurdish: ber (“in front”)
      - Central Kurdish: بەر (ber, “in front”)
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: per (see there for further descendants)
*per-nóy
- Proto-Germanic: *ferrai (see there for further descendants)
*pér-o-
- Proto-Anatolian: *péro-
  - Hittite: 𒁉𒂊𒊏𒀭 (pēran), 𒁉𒊏𒀭 (peran)
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: πέρᾱ (pérā), πέρᾱν (pérān) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pára
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pára
    - Sanskrit: पर (pára) (see there for further descendants)
  - Proto-Iranian: *pára
    - ? Persian: فرفر (farfar, “in hurry”) (archaic)
- Proto-Italic:
  - ⇒ Latin: (per)perus, (per)peram
    - → Ancient Greek: πέρπερος (pérperos)
⇒ *pér-uti (“last year”) (with *wet- (“year”))
*por-so-
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: πόρσω (pórsō), πόρρω (pórrhō)
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: porrō
*pr̥-
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: πάρ (pár)
- Proto-Italic: *por-
  - Latin: por-
*pr-eh₂-
*pr-és
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - ⇒ Ancient Greek: πρέσβυς (présbus)
*pr-é-ti, *pr-ó-ti (“towards, against”)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *preti
  - Latgalian: pret, pretim, preteims
  - Latvian: pret, pretī, pretējs
  - Proto-Slavic: *proti, *protivъ
    - Bulgarian: проти́в (protív), проти (proti) (dialectal)
    - Czech: proti
    - Polish: przeciw
    - Macedonian: против (protiv)
    - Ukrainian: про́ти (próty)
    - Russian: про́тив (prótiv)
    - Serbo-Croatian:
      - Cyrillic script: про̏тив
      - Latin script: prȍtiv
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: προτί (protí), πρός (prós) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *práti
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *práti
    - Sanskrit: प्रति (práti) (see there for further descendants)
  - Proto-Iranian: *pati-
    - Old Persian: 𐎱𐎫𐎡𐏁 (p-t-i-š)
    - Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (paⁱti)
- ⇒ *pr-e-ti-om
  - Proto-Italic: *pretjom
    - Latin: pretium (see there for further descendants)
*pr-éy (dative)
*pr-ey-wo-
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: prīvus
*pr-i-is
- Proto-Celtic: *ɸrīs
  - Gaulish: ris
  - Old Irish: ré
    - Irish: roimh
    - Scottish Gaelic: ro
*pr-i-is-ḱo-
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: prīscus
*pr-i-is-m̥mos
- Proto-Italic: *priisemos
*pr-i-is-tn̥-o- (with *ten-)
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: prīstinus (see there for further descendants)
*pr-i-n-
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: πρίν (prín), πρείν (preín) (see there for further descendants)
*pr-is-to-
- Proto-Germanic: *furistaz (see there for further descendants)
*pr-i-yōs
- Proto-Italic: *priōs
  - Latin: prior (see there for further descendants)
*pr-ó, *pr-óH (allative)
*pr̥H-e/o-s^[1]
- Proto-Albanian: *pər-parə-a
  - Albanian: përpara
    - Albanian: para
*pr̥s- ~ *pors-V́-
- Proto-Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: առ (aṙ)
*pŕ̥-to-
- Proto-Germanic: *furþą (see there for further descendants)
*pr̥-tero-
- Proto-Germanic: *furþeraz
  - Proto-West Germanic: *furþar (see there for further descendants)
*pr-u-
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: πρυμνός (prumnós)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Germanic: *frumô (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Tocharian: *pre^[2]

Root

*PIE roots pr (perhaps related to previous root, as "front" > "go forth" or vice versa)

to go through
to carry forth, fare

Derived terms

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*pér-ye-ti (ye-present)
- Proto-Hellenic: *péřřō
  - Ancient Greek: πείρω (peírō, “to pierce”)
*per-eh₂-yé-ti
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: περάω (peráō) (see there for further descendants)
*por-éye-ti (causative)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Proto-Slavic: *pariti (see there for further descendants)
  - ? Proto-Slavic: *pьrati (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *farjaną (“to carry, to ferry”), *farjǭ (“ferry”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *fōrijaną (“to lead”) (formed from primary *faraną) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pāráyati
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pāráyati
    - Sanskrit: पारयति (pāráyati, “to make cross”)
*por-ti (o-grade root present)
- Proto-Germanic: *faraną (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: ἔπορον (époron)
*pí-por-ti (o-grade reduplicated present)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *píparti
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *píparti
    - Sanskrit: पिपर्ति (píparti, “to bring across”)
*pr̥-t-eh₂-yé-ti
- Proto-Italic: *portāō
  - Latin: portō (see there for further descendants)
  - Umbrian: 𐌐𐌖𐌓𐌕𐌀𐌕𐌖 (purtatu), portatu, portaia, portust
*pr̥-h₂-k-yé-ti
- Proto-Hellenic: *prā́ťťō
  - Ancient Greek: πρᾱ́σσω (prā́ssō)
*pér-tu-s (“crossing”)
*pér-wr̥ ~ *pr̥-wén-s
*por-dʰmo-
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: πορθμός (porthmós)
*pōr-i-s
- Proto-Germanic: *fōriz (“passable”) (see there for further descendants)
*pór-mo-s
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *parmas
  - Proto-Slavic: *pormъ (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *farmaz (“load, fare”) (see there for further descendants)
*por-os
- Proto-Celtic: *ɸoros (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: πόρος (póros)
    - ⇒ Ancient Greek: πορεύω (poreúō)
    - ⇒ Ancient Greek: πορίζω (porízō)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pārás
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pārás
    - Sanskrit: पार (pārá, “crossing”)
- Proto-Tocharian:
  - Tocharian B: pere^[3]
*por-teh₂
- Proto-Italic: *portā
  - Latin: porta (see there for further descendants)
  - Oscan: 𐌐𐌞𐌓𐌕𐌀𐌌 (púrtam, “gate, door”, acc.sg.)
*por-ti-s
- Proto-Germanic: *fardiz (“journey”) (see there for further descendants)
Unsorted formations
- Proto-Albanian: *p(e)rē-(n-)
  - Albanian: prura (“bring (along), lead (up/forward)”)
- Proto-Albanian: *priś
  - Albanian: prish
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Lithuanian: paramà f (“support, help”, noun)

Root

*PIE roots pr (perhaps related to previous root, as "go forth" > "try"/"risk")

to try, dare, risk

Derived terms

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*per-ih₂
- Proto-Hellenic: *peřřa
  - Ancient Greek: πεῖρα (peîra)
*per-ih₂-ye-
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: (com)periō, (ex)perior, (op)perior
*per-ih₂-to-
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: perītus
*per-ih₂-tlom
- Proto-Italic: *perītlom
  - Latin: perīculum (see there for further descendants)
*per-h₃-
- Proto-Germanic: *fērō, *fērą (“danger”) (see there for further descendants)

Root

*PIE roots pr (or *perH-)

to sell

Derived terms

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*per-eh₂-yé-ti
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: περάω (peráō)
*por-neh₂
- Proto-Hellenic: *pórnē
  - Ancient Greek: πόρνη (pórnē)
    - Greek: πόρνη f (pórni, “prostitute”)
    - ⇒ Old Armenian: պոռնիկ (poṙnik)
      - Armenian: պոռնիկ (poṙnik)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: πέρνημι (pérnēmi)
- Ancient Greek: πιπράσκω (pipráskō)
Proto-Italic:
- Latin: pars (see there for further descendants)
- Latin: portiō (see there for further descendants)
- ? Latin: pār (see there for further descendants)

References

^ Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “para”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 311: “IE”
^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “enepre”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 89
^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “akwam-pere”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 4

Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 810
Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 816‒818

perd-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*PIE roots pr (imperfective)^[1]

to fart loudly, pass gas, break wind

Synonyms

*pesd-

Derived terms

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*pérd-e-tor (deponent thematic root present)
*pr̥d-éh₁ye-ti (stative)^[2]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pirdḗˀtei
  - Proto-Slavic: *pьrdě̀ti (see there for further descendants)
*pr̥d-kéh₂^[3]
- Proto-Celtic: *ɸrikkā
  - Proto-Brythonic: *rex
    - Welsh: rhech
*pr̥d-u-s^[4]
- Proto-Germanic: *furtuz, *fertaną (see there for further descendants)
  - Proto-West Germanic: *furtu (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Balto-Slavic:
- Latgalian: perdēt

References

^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*perd-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 473
^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*pьrdě̀ti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 428
^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “frikkā”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 140
^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*furtu-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[19], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 162

perḱ-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*PIE roots pr^[1]^[2]^[3]

Derived terms

*perḱ-ó-s^[1]
- Proto-Celtic: *ɸerkos (“perch, salmon”)
  - Proto-Brythonic: *erx
    - Middle Welsh: erch
      - Welsh: (obsolete) erch
  - Primitive Irish: ᚓᚏᚉᚐ (erca)
    - Middle Irish: erc (“speckled; speckled animal”)
      - Irish: earc (“lizard”)
      - Scottish Gaelic: earc (“speckled animal”)
- Proto-Hellenic: *perkós
  - Ancient Greek: *περκός (*perkós)^[4]
    - ⇒ Ancient Greek: πέρκη (pérkē, “perch”)
      - → Latin: perca (see there for further descendants)
    - ⇒ Ancient Greek: πέρκος (pérkos, “type of hawk”)
    - ⇒ Ancient Greek: περκαίνω (perkaínō)
    - ⇒ Ancient Greek: περκάς (perkás)
    - ⇒ Ancient Greek: περκάζω (perkázō)
    - ⇒ Ancient Greek: περκόομαι (perkóomai)
*pérḱ-ont-s ~ *pr̥ḱ-n̥t-és
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pŕ̥ćáns ~ *pr̥ćatás
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pŕ̥śáns ~ *pr̥śatás
    - Sanskrit: पृशत् (pr̥śat, “spotted, speckled; spotted antelope, spotted doe”)
*pérḱ-u-s ~ *pr̥ḱ-éw-s
- ⇒ *porḱw-ó-s^[1]^[2]^[5]
  - Proto-Germanic: *farwaz (“colored, colorful”) (see there for further descendants)
    - ⇒ Proto-Germanic: *farwō (“colour”) (see there for further descendants)
*pṓrḱ-s ~ *perḱ-és
- Proto-Hellenic: *pṓrx
  - Ancient Greek: πρόξ (próx, “roe deer”), προκᾰ́ς (prokắs)
  - Ancient Greek: πρώξ (prṓx, “dewdrop”)
*pr̥ḱ-nó-s^[1]^[4]
- Proto-Hellenic: *prəknós, *perknós (secondary full-grade^[6])
  - Ancient Greek: περκνός (perknós, “dark, having dark spots”)
  - Ancient Greek: πρακνόν (praknón, “dark”, acc.sg.m.)
- Proto-Albanian: *prikna
  - ⇒ Proto-Albanian: *priknjā^[7]
    - Albanian: *prënjë
      - ⇒ Albanian: prënjkë (“freckle, sunspot”)
- ⇒ *pr̥ḱn-éh₂^[1]^[8]
  - Proto-Germanic: *furhnō (“trout”) (see there for further descendants)
- ⇒ *pŕ̥ḱn-i-s^[9]
  - Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pŕ̥ćniš
    - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pŕ̥śniṣ
      - Sanskrit: पृश्नि (pṛ́śni, “colorful, spotted”)
    - Proto-Iranian: *pŕ̥cniš
      - Middle Persian: plš (parš, “spotted, speckled”)
      - Mazanderani: برجی (barji)
*pr̥ḱ-ró-s^[10]
- Proto-Italic: *porkros
  - >? Old Latin: polcher (dissimilated from *porcer^[2], but disputed^[11])
    - Latin: pulcher (“beautiful”) (see there for further descendants)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 Pokorny, Julius (1959) “2. perk̑-, prek̑-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 820-821: “perk̑o-, pork̑o-, perk̑-no-, pr̥k̑-no-; *pr̥k̑-nā; *perk̑-nā; *porḱ-u̯ó-; *perk-ro-s zu *pelcro-, *polcro-”
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “*perk̑-”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 537: “OLat polcher dissimilated from *porcer < *porcros”
^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*ferko-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 128: “*perḱ-no-”
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “περκνός”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1178: “*περκός; *pr̥ḱ-n-; *perḱ-n-; *porḱ-uó-”
^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*farwa-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[20], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 130: “*prḱ-ni-; *porḱ-uó-; *perḱ-no; *pérḱ-o-; *pelḱ-ro- for *perḱ-ro-”
^ Beek, Lucien van (2013) “The development of the Proto-Indo-European syllabic liquids in Greek”, in (Please provide the book title or journal name)‎^[21], page 279
^ Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “Sobreira/PIE roots pr”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 344
^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*furhnō-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[22], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 160: “*prḱ-neh₂-”
^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996) “pṛ́śni-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[23] (in German), volume II, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag: “*pr̥ḱ-n-”
^ Balles, Irene (2009) “Zu den i-stämmigen Adjektiven des Lateinischen”, in Proto-language and Prehistory: Akten der XII. Fachtagung der Indogermanischen Gesellschaft, vom 11. bis 15. Oktober 2004 in Krakau (in German), Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag, page 15: “*pr̥ḱró-”
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “pulcher”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 496

Root

*PIE roots pr^[1]^[2]

to open, rip up
to dig

Derived terms

*perḱ-ō~*pr̥ḱ-n-és
- Proto-Germanic: *ferhô^[3]
  - Old Norse: *feri
    - Norwegian: fere (“ridge between two furrows”) (dialectal)
*pórḱ-ono-s^[4]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *párćānas
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *párśānas
    - Sanskrit: पर्शान (párśāna, “chasm”)
*pórḱ-o-s (“piglet”)^[5]^[6]^[7]
*pr̥ḱ-eh₂^[8]^[9]^[10]
- Proto-Celtic: *ɸrikā (see there for further descendants)
  - ⇒ Proto-Celtic: *enterɸrikā^[11]^[12]
    - Middle Irish: etarche
- Proto-Italic: *porkā
  - Latin: porca (see there for further descendants)
>? *pérḱ-s ~ *pr̥ḱ-és^[13]
- Proto-Germanic: *furhs (see there for further descendants)
Unsorted formations:
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Lithuanian: prapar̃šas (“ditch”)

References

^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “perk̑-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 821
^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*frikā-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 140/141: “*perḱ-”
^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*furh-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[24], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 160: “*ferhan-”
^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*furh-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[25], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 160: “*pe/orḱ-ono-”
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “porcus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 481: “*pórk-o-”
^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*forko-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 140/141: “*porḱo-”
^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*farha-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[26], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 129: “*porḱ-o-”
^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*frikā”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 140/141: “*pr̥keh₂”
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “porca”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 481: “*prḱ-h₂-”
^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*furh-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[27], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 160: “*p(o)rḱ-eh₂-”
^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*furh-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[28], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 160: “*h₁enter-prḱ-ieh₂-”
^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*frikā”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 140/141: “*enter-frikā”
^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*furh-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[29], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 160: “*prk-”

pesd-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Probably imitative.

Root

*PIE roots pr^[1]^[2]

to fart softly, pass gas, break wind
Synonym: *perd-

Derived terms

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*pésd-e-ti (thematic root present)
- Proto-Italic: *pezdō
  - Latin: pēdō
    - Portuguese: peido
    - Galician: peido
*psd-éh₁ye-ti (stative)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *p(e)sdeˀtei^[3]
  - Latvian: bezdêt
  - Lithuanian: bezdė́ti
  - Proto-Slavic: *pьzděti
- Proto-Hellenic: *bzdḗyō^[4]
  - Ancient Greek: βδέω (bdéō)
*pésd-is
- Proto-Germanic: *festiz
  - Middle High German: vist
    - German: Fist (“fart”)
  - Dutch: veest
- Proto-Hellenic: *pézdis
  - Ancient Greek: πέζις (pézis, “puffball”)

References

^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎^[30], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*pesd-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 477
^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “bezdėti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 89
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “βδέω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 209

peth₂-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative reconstructions

*pet-^[1]

Etymology

Existing in variations, *pet-, *peth₁-, *peth₂-.^[2]

Root

*PIE roots pr

to spread out
to fly (through the sense ‘spread one’s wings’)

Derived terms

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*péth₂-e-ti (thematic root present)
*pe-póth₂-e (stative)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *papā́ta
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *papā́ta
    - Sanskrit: पपात (papā́ta)
*pí-pth₂-e-ti (reduplicated thematic present)
- Proto-Hellenic: *píptō
  - Ancient Greek: πίπτω (píptō), πίσσω (píssō) — Aeolic
    - Greek: πέφτω (péfto)
*pt-né-h₂-ti ~ *pt-n-h₂-énti (nasal-infix present)^[3]
- Ancient Greek: πίτνημι (pítnēmi)
- Proto-Italic: *patnō
  - Latin: pandō (see there for further descendants)
*pot(h₂)-éye-ti^[4]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pāt(H)áyati
  - Proto-Iranian: *pāt(H)áyati
    - Sanskrit: पातयति (pātáyati, “to cause to fly, throw, send; to cause to fall, fell; to spill, pour”)
*péth₂-lom (“leaf”)
- Proto-Hellenic: *pétalon
  - Ancient Greek: πέτᾰλον (pétălon) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *feþlą (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pátram
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pátram
    - Sanskrit: पत्र (pátra, “leaf”), पत्त्र (pattra) (see there for further descendants)
  - Proto-Iranian: *pátram
    - Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬙𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬙𐬀 (patar^əta, “winged”)
*péth₂-r̥ (“feather, wing”) (see there for further descendants)
Unsorted formations:
- Proto-Albanian: *peta
  - Albanian: pjetë
- Proto-Armenian:^[5]^[6]
  - Old Armenian: ընթանամ (əntʻanam)
- Proto-Celtic: *ɸanssā
  - Old Irish: éis
    - Irish: éis
- Proto-Germanic: *faþmaz (see there for further descendants)
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: πετάννῡμι (petánnūmi), πέτασος (pétasos), πέτηλος (pétēlos), ποταμός (potamós), πότμος (pótmos), πετηνός (petēnós), πτῶμα (ptôma), πτῆσις (ptêsis), πτῶσις (ptôsis), πτωτικός (ptōtikós), πτωτός (ptōtós), πτίλον (ptílon), πατάνη (patánē)
- Italic:
  - Latin: pateō (see there for further descendants)
  - Latin: patera (see there for further descendants)
  - Latin: passus (“step”) (see there for further descendants)
  - ⇒ Latin: impetus, praepes, perpetuus (see there for further descendants)
  - ⇒? Latin: propitius (see there for further descendants)
  - ⇒ Latin: petulans, petulcus (see there for further descendants)

References

^ Mallory, J. P. with Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 181
^ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, § 122a.note1
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “pandō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 442
^ Kulikov, Leonid (2014) “Causative Formation”, in Giannakis, Georgios K., editor, Encyclopedia of Ancient Greek Language and Linguistics‎^[31], volume 1, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 275
^ Klingenschmitt, Gert (1982) Das altarmenische Verbum (in German), Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, pages 114–115
^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*peth₂”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 479

peyǵ-

	A user suggests that this Proto-Indo-European user subpage be moved, merged or split, giving the reason: “to peyg-. The palatovelar is apparently based solely on an assumed connection to peyḱ- and contradicted by the tentative inclusion of Lithuanian pigùs.”.
	Please see the discussion on Requests for moves, mergers and splits⁽⁺⁾ for more information and remove this template after the request has been fulfilled.

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*PIE roots pr^[1]

inactive, reluctant

Derived terms

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Only Italic descendants are known with certainty.

*piǵ-éh₁-(ye)- (stative)
- Proto-Italic: *pigēō
  - Latin: pigeō (“to be annoyed, to be reluctant, to irk”)
*piǵ-rós
- Proto-Italic: *pigros
  - Latin: piger (“slow, lazy, inactive”)
*pig-ús
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - >? Lithuanian: pigùs (“cheap”)
*piǵ-wós
- Proto-Italic: *pigwos
  - Latin: piguus (“lazy”)
*poyǵ-no-
- Proto-Germanic: *faikną (see there for further descendants)

References

^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “piger, -gra, -grum”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 464-465

peyḱ-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*PIE roots pr^[1]^[2]^[3]

to hew, cut out
to stitch, embroider, sting
(by extension) to paint, mark, color

Alternative forms

*peyg- (“to paint”)^[4]^[5] (for Latin pingō, Sanskrit पिङ्ग (piṅga) and Old Church Slavonic пѣгъ (pěgŭ), and possibly the Tocharian forms)

Descendants

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*péyḱ-t ~ *piḱ-ént (root aorist)^[1]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit: पिशान (piśāná, aor.mid.ptc.)
*pi-né-ḱ-ti ~ *pi-n-ḱ-énti (nasal-infix present)^[1]
- Proto-Germanic: *finhaną
  - ⇒ Proto-Germanic: *finhlōną (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pinášti
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit: पिंशति (piṃśáti, “to adorn; to mould, carve out, grind”) (with thematicised weak stem)
  - Proto-Iranian: *pinášti
    - Old Persian: 𐎠𐎱𐎡𐎰 (a-p-i-θ /⁠api⁽ⁿ⁾θaⁿ⁠/, “to cut, engrave, adorn”, 3pl.impf.)^[6]
    - ⇒ Proto-Iranian: *nipinašti
      - Old Persian: 𐎴𐎡𐎹𐎱𐎡𐎰𐎶 (n-i-y-p-i-θ-m /⁠niyapiⁿθam⁠/, “to engrave, inscribe”, 1sg.impf.)^[1] (also interpreted as s-aorist /niyapaišam/^[6])
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: pingō (“to paint, color”, with irregular -g-) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Tocharian: *pik- (“to paint, write, delineate”)^[7]
  - Tocharian A: pikiñc (< pik- (“to write”))
  - Tocharian B: piṅkäṃ (< pik- (“to write”))
*péyḱ-e-ti (thematic root present)^[1]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páyćati
  - Proto-Iranian: *páycati
    - ⇒ Younger Avestan: 𐬀𐬧𐬐𐬎𐬞𐬀𐬉𐬯𐬆𐬨𐬥𐬀 (aṇkupaēsəmna, “to adorn”, mid.ptc.)
    - Middle Persian:
      Manichaean script: 𐫛𐫏𐫏𐫘𐫀𐫅 (pyysʾd /⁠pēsād⁠/, 3sg.subj.)
*péyḱ-ye-ti (ye-present)^[8]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *p(e)iś- (possibly a later formation from intensive *pey-piḱ-yé-ti^[1])
  - Lithuanian: piẽšti (“to draw”)
  - Old Prussian: peisāi (“to write”)
  - Proto-Slavic: *pьsа̀ti (“to write”) (see there for further descendants)
*pe-póyḱ-e ~ *pe-piḱ-ḗr (reduplicated stative)
- Proto-Celtic: *ɸiɸoike (see there for further descendants)
*piḱ-ró-s^[9]^[10]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *piśras
  - Proto-Slavic: *pь̀strъ (“variegated”) from an earlier **pь̀srъ (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *pikrós
  - Ancient Greek: πῐκρός (pĭkrós, “sharp, pointed”)
    - Greek: πικρός (pikrós, “bitter”)
- >? Lusitanian:
  - → Galician: pégaro (“variegated”)
*piḱ-tó-s^[11]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pištás
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *piṣṭás
    - Sanskrit: पिष्ट (piṣṭá, “fashioned, decorated”)
  - Proto-Iranian: *pištáh
    - ⇒ Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬞𐬌𐬑𐬱𐬙𐬀 (frapixšta, “painted”)
    - ⇒ Proto-Iranian:
      - Old Persian: [script needed] (nipišta)
        Middle Persian:
        Inscriptional Pahlavi script: [Inscriptional Pahlavi needed] (npštk /⁠nibištag⁠/, “written”)
      - Parthian: 𐫗𐫁𐫏𐫢𐫤 (nbyšt)
        ⇒ Parthian: 𐫗𐫁𐫏𐫢𐫤𐫃 (nbyštg, “written”)
    - ⇒ Proto-Iranian:
      - Parthian: [Term?] (/⁠ispist⁠/)
        Persian: سبشت (sebešt, “vulgar”)
- Proto-Italic: *piktos
  - Latin: pictus (see there for further descendants)
*póyḱ-os^[12]^[13]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *paiśas
  - Lithuanian: paišaĩ, piẽšas (“freckle”)
- Proto-Germanic: *faihaz (“motley, colored”) (see there for further descendants)
- ⇒ Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: ποικίλος (poikílos, “colored”)
    - → English: poikilo- / poecilo-
    - Greek: ποικίλος (poikílos)
    - Latin: Poecilē
  - ⇒ Mycenaean Greek: 𐀡𐀑𐀫𐀝𐀏 (po-ki-ro-nu-ka /⁠poikil-ōnukʰa⁠/)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páyćas
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *páyśas
    - Sanskrit: पेश (péśa, “ornament, decoration”)
  - Proto-Iranian: *páycah
    - Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬉𐬯𐬀 (paēsa, “ornament, embellishment”)^[14]
    - → Old Armenian: պէս (pēs, “like, as”)
      - Armenian: պես (pes)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Balto-Slavic:
- Proto-Slavic: *pěgъ (“piebald”)^[15]
  - Russian: пегий (pegij)
- >? Proto-Slavic: *pьsъ (“dog”) (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pićángas
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *piśángas
  - Sanskrit: पिशङ्ग (piśáṅga, “reddish, reddish-yellow”)
- Proto-Iranian: *picángah
  - → Old Armenian: պիսակ (pisak, “speckle, spot, mark; leprous”)
    - → Armenian: պիսակ (pisak)
Proto-Indo-Iranian:
- Proto-Indo-Aryan:
  - >? Sanskrit: पिङ्ग (piṅga, “yellow, tawny”)
Unknown Iberian substrate, perhaps Lusitanian:
- →? Galician: pego (“variegated”), pégaro (“variegated”)

Descendants

Proto-Indo-Iranian:
- Proto-Indo-Aryan:
  - Sanskrit: पिश् (piś)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 465-466
^ Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 414
^ Wodtko, Dagmar S., Irslinger, Britta, Schneider, Carolin (2008) Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, pages 546-548
^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 464
^ Wodtko, Dagmar S., Irslinger, Britta, Schneider, Carolin (2008) Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, pages 545-546
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 Cheung, Johnny (2007) “*pais”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 291-292
^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “pik-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 410
^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “piešti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 354
^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “431”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 430
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “πικρός”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1190
^ Cheung, Johnny (2007) “*paipages-291-292”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
^ Derksen, Rick (2015) Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 342
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ποικίλος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1216-1217
^ Kanga, Kavasji Edalji (1900) A Complete Dictionary of the Avesta Language‎^[32], Bombay: Education society's steam press, page 810
^ Derksen, Rick (2008) Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 397

Root

*PIE roots pr^[1]

hostile, angry
enemy, evil

Alternative forms

*peyk- (Baltic)

Derived terms

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*peyḱ-ye- (ye-present)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Lithuanian: peĩkti (“to blame”)
*piḱ-tós^[2]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Latvian: pikts
  - Lithuanian: pìktas (“angry; evil”)
*póyḱ-os
- Proto-Celtic: *ɸoikos
  - Old Irish: óech (“enemy”)
- Proto-Germanic: *faihaz (“hostile”) (see there for further descendants)
*poyḱ-yós
- >? Proto-Germanic: *faigijaz (“fey”) (see there for further descendants)
Unsorted formations:
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Latvian: pîkt
  - Lithuanian: pỹkti (“to be angry”)^[3]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *píćunas
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *píśunas
    - Sanskrit: पिशुन (píśuna, “evil, treacherous”)

References

^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “faiha- 1”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[33], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “piktas”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 355
^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “pykti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 355

peys-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*PIE roots pr^[1]^[2]^[3]

to grind, to crush

Derived terms

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*pi-né-s-ti ~ *pi-n-s-énti (nasal-infix present)^[2]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pinášti (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *pinsō
  - Latin: pinsō
*pis-é-ti (zero-grade present)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pištei
  - Latgalian: pist
  - Latvian: pist
  - Lithuanian: pìsti
  - Proto-Slavic: *pьxati^[4]^[5] (see there for further descendants)
*peys-Hō ~ *pis-Hne-s
- Proto-Italic: *peisō
  - Latin: pīsō
*pis-e-no-m
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pišena
  - Proto-Slavic: *pьšenò^[6] (see there for further descendants)
*pis-tó-s
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pištás
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *piṣṭás
    - Sanskrit: पिष्ट (piṣṭá, “crushed, ground”)
  - Proto-Iranian: *pištás
    - Middle Persian: pst' (“brown flour”) (possibly)
- Proto-Italic: *pistos
  - Latin: pistus
*pis-tlo-m^[2]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pištram
  - Proto-Iranian: *pištram
    - Avestan: 𐬞𐬌𐬱𐬙𐬭𐬀 n (pištra, “bruise, injury”)
- Proto-Italic: *pistlom, *pistlā
  - Latin: pīlum, pīla, Pīlumnus, pistillum
*póys-o-m^[7]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *paiša
  - Lithuanian: paišaĩ, paĩšos, piẽšos, puišaĩ, puĩšos, pišai; (perhaps) piešà; (perhaps) piẽšas, píešas
*poys-to-m^[8]^[9]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *páista
  - Latvian: pìesta, piests
  - Lithuanian: piestà, piẽstas
  - Proto-Slavic: *pěstъ (see there for further descendants)
Unsorted formations:
- Hellenic:^[3]
  - Ancient Greek: πτίσσω (ptíssō) (the appearance of πτ- is unexplained)

Descendants

Proto-Indo-Iranian:
- Proto-Indo-Aryan:
  - Sanskrit: पिष् (piṣ)

References

^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “pei̯s-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 466-467
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “pinsō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 466-467
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “πτίσσω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1249-1250
^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*pьxati”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 426
^ Derksen, Rick (2015) Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 359
^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*pьšenò”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 431
^ Derksen, Rick (2015) Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 342
^ Derksen, Rick (2015) Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 354
^ Derksen, Rick (2008) Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 397

peysḱ-

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/peysḱ-

pleh₁-

See also: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/pleh₂- and Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/pleh₃(w)-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*PIE roots pr (perfective)^[1]^[2]^[3]

to fill

Alternative reconstructions

*pelh₂-^[4]

Derived terms

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*pe-plóh₁-e ~ *pe-pl̥h₁-ḗr (reduplicated stative)^[1]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *paprā́Ha (see there for further descendants)

*pí-pleh₁-ti ~ *pí-pl̥h₁-n̥ti (i-reduplicated root athematic present)^[1]^[5]^[4]
- Proto-Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: յղփանամ (yłpʻanam)
- Proto-Hellenic: *píplēmi
  - Ancient Greek: πίμπλημι (pímplēmi)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pípraHti ~ *pípr̥Hati
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *píparHti
    - Sanskrit: पिपर्ति (píparti)

*pléh₁-dʰ(h₁)e-ti (dʰe-present)^[1]
- Proto-Hellenic: *plḗtʰō
  - Ancient Greek: πλήθω (plḗthō) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *práHdʰati
  - Proto-Iranian: *fráHdati (see there for further descendants)
- ⇒ *pleh₁dʰ(h₁)-r-
  - ⇒ Proto-Italic:
    - Oscan: 𐌐𐌋𐌝𐌚𐌓𐌉𐌊𐌔 (plífriks, “plebeian”, nom. sg.)
- ⇒ *pl̥h₁dʰ(h₁)-wéh₁-s ~ *pléh₁dʰ(h₁)-uh₁-s ^?
  - Proto-Hellenic: *plētʰús
    - Ancient Greek: πληθύς (plēthús)
  - Proto-Italic: *plēðwēs
    - >? Old Latin: plēbēs
      - Latin: plēbs (see there for further descendants)
- ⇒ *pléh₁dʰ(h₁)-ōr
  - Proto-Hellenic: *plétʰōr, ⇒ *pletʰṓrā f
    - Ancient Greek: πληθώρη (plēthṓrē) (see there for further descendants)

*pleh₁-t ~ *pl̥h₁-ént (root athematic aorist)^[1]^[6]^[2]
- Proto-Hellenic: *plētó (< middle voice *pl̥h₁-tó)
  - Ancient Greek: πλῆτο (plêto)

*pléh₁-ye-ti (ye-present)^[1]
- Proto-Italic: *plējō^[7]
  - Latin: pleō (see there for further descendants)

*plḗh₁-s-t ~ *pléh₁-s-n̥t (s-aorist)^[1]^[8]
- Proto-Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: ելից (elicʻ)
    - ⇒ Old Armenian: յեղց (yełcʻ)
- Proto-Hellenic: *éplēse
  - Ancient Greek: ἔπλησα (éplēsa)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HáprāHst
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HáprāHst
    - Sanskrit: अप्रास् (aprās, 2/3sg.aor.ind.act.) (with later अप्रात् (aprāt) as specifically 3sg.^[1])

*pl̥h₁-é-ti (tudáti type thematic present)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pilˀtei
  - ⇒ Latgalian: piļdeit (secondary)
  - Latvian: pil̂t
    - ⇒ Latvian: pilēt, pildīt (secondary)
  - Lithuanian: pìlti
    - ⇒ Lithuanian: pilóti, piláuti (secondary)

*pl̥h₁-néw-ti (new-present)
- Proto-Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: հեղում (hełum) (secondary full-grade?)
    - ⇒ Old Armenian: ողողեմ (ołołem)

*pl̥h₁-yé-tor (ye-deponent)^[1]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pr̥Hyátay (see there for further descendants)

*pl̥-né-h₁-ti ~ *pl̥-n-h₁-énti (nasal-infix present)

*pleh₁-ró-s^[9]^[7]
- >? Proto-Celtic: *ɸlīros (“sea, ocean”)
  - Old Irish: ler
- Proto-Hellenic: *plērós
  - Ancient Greek: *πληρός (*plērós)^[10]^[11]
    - ⇒ Ancient Greek: πλήρης (plḗrēs)
- Proto-Italic: *plēros^[7]
  - Latin: plērus

*pléh₁-ti-s *pl̥h₁-téy-s^[12]
- Proto-Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: լիր (lir)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *práHtiš
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *práHtiṣ
    - Sanskrit: प्राति (prātí)

*pleh₁-tó-s

*pléh₁-yōs ~ *pl̥h₁-is-és

*pl̥h₁-nó-s

*po-ploh₁-s
- (perhaps) Proto-Italic: *poplos (see there for further descendants)

*pl̥h₁-go-m
- Proto-Germanic: *fulką (“folk”) (see there for further descendants)

*pélh₁-u-
- Proto-Celtic: *ɸelus
  - Old Irish: il, hil
    - Irish: il
    - Manx: yl
- Proto-Germanic: *felu

*polh₁-ú-s
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: πολύς (polús)

*polh₁-yo-
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: πολλός (pollós), πολλή (pollḗ)

*ploh₁-us-s
- Proto-Italic: *plows
  - Latin: plūs

Descendants

Proto-Indo-Iranian:
- Proto-Indo-Aryan:
  - Sanskrit: पॄ (pṝ)
- Proto-Iranian: *parH-

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 ^1.6 ^1.7 ^1.8 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*pleh₁-¹”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 482-83
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2011) Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction, 2nd edition, revised and corrected by Michiel de Vaan, Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, page 262: “*h₁é-pleh₁-t”
^ Kölligan, Daniel (2017–2018) “Chapter XX: Proto-Indo-European”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The lexicon of Proto-Indo-European, page 2257: “*pleh₁-to-”
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Fick, August (1890–1909) “péla : pḷa”, in Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der indogermanischen Sprachen (in German), 4th edition, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, page 82
^ Byrd, Andrew Miles (2015) The Indo-European Syllable (Brill's Studies in Indo-European Languages & Linguistics; 15), Leiden: Brill, page 121: “*pi-pleh₁-”
^ Bendahman, Jadwiga (1993) Der reduplizierte Aorist in den indogermanischen Sprachen (Deutsche Hochschulschriften; 642), Egelsbach: Hänsel-Hohenhausen, page 147: “*pl̥h₁-to”
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “-pleō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 472-473: “PIt. *plē{-je/o)- [pr.], * plēno- ‘full’, *plēro- ‘most of’, *-plē-t; PIE *pleh₁- [aor.] ‘to fill’, *plh₁nó- ‘full’, *pl(e)h₁ro- ‘full’, *-pleh₁t-.”
^ Olsen, Birgit Anette (2017–2018) “Chapter X: Armenian”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The morphology of Armenian, page 1092: “*pleh₁-s-”
^ Zair, Nicholas (2012) The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Celtic, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 136: “*pleh₁-ro-”
^ Rothstein-Dowden, Zachary (2023) “Dental-aspirate presents in Greek and Indo-European (Doctoral dissertation)”, in Harvard University Graduate School of Arts and Sciences‎^[34], Cambridge: Harvard University
^ Lloyd, Albert L., Lühr, Rosemarie (2007) “fol”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen (in German), volumes III: fadum – fustslag, Göttingen/Zürich: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, →ISBN, pages 446-447
^ Kapović, Mate, editor (2017), The Indo-European Languages (Routledge Language Family Series), 2nd edition, London, New York: Routledge, →ISBN, page 656: “*pleh₁tis”

pleh₂-

See also: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/pleh₁- and Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/pleh₃(w)-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Compare *pleth₂- (“flat”) and *pel- (“skin, hide, membrane, cloth”).

Root

*PIE roots pr^[1]

flat
Synonym: *pleth₂-

Derived terms

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*pleh₂-is ~ *pl̥h₂-éys^[2]
- Proto-Anatolian: *pl̥Hís
  - Hittite: 𒁄𒄭𒅖 (pal-ḫi-iš /⁠palḫis⁠/)
*pl̥h₂(e)meh₂
- Proto-Celtic: *ɸlāmā
- Proto-Germanic: *fulmō
- Proto-Hellenic: *palámā
  - Ancient Macedonian:
    - →? Albanian: pëllëmbë, pllâmë
  - Ancient Greek: παλάμη (palámē)
- Proto-Italic: *pəlmā
  - Latin: palma
*pleh₂-nos, *pl̥h₂-nos
- Proto-Italic: *plānos
  - Latin: plānus
*ploh₂-no-s, *polh₂-no-s (metathesis)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *plāˀnas, *palˀnas (metathesized)
  - Latvian: plāns (“thin”)
  - Latgalian: plõns (“thin”), Latgalian: Plõnis (surname)
  - Lithuanian: plonas (“thin”)
  - Old Prussian: plonis
  - Proto-Slavic: *pȏlnъ (see there for further descendants)
*pleh₂-ro- (*ploh₂-ro- is equally possible)
- Proto-Celtic: *ɸlārom (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *flōraz (see there for further descendants)
*pléh₂-n̥t-eh₂
- Proto-Italic: *plāntā
  - Latin: planta
*pleh₂-trom or *pl̥h₂-trom or *ploh₂-trom
- Proto-Celtic: *ɸlātrom
  - Proto-Brythonic: *llọdr
    - Breton: loer
    - Old Cornish: loder
    - Welsh: llawdr
  - Old Irish: láthar
    - Middle Irish: láither, láthair
      - Irish: láthair
      - Scottish Gaelic: làthair
*pl̥h₂-u-tós
- Italic:
  - Latin: plautus
*pl̥h₂-em
- Proto-Italic: *palam
  - Latin: palam (see there for further descendants)
Unsorted formations:
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: լայն (layn, “wide, broad”)
  - >? Old Armenian: *հոլ- (*hol-, “uncovered, naked”)
- Balto-Slavic:
  - Latvian: plakans (“flat, even”)
  - Lithuanian: plakãnas (“flat”) (possibly)
  - Proto-Slavic: *poľe (Schwebeablaut) (see there for further descendants)

References

^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎^[35], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “palḫi- / palḫai-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 620–621

pleḱ-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Extended from *pel- (“to fold”).

Root

*PIE roots pr^[1]^[2]

to fold, plait, weave

Derived terms

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*pléḱ-e-ti (root present)
- Proto-Hellenic: *plékō
  - Ancient Greek: πλέκω (plékō)
*pleḱ-eh₂-ye-ti
- Proto-Italic: *plekāō
  - Latin: plicō (with i from its compounds)
*pléḱ-te-ti^[3]^[4]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pleśtei
  - Proto-Slavic: *plestì (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *flehtaną (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *plektō
  - Latin: plectō
*pleḱ-tó-
- Proto-Hellenic: *plektós
  - Ancient Greek: πλεκτός (plektós)
*pleḱ-nó-s or *ploḱ-nó-s
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *praćnás
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *praśnás
    - Sanskrit: प्रश्न (praśná, “basket-work, a plaited basket; turban”) (see there for further descendants)
  - Proto-Iranian: *pracnáh
    - Younger Avestan: 𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬀𐬙𐬋𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬱𐬥𐬀 (ər^əzatōfrašna, “having a golden helmet/coat of mail”)
*pleḱ-s
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: -πλαξ (-plax) (e.g. δίπλαξ (díplax), τρίπλαξ (tríplax))
- Proto-Italic: *pleks
  - Latin: -plex (e.g. simplex, duplex)
*ploḱ-s-om
- Proto-Germanic: *flahsą (see there for further descendants)
*ploḱ-o
- Proto-Germanic: *flaką (“something flat”) (perhaps)
  - Old Norse: flaga
    - Danish: flage
    - Icelandic: flaga
    - Norwegian: flak
    - Swedish: flak
- Proto-Germanic: *flakaz (“flat”) (see there for further descendants) (perhaps)
- Proto-Hellenic: *plokos
  - Ancient Greek: πλόκος (plókos)
  - Ancient Greek: -πλοκος (-plokos) (e.g. πολύπλοκος (polúplokos))
*plok-o-nos (perhaps)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Latvian: plakans (“flat, even”)
  - Lithuanian: plakãnas (“flat”)
*ploḱ-éh₂
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: πλοκή (plokḗ)
*plók-e- (perhaps)
- Proto-Germanic: *flahaną (“to flay, strip”)
plók-eh₂ (perhaps)
- Proto-Germanic: *flahō (“strip”)
  - Old Norse: flá (“strip of land, meadow”)
Unsorted formations:
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Lithuanian: plokščias

References

^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “plek̑-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 834-835
^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*plek̑-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 486
^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*plestì”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 403-404
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “plectō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 471-472

Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN

plew-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*PIE roots pr^[1]^[2]^[3]

to fly, flow, run

Extensions

*plew-d-
*plew-k-
*plew-t-
- *plewt-yom,^[4] *plowt-yom^[4]
  - Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pljáutja, *pláutja
    - Latvian: plàuši (“lungs”, nom.pl.), plàuši
    - Lithuanian: plaũtis, plaũčiai (“lung”)
    - Proto-Slavic: *pľūťè, *plūťè (“lung”) (see there for further descendants)

Derived terms

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*pléw-e-ti (thematic root present)^[2]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Proto-Slavic: *plovǫ (1sg.pres. of *plùti (“to swim, sail”))
    - Old Church Slavonic: пловѫ (plovǫ)
- Proto-Hellenic: *pléwō^[5]
  - Ancient Greek: πλέω (pléō)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pláwati (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *plowō^[6]
  - Latin: pluit (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Tocharian: *pläu-^[7]
  - Tocharian A: plu-
  - Tocharian B: plu-
*plow-éye-ti (causative)
- Proto-Celtic:
  - Old Irish: luithir, fo·luathar
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *plāwáyati
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *plāwáyati
    - Sanskrit: प्लावयति (plāváyati)
  - Proto-Iranian: *frāwáyati
    - ⇒ Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬟𐬭𐬁𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬵𐬌 (frafrāuuaiiāhi, 2sg.subj.) (+ 𐬟𐬭𐬀- (fra-))
- Proto-Slavic: *plàviti (sometimes derived from *pleh₃(w)-) ⇒ *plàvati (see there for further descendants)
*plḗw-s-t ~ *pléw-s-n̥t (s-aorist)^[2]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Proto-Slavic: *plu (3sg.aor. of *plùti (“to swim, sail”))
    - Old Church Slavonic: плоу (plu)
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: ἔπλευσα (épleusa)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit: अप्लोष्ट (aploṣṭa, 3sg.aor.ind.med.)
*plew-eh₂-h₁en-
- Proto-Tocharian:
  - Tocharian B: plyuwai (“to float”)^[8]
*pléw-mō (“lung”) (see there for further descendants)
*plow-mos
- Proto-Germanic: *flaumaz (“stream”)^[9] (see there for further descendants)
*plow-ó-s
- Proto-Hellenic: *plowos^[5]
  - Ancient Greek: πλόος (plóos)
    Attic Greek: πλοῦς (ploûs)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *plawás
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *plawás
    - Sanskrit: प्लव (plavá)
- Proto-Tocharian:
  - Tocharian B: plewe^[10]
*plow-tó-m
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Latvian: plàuts (“shelf, sideboard of a bee-hive”)
  - Lithuanian: plaũtas (“sweating shelf, bath shelf, sideboard (of a bee-hive or a boat)”)
  - Proto-Slavic: *plūtò (“flotsam”)
- Proto-Germanic:
  - Old Norse: fleyðr (“cross-beam”) (Old Icelandic)
    - Icelandic: fleyður
*plow-tós
- Ancient Greek: πλοῦτος (ploûtos) (?)
*plów-yos (“ship”)
- Proto-Germanic: *flawją^[11] (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *plóyyom^[5]
  - Ancient Greek: πλοῖον (ploîon)
- Proto-Italic: *plowjos
  - Latin: pluvius
*plu-tó-s
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *plútas, *plúta n
  - East Baltic:
    - Latvian: pluts
  - Proto-Slavic: *plъ̀tъ (see there for further descendants)
- ⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *plūtei
  - Proto-Slavic: *plyti (sometimes derived from *pleh₃(w)-), *plùti (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *plutós
  - Ancient Greek: πλυτός (plutós)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *plutás
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *plutás
    - Sanskrit: प्लुत (plutá)
*pléw-ih₂^[12]
- Proto-Celtic: *ɸlowī
  - ⇒ Breton: lewier m (“pilot”)
  - Old Cornish: leu (“rudder”)
    - Cornish: lew (“rudder”)
  - Old Irish: luí f (“rudder, tail”)
  - Middle Welsh: llyw m (“rudder, tail, leader, pilot”)

Innovative formations:
- (perhaps) Proto-Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: լուանամ (luanam)^[13]
    - Armenian: լվանալ (lvanal)
- Proto-Hellenic: *pluňňō (< *plu-n-yéti)
  - Ancient Greek: πλῡ́νω (plū́nō)

Descendants

Proto-Indo-Iranian:
- Proto-Indo-Aryan:
  - Sanskrit: प्लु (plu)

References

^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “835–837”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 835–837
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*pleu̯-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 487-488
^ Watkins, Calvert (1985) “pleu-”, in The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, page 70
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Derksen, Rick (2015) Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 362
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “πλέω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1208-1209
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “pluō, pluit”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 474-475
^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “plu-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 462-463
^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “plyuwai”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN
^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*flauma-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[36], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 145
^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “plewe”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 463
^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*flauja-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[37], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 145
^ Stifter, David (2023) “With the Back to the Ocean: The Celtic Maritime Vocabulary”, in Kristian Kristiansen, Guus Kroonen and Eske Willerslev, editors, The Indo-European Puzzle Revisited, Cambridge University Press, →DOI, →ISBN, page 189
^ Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) “luanam”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, page 316

plewd-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Extended form of *plew-.

Root

*PIE roots pr^[1]

to fly, flow, run

Derived terms

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*plewd- (root present)
- Balto-Slavic:
  - Latgalian: plyudi (“flood”)
  - Latvian: plūdi (“flood”)
- Celtic:
  - Old Irish: luaidid
- Proto-Germanic: *fleutaną (“to float, to stream”)
*plud-sḱé- (sḱe-present)
- Balto-Slavic:
  - Lithuanian: plū́sti
*plewd-o-
- Proto-Germanic: *fleutaz (“fast-running”)
  - Middle Dutch: vliet
  - Old Norse: fljótr
    - Icelandic: fljótur
- Proto-Germanic: *fleutą (“stream”)
  - Old English: flēot
    - English: fleet
  - Middle Dutch: vliet
*plud-om
- Proto-Germanic: *flutą
  - Old English: flot
  - Dutch: vlot (“raft”)
  - Old Norse: flot
Unsorted formations:
- Proto-Germanic: *flutōną
- Italic:
  - Latin: plaustrum

References

^ Guus Kroonen (2013) Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[38], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

Pokorny, Julius (1959) “835–837”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 835–837
^{The template Template:R:ine:AHD does not use the parameter(s): 1=70
Please see Module:checkparams for help with this warning.}Watkins, Calvert (1985) “pleu-”, in The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt

plewk-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Extended form of *plew- (“to fly, flow, run”).

Root

*PIE roots pr^[1]^[2]^[3]

to fly, flow, run
to splash, to flap with hands

Derived terms

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*pléwk-e-ti (full-grade thematic present)
- >? Proto-Germanic: *fleuhaną (“to flee”) (see there for further descendants)
  - ⇒? Proto-Germanic: *flauhaz (“flea”) (possibly readjusted by folk etymology from *flauzaz, from PIE *plúsis (“flee”)) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *fleuganą (“to fly”) (see there for further descendants)
  - ⇒ Proto-Germanic: *fleugǭ (“fly”) (see there for further descendants)
  - ⇒ Proto-Germanic: *flugǭ (“fly, flying insect”) (see there for further descendants)
  - ⇒ Proto-Germanic: *flugilaz (see there for further descendants)
  - ⇒ Proto-Germanic: *fuglaz (“fowl”) (< earlier *fluglaz) (see there for further descendants)

*plowk-éye-ti (éye-causative)
- Proto-Germanic: *flaugijaną (“to fly up”) (see there for further descendants)

*pluk-neh₂-ti ~ *pluk-n̥h₂-énti (neh₂-iterative)
- Proto-Germanic: *flukkōną (see there for further descendants)
  - ⇒ Proto-Germanic: *flukkaz (“flock”) (see there for further descendants)

*pluk-yé-ti (zero-grade yé-present)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Lithuanian: plúkti (“to strike, to splash”)
  - ⇒ Proto-Slavic: *plyčьkati (“to splash, to crawl in water”) (expressive, extended with *-kati)
- >? Proto-Germanic: *plugijaną (“to plug”) (with unexpected "unshifted" *p)

*plewk-smeh₂
- Proto-Italic: *plow(k)smā^[4]
  - Latin: plūma (see there for further descendants)

*plówk-o-s
- >? Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Latvian: plaûki (“flakes, fibers”)
  - Lithuanian: pláukas (“hair”)^[5]

*plú-n-k-sneh₂
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *plúnksnāˀ
  - Latvian: plūksnas, plūksnes
  - Lithuanian: plùnksna, plū́ksna
  - Old Prussian: planxdine

Unsorted formations:
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Proto-Slavic: *pľuščiti (“to flap, to press”)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Lithuanian: plaũkti (“to swim”)^[6]

References

^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “835–837”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 835–837
^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “?*pleu̯k-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 488
^
^{The template Template:R:ine:AHD does not use the parameter(s): 1=70
Please see Module:checkparams for help with this warning.}Watkins, Calvert (1985) “pleu-”, in The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “plūma”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 146: “*plou(k)-smo-”
^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “plaukas”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 362
^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “plaũkti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 363

pnew-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Likely onomatopoeic.

Root

*PIE roots pr^[1]^[2]^[3]

to breathe, gasp
to snort, sneeze

Derived terms

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*pnéw-e-ti (thematic root present)^[2]
- Proto-Hellenic: *pnéwō
  - Ancient Greek: πνέω (pnéō), πνείω (pneíō) — poetic
*pnéw-se-ti ((h₁)se-desiderative)^[4]
- Proto-Germanic: *fneusaną (see there for further descendants)
  - ⇒ Proto-Germanic: *fnuzzōną^[5]
    - Middle High German: pfnurren
    - Icelandic: hnerra
- >? Proto-Germanic: *hneusaną (see there for further descendants)
*pnḗw-s-t ~ *pnéw-s-n̥t (s-aorist)^[2]
- Proto-Hellenic: *pnḗwhe
  - Ancient Greek: ἔπνευσε (épneuse)
*pnéw-mn̥
Unsorted formations:
- Albanian:
  - >? Proto-Albanian: *pnewa
    - Albanian: *pnyj
      - Albanian: fryj (< earlier *fnyj)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kšnauš
  - Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit: क्षवः (kṣavaḥ, “sneezing”)
  - Proto-Iranian: *xšnauš
    - Mazanderani: اشنافه (ëšnâfe, “sneeze”)
    - Kurdish:
      Northern Kurdish: hênijîn (“to sneeze”)
    - Middle Persian: (/⁠šnōšag⁠⁠/, “sneeze”)
      Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (šnwšk')
      - Classical Persian: شنوشه (šinōša, “sneeze”)
        Dari: شنوشه (šinōša)
        
        Iranian Persian: شنوشه (šenūše)
        
        Tajik: шинӯша (šinüša)

References

^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “pneu-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 838-39
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “?*pneu̯-¹ ‘hauchen, keuchen’”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 489
^ Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “*pneu- ‘± snort, sneeze’”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 82
^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*fneusan- ~ *fnūsan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[39], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 149: “*pnéus-e-”
^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*fnuz(z)ōn-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[40], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 150

preh₂-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From *per- (“before”).

Root

*PIE roots pr

before, in front

Derived terms

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*préh₂-i (“before”, locative) or *pr̥h₂-ey^[1]
- Proto-Italic: *prāi or *prai
  - Latin: prae, prae- (see there for further descendants)
- ⇒ Proto-Italic: *praiteros (< *préh₂i + *-teros)
  - Latin: praeter (see there for further descendants)
*pr̥h₂-ey^[1]
- Proto-Hellenic: *pərai
  - Ancient Greek: παραί (paraí), παρά (pará), πάρα (pára), πάρ (pár)
*pr̥h₂-i (zero-grade locative)
- Proto-Celtic: *ɸare < *ɸari (-e is secondary) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *furi (see there for further descendants)
*pr̥h₂-ó
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Mycenaean Greek: 𐀞𐀫 (pa-ro)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pr̥Hā́ (< *pr̥h₂-ó-h₁)
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pr̥Hā́
    - Sanskrit: पुरा (purā́)
*pr̥h₂-ós
- Proto-Albanian: *par-
  - Albanian: parë
- Proto-Albanian:
  - Albanian: pris
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: πάρος (páros, “earlier, before”)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pr̥Hás
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pr̥Hás
    - Sanskrit: पुरस् (purás, “before, forwards”) (see there for further descendants)
*pr̥h₂-oy
- Proto-Germanic: *furai (see there for further descendants)
*pr̥h₂-wó-s
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: հարաւ (haraw) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pírˀwas
  - Proto-Slavic: *pь̀rvъ
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pírˀmas
  - Lithuanian: pirmas
- Proto-Germanic: *furwōstaz, *furwistaz
  - Old English: forwost, forwest
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pr̥Hwás
- Proto-Tocharian: *pä́rwë
  - Tocharian A: pärwat
  - Tocharian B: pärweṣṣe
*pr̥h₂-yós- ~ *pr̥h₂-is- (comparative)
- Proto-Germanic: *furizô, *furistaz (see there for further descendants)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, § 75.4

preḱ-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*PIE roots pr^[1]^[2]^[3]

to ask

Derived terms

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*pr̥(ḱ)-sḱé-ti (sḱe-present)^[1]
*prḗḱ-s-t ~ *préḱ-s-n̥t (s-aorist)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit: अप्राट् (áprāṭ) (later अप्राक्षीत् (áprākṣīt))
  - Proto-Iranian:
    - Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬱𐬍 (frašī, 1sg.inj.mid.)
- Proto-Tocharian:
  - Tocharian A: prakäs
  - Tocharian B: preksa
*proḱ-éye-ti (causative)^[4]^[5]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *práśīˀtei (see there for further descendants)
*préḱ-s^[6]^[7]
- Celtic:
  - Brythonic:
    - Welsh: rheg
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *prā́ćš
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *prā́ṭṣ
    - Sanskrit: प्राश् (prā́ś)
  - Proto-Iranian: *prā́š
    - Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬯𐬁 (frasā), 𐬟𐬆𐬭𐬀𐬯𐬁 (fərasā)
- Proto-Italic: *preks
  - Latin: prex
    - Italian: prece
    - Portuguese: prece
    - ⇒ Latin: precor (see there for further descendants)
*proḱ-ó-s (with agentive *-ós)
- Proto-Italic: *prokos
  - Latin: procus
    - Portuguese: proco
    - ⇒ Latin: procō
Unsorted formations:
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: հարսն (harsn, “bride”)
- Balto-Slavic:
  - Lithuanian: pir̃šti (“to arrange a marriage”)
- Proto-Germanic: *frehnaną (see there for further descendants)
- Indo-Iranian:
  - Iranian:
    - Northern Kurdish: pirs (“question”), pirsîn (“to ask”)
    - Old Persian: √fraθ/pars > parsa-
      - Middle Persian: pwrs (purs-), pwrsytn' (pursīdan)
        Persian: پرس (pors-), پرسیدن (porsidan)
- Italic:
  - >? Latin: percontor (see there for further descendants)
- Tocharian:
  - Tocharian A: pärk-
  - Tocharian B: pärk-

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[41], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎^[42], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 490-491
^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*prosìti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 421
^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “prašyti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 360-370
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “prex, -cis”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 488
^ Monier Williams (1899) “Sobreira/PIE roots pr”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 709, column 2.

prews-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*PIE roots pr^[1]^[2]

to freeze
frost

Derived terms

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*prews- (root present)
- Proto-Germanic: *freusaną (see there for further descendants)
*presw-os (by metathesis)
- Proto-Celtic: *ɸreswos (see there for further descendants)
*prus-tós
- Proto-Germanic: *frustaz (see there for further descendants)
Unsorted formations:
- Proto-Albanian: *pruś-
  - Albanian: prush
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *prušwáH (“ice”)
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pruṣwáH
    - Sanskrit: प्रुष्वा (pruṣvā́, prúṣvā)
- Latin: pruīna
  - Venetan: puìna, poìna
- Latin: prūna
- Latin: prūriō (see there for further descendants)

References

^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎^[43], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
^ Guus Kroonen (2013) Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[44], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

preyH-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*PIE roots pr^[1]^[2]

to please
to love

Derived terms

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*pri-né-H-ti ~ *pri-n-H-énti (nasal-infix present)^[1]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *prináHti (see there for further descendants)

*priH-ye-tor^[3]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *priHyatay
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *priHyatay
    - Sanskrit: प्रीयते (prī́yate, “to be pleased”)

*prḗyH-s-t ~ *préyH-s-n̥t (s-aorist)^[1]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *práyHšat (3sg.aor.subj.act.)
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *práyHṣat
    - Sanskrit: प्रेषत् (préṣat, “shall please”)

*priH-mḗn
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *priHmā́
  - Proto-Iranian: *friHmā́
    - Ossetian: (“friend, lover”)
      Digor Ossetian: лимӕн (limæn), нимӕл (nimæl)
      
      Iron Ossetian: лымӕ́н (lymǽn)

*priH-nó-s
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *priHnás
  - Proto-Iranian: *friHnáh
    - Pashto: ورين (wrin, “open, happy, sincere”)

*priH-ó-s

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*preiH-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 87
^ Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world, Oxford University Press, page 343: “*prihₓ-”
^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*fri(j)ōn-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[45], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 155

prk-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*PIE roots pr^[1]

to fear

Derived terms

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*(s)pr̥k-éh₂ (?)
- >? Proto-Albanian: *frikā
  - Albanian: frikë
*pr̥k-sḱé-ti (sḱé-present)
- Tocharian:
  - Tocharian A: präskā-
  - Tocharian B: präskā-
*pr̥k-tós
- Proto-Germanic: *furhtaz (see there for further descendants)
  - ⇒ Proto-Germanic: *furhtijaną (see there for further descendants)
*pr̥k-téh₂
- Proto-Germanic: *furhtō (see there for further descendants)

References

^ Guus Kroonen (2013) Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[46], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

R

reh₁d-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*PIE roots pr

to scrape, scratch, gnaw

Derived terms

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*réh₁d-e-ti
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *rádati
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *rádati
    - Sanskrit: रदति (rádati)
  - Proto-Iranian: *rádati
    - Middle Persian: [script needed] (randītan, “to scrape, smooth”)
*roh₁d-
- Italic:
  - Latin: rōdō (see there for further descendants)
*roh₁d-trom
- Italic:
  - Latin: rōstrum (see there for further descendants)
Unsorted formations:
- >? Proto-Germanic: *rattaz, *rattō (see there for further descendants)

References

Pokorny, Julius (1959) “854”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 854

reh₁t-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*PIE roots pr

post, beam, pole

Derived terms

Lua error in Module:rootsee at line 89: Unable to infer source from pagename 'User:Sobreira/PIE roots pr' as it isn't a Reconstruction or Appendix page

Unsorted formations:
- Old Armenian: առիք (aṙikʻ) (possibly)
  - Armenian: առիք (aṙikʻ)
- Old Armenian: արդն (ardn) (possibly)
- Balto-Slavic:
  - Old Church Slavonic: ратище (ratište), ратовище (ratovište)
- Proto-Germanic: *rōdō, *rōdǭ

References

Pokorny, Julius (1959) “866”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 866

reyǵ-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology 1

Variant of *h₃reǵ-.^[1]

Root

*PIE roots pr

to stretch out, reach

Alternative reconstructions

*reyǵ-^[2]^[1]^[3]
*reh₃iǵ-^[2]^[4]

Derived terms

Lua error in Module:rootsee at line 89: Unable to infer source from pagename 'User:Sobreira/PIE roots pr' as it isn't a Reconstruction or Appendix page

*Hréyǵ-ti ~ *Hriǵ-énti (root athematic present)^[1]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Lithuanian: réižti
- Proto-Celtic: *rigeti (see there for further descendants)
*Hréyǵ-(h₁)se-ti ((h₁)se-desiderative)^[3]
- Proto-Celtic:
  - Old Irish: rías- (“stretch out, rule”)
*Hri-ne-ǵ-ti ~ *Hri-n-ǵ-énti (nasal-infix present)^[1]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Lithuanian: rìžtì
*Hroyǵ-éye-ti (causative)
- Proto-Germanic: *raikijaną (see there for further descendants)

Etymology 2

Root

*PIE roots pr

to bind

Alternative reconstructions

*reyǵ-, *reyg-^[5]^[6]

Derived terms

Lua error in Module:rootsee at line 89: Unable to infer source from pagename 'User:Sobreira/PIE roots pr' as it isn't a Reconstruction or Appendix page

*Hriǵ-é-ti ("tudati"-type root thematic present)^[6]
- Proto-Celtic: *rigeti (see there for further descendants)
*Hriǵ-yé-ti (ye-deponent)
- Proto-Germanic: *rikkijaną
  - Old High German: *rickēn
    - Middle High German: ricken (“to bind”)^[6]
*Hriǵ-eh₁-(ye)-ti (stative)^[6]
- Proto-Italic: *rigēō
  - Latin: rigeō (see there for further descendants)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*rei̯g̑-¹”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 503
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Pokorny, Julius (1959) “(reig̑-), rēig̑-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 862
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Kümmel, Martin Joachim (2011–2024) “*rei̯g̑-”, in Addenda und Corrigenda zu LIV²‎^[47], page 65
^ Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “*rēig̑-”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 187
^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “reig- oder reig̑-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 861-862
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 ^6.3 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*rei̯⁽g̑⁾-¹”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 503

[1] Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 790-792

[2] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*ped-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 458

[3] Cheung, Johnny (2007) “*pad”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 287-288

[NIL-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Wodtko, Dagmar S., Irslinger, Britta, Schneider, Carolin (2008) Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, pages 526-540

[5] Matasović, Ranko (2009) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 136

[6] Pokorny, Julius (1959) “pā-: pə-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 787

[7] Pokorny, Julius (1959) “pō(i)-: (pəi- ?:) pī-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 839

[8] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*peh₂(i̯)-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 460

[9] Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “paḫš-^a(ri), paḫš-ⁱ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 611-613

[10] Derksen, Rick (2008) “*pasti I”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 392

[11] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 449-450

[12] Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 434

[de_Vaan,_pangō-13] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “pangō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 442-3

[14] Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 787–788

[15] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 461

[Kroonen,_*faka--16] 4.0 ^4.1 Guus Kroonen (2013) “*faka-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

[17] Guus Kroonen (2013) “*fastu-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 138

[18] Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “mpij”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 279

[19] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “pāx”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 452

[LIV-20] 2.0 ^2.1 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 461-2

[DV_paucus-21] 1.0 ^1.1 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “paucus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 450-451

[22] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “pūpa”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 500

[23] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “παῦρος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1158

[DV_parvus-24] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “parvus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 448

[25] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “παῖς”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1142-1142

[26] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “pauper”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 451

[27] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “puer”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 496

[28] Ačaṙean, Hračʻeay (1979) “փոքր”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, volume IV, Yerevan: University Press, page 530ab

[29] Solta, G. R. (1960) Die Stellung des Armenischen im Kreise der indogermanischen Sprachen (Studien zur armenischen Geschichte; 9)‎^[3] (in German), Vienna: Mekhitarist Press, pages 361–362

[30] Olsen, Birgit Anette (1999) The noun in Biblical Armenian: origin and word-formation: with special emphasis on the Indo-European heritage (Trends in linguistics. Studies and monographs; 119), Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, page 165

[31] Derksen, Rick (2008) “*pъtakъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 424

[32] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “bibō, -ere”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 71-72

[33] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “πίνω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1194-1195

[34] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 462-463

[35] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “pōtus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 485

[36] Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “pi”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, pages 324–325

[37] Lubotsky, Alexander (2017–2018) “Chapter XVII: Indo-Iranian”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The phonology of Proto-Indo-Iranian, page 1884

[38] Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 649

[DV_pecto-39] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “pectō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎^[4], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

[DV_pecu-40] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “pecū”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎^[5], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

[41] Guus Kroonen (2013) Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[6], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

[42] Smoczyński, Wojciech (2007) “puõšti”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka litewskiego‎^[7] (in Polish), Vilnius: Uniwersytet Wileński, page 489

[43] Pokorny, Julius (1959) “1.*pek^u̯-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 798

[44] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “1.*pek^u̯-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 468

[45] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “πέσσω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1180-1181

[Janda-46] 4.0 ^4.1 Janda, Michael (2000) Eleusis: Das indogermanische Erbe der Mysterien (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; Hauptreihe, 96), Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachwissenschaft der Universität Innsbruck, pages 49–51

[EDIANA-47] 5.0 ^5.1 Sasseville, David, Rieken, Elisabeth, Steer, Thomas (2017–) “*pek^u̯-”, in Olav Hackstein, Jared L. Miller & Elisabeth Rieken, editors, Digital Philological-Etymological Dictionary of the Minor Ancient Anatolian Corpus Languages (eDiAna)‎^[8], München & Marburg

[48] Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “pjek”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 329

[49] Derksen, Rick (2008) “*pektì”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 393

[50] Derksen, Rick (2015) “kepti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 237-238

[51] Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*kʷokʷ-o-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page page180

[52] Cheung, Johnny (2007) “*pač”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 286-287

[53] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “coquō, -ere”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 134

[54] Derksen, Rick (2008) “*pȇktь”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 393

[55] Derksen, Rick (2008) “*pȏtъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 415

[EDHIL-56] 14.0 ^14.1 ^14.2 Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “pakkušš-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 618–619

[57] Guus Kroonen (2013) “*fella-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[9], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 135

[58] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “pellis”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 455

[Derksen2015-59] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Derksen, Rick (2015) “plėnė”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 365: “*pl-ēn-”

[DeVaan-60] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “pellis”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 455: “*pelni-”

[Kroonen-61] 5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 ^5.3 Guus Kroonen (2013) “*fella-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[10], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 135: “*pel-nó-”

[Derksen2008-62] Derksen, Rick (2008) “*pelenà; *pelna”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 394

[63] Derksen, Rick (2008) “*plěva”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 405

[64] Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “^(TÚG)palaḫša-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 619

[65] [11], "دوپر" in Dehkhoda Dictionary.

[66] Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[12] (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 141

[67] Orel, Vladimir E. (2000) A concise historical grammar of the Albanian language: reconstruction of Proto-Albanian‎^[13], Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page ploje

[68] Guus Kroonen (2013) “falwa-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[14], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

[69] Guus Kroonen (2013) “*falwa-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[15], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 126–127

[EDBIL-70] 2.0 ^2.1 Derksen, Rick (2015) “pelenai”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 348-9

[71] Philippa, Marlies, Debrabandere, Frans, Quak, Arend, Schoonheim, Tanneke, van der Sijs, Nicoline (2003–2009) “vaal”, in Etymologisch woordenboek van het Nederlands‎^[16] (in Dutch), Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press

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P

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