पर
Hindi
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Inherited from Sauraseni Prakrit 𑀧𑀭𑀺 (pari), 𑀉𑀧𑁆𑀧𑀭𑀺 (uppari), from Sanskrit उपरि (upari, “above”),[1] from Proto-Indo-Aryan *upári, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *upári, from Proto-Indo-European *upér, from *upo.
Cognate with Gujarati પર (par), Marathi वर (var), and distantly Latin super and Old English ofer (whence English over). Doublet of ऊपर (ūpar).
Postposition
[edit]- on
- सड़क पर ― saṛak par ― on the road
- मेज़ पर ― mez par ― on the table
- at
- Synonym: पे (pe)
- घर पर ― ghar par ― at home
Etymology 2
[edit]Inherited from Sauraseni Prakrit 𑀧𑀭𑀁 (paraṃ), from Sanskrit परम् (param, “after, but”), oblique of पर (para, “distant, further”).
Conjunction
[edit]- but, however
- Synonyms: see Thesaurus:परन्तु
- मैंने दूध पिया, पर मैंने नाश्ता नहीं किया।
- ma͠ine dūdh piyā, par ma͠ine nāśtā nahī̃ kiyā.
- I drank milk, however I did not have breakfast.
- nevertheless
Synonyms
[edit]Etymology 3
[edit]Borrowed from Classical Persian پر (par).
Noun
[edit]पर • (par) m (Urdu spelling پر)
Declension
[edit]Etymology 4
[edit]Learned borrowing from Sanskrit पर (para).
Adjective
[edit]पर • (par) (indeclinable, Urdu spelling پر)
References
[edit]Nepali
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Verb
[edit]पर • (para)
- mid-respectful second-person singular imperative of पर्नु (parnu)
Pali
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Adjective
[edit]पर
- Devanagari script form of para (“other”)
- c. 500 AD, Kaccāyana, Pālivyākaraṇaṃ [Pali Grammar][1] (overall work in Pali), page 291; republished as Satish Chandra Acharyya Vidyabhusana, editor, Kaccayana's Pali Grammar (edited in Devanagari character and translated into English), Calcutta, Bengal: Mahabodhi Society, 1901:
- वचवसवहादीनं उकारो वस्स ये ॥६॥
वच, वस, वह इच्चेवमादीनं धातूनं वकारस्स उकारो होति य पच्चये परे । उच्चते, वुच्चति; वुस्सति; वुय्हति ॥- 6. Vacavasavahādīnaṃ ukāro vassa ye
Vaca, vasa, vaha iccevamādīnaṃ dhātūnaṃ vakārassa ukāro hoti ya paccaye pare.Uccate, vuccate; vussati; vuyhati. - Vac, vas, vah etc. which have 'u' for 'va'
Roots vac, vas, vah and so on etc. have 'u' from 'va' next to the ending 'ya'.
Exx: uccate, vuccate; vussati; vuyhati.
- 6. Vacavasavahādīnaṃ ukāro vassa ye
Declension
[edit]Case \ Number | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|
Nominative (first) | परो (paro) | परे (pare) |
Accusative (second) | परं (paraṃ) | परे (pare) |
Instrumental (third) | परेन (parena) | परेहि (parehi) or परेभि (parebhi) |
Dative (fourth) | परस्स (parassa) | परेसं (paresaṃ) |
Ablative (fifth) | परस्मा (parasmā) or परम्हा (paramhā) or परा (parā) | परेहि (parehi) or परेभि (parebhi) |
Genitive (sixth) | परस्स (parassa) | परेसं (paresaṃ) |
Locative (seventh) | परस्मिं (parasmiṃ) or परम्हि (paramhi) or परे (pare) | परेसु (paresu) |
Case \ Number | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|
Nominative (first) | परा (parā) | परायो (parāyo) or परा (parā) |
Accusative (second) | परं (paraṃ) | परायो (parāyo) or परा (parā) |
Instrumental (third) | पराय (parāya) | पराहि (parāhi) or पराभि (parābhi) |
Dative (fourth) | पराय (parāya) | परासं (parāsaṃ) |
Ablative (fifth) | पराय (parāya) | पराहि (parāhi) or पराभि (parābhi) |
Genitive (sixth) | पराय (parāya) | परासं (parāsaṃ) |
Locative (seventh) | पराय (parāya) or परायं (parāyaṃ) | परासु (parāsu) |
Case \ Number | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|
Nominative (first) | परं (paraṃ) | परानि (parāni) |
Accusative (second) | परं (paraṃ) | परानि (parāni) |
Instrumental (third) | परेन (parena) | परेहि (parehi) or परेभि (parebhi) |
Dative (fourth) | परस्स (parassa) | परेसं (paresaṃ) |
Ablative (fifth) | परस्मा (parasmā) or परम्हा (paramhā) or परा (parā) | परेहि (parehi) or परेभि (parebhi) |
Genitive (sixth) | परस्स (parassa) | परेसं (paresaṃ) |
Locative (seventh) | परस्मिं (parasmiṃ) or परम्हि (paramhi) or परे (pare) | परेसु (paresu) |
Sanskrit
[edit]Alternative scripts
[edit]- পৰ (Assamese script)
- ᬧᬭ (Balinese script)
- পর (Bengali script)
- 𑰢𑰨 (Bhaiksuki script)
- 𑀧𑀭 (Brahmi script)
- ပရ (Burmese script)
- પર (Gujarati script)
- ਪਰ (Gurmukhi script)
- 𑌪𑌰 (Grantha script)
- ꦥꦫ (Javanese script)
- 𑂣𑂩 (Kaithi script)
- ಪರ (Kannada script)
- បរ (Khmer script)
- ປຣ (Lao script)
- പര (Malayalam script)
- ᢒᠠᡵᠠ (Manchu script)
- 𑘢𑘨 (Modi script)
- ᢒᠠᠷᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
- 𑧂𑧈 (Nandinagari script)
- 𑐥𑐬 (Newa script)
- ପର (Odia script)
- ꢦꢬ (Saurashtra script)
- 𑆥𑆫 (Sharada script)
- 𑖢𑖨 (Siddham script)
- පර (Sinhalese script)
- 𑩰𑩼 (Soyombo script)
- 𑚞𑚤 (Takri script)
- பர (Tamil script)
- పర (Telugu script)
- ปร (Thai script)
- པ་ར (Tibetan script)
- 𑒣𑒩 (Tirhuta script)
- 𑨞𑨫 (Zanabazar Square script)
Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Indo-European *péro-. Compare Hittite 𒁉𒂊𒊏𒀭 (pēran), Ancient Greek πέρᾱ (pérā).
Adjective
[edit]पर • (para) stem
- (with ablative) other, different (than)
- far, distant, remote
- unfamiliar, alien
- opposite
- ulterior
- ancient
- following, succeeding, subsequent, next
- final, last, ultimate
- more than, exceeding
- left, remaining
- concerned, anxious, nervous
Declension
[edit]singular | dual | plural | |
---|---|---|---|
nominative | परः (paraḥ) | परौ (parau) परा¹ (parā¹) |
परे (pare) पराः (parāḥ) |
vocative | पर (para) | परौ (parau) परा¹ (parā¹) |
परे (pare) |
accusative | परम् (param) | परौ (parau) परा¹ (parā¹) |
परान् (parān) |
instrumental | परेण (pareṇa) | पराभ्याम् (parābhyām) | परैः (paraiḥ) |
dative | परस्मै (parasmai) | पराभ्याम् (parābhyām) | परेभ्यः (parebhyaḥ) |
ablative | परात् (parāt) परस्मात् (parasmāt) |
पराभ्याम् (parābhyām) | परेभ्यः (parebhyaḥ) |
genitive | परस्य (parasya) | परयोः (parayoḥ) | परेषाम् (pareṣām) |
locative | परे (pare) परस्मिन् (parasmin) |
परयोः (parayoḥ) | परेषु (pareṣu) |
- ¹Vedic
singular | dual | plural | |
---|---|---|---|
nominative | परा (parā) | परे (pare) | पराः (parāḥ) |
vocative | परे (pare) | परे (pare) | पराः (parāḥ) |
accusative | पराम् (parām) | परे (pare) | पराः (parāḥ) |
instrumental | परया (parayā) | पराभ्याम् (parābhyām) | पराभिः (parābhiḥ) |
dative | परस्यै (parasyai) | पराभ्याम् (parābhyām) | पराभ्यः (parābhyaḥ) |
ablative | परस्याः (parasyāḥ) | पराभ्याम् (parābhyām) | पराभ्यः (parābhyaḥ) |
genitive | परस्याः (parasyāḥ) | परयोः (parayoḥ) | परासाम् (parāsām) |
locative | परस्याम् (parasyām) | परयोः (parayoḥ) | परासु (parāsu) |
singular | dual | plural | |
---|---|---|---|
nominative | परम् (param) | परे (pare) | पराणि (parāṇi) परा¹ (parā¹) |
vocative | पर (para) | परे (pare) | पराणि (parāṇi) परा¹ (parā¹) |
accusative | परम् (param) | परे (pare) | पराणि (parāṇi) परा¹ (parā¹) |
instrumental | परेण (pareṇa) | पराभ्याम् (parābhyām) | परैः (paraiḥ) |
dative | परस्मै (parasmai) | पराभ्याम् (parābhyām) | परेभ्यः (parebhyaḥ) |
ablative | परात् (parāt) परस्मात् (parasmāt) |
पराभ्याम् (parābhyām) | परेभ्यः (parebhyaḥ) |
genitive | परस्य (parasya) | परयोः (parayoḥ) | परेषाम् (pareṣām) |
locative | परे (pare) परस्मिन् (parasmin) |
परयोः (parayoḥ) | परेषु (pareṣu) |
- ¹Vedic
Noun
[edit]पर • (para) stem, m
Declension
[edit]singular | dual | plural | |
---|---|---|---|
nominative | परः (paraḥ) | परौ (parau) परा¹ (parā¹) |
पराः (parāḥ) परासः¹ (parāsaḥ¹) |
vocative | पर (para) | परौ (parau) परा¹ (parā¹) |
पराः (parāḥ) परासः¹ (parāsaḥ¹) |
accusative | परम् (param) | परौ (parau) परा¹ (parā¹) |
परान् (parān) |
instrumental | परेण (pareṇa) | पराभ्याम् (parābhyām) | परैः (paraiḥ) परेभिः¹ (parebhiḥ¹) |
dative | पराय (parāya) | पराभ्याम् (parābhyām) | परेभ्यः (parebhyaḥ) |
ablative | परात् (parāt) | पराभ्याम् (parābhyām) | परेभ्यः (parebhyaḥ) |
genitive | परस्य (parasya) | परयोः (parayoḥ) | पराणाम् (parāṇām) |
locative | परे (pare) | परयोः (parayoḥ) | परेषु (pareṣu) |
- ¹Vedic
Descendants
[edit]- ⇒ English: pariah dog
Noun
[edit]पर • (para) stem, n
- remoteness
- the highest point/degree
- the supreme Being
- (taxonomy) genus
- existence
Declension
[edit]singular | dual | plural | |
---|---|---|---|
nominative | परम् (param) | परे (pare) | पराणि (parāṇi) परा¹ (parā¹) |
vocative | पर (para) | परे (pare) | पराणि (parāṇi) परा¹ (parā¹) |
accusative | परम् (param) | परे (pare) | पराणि (parāṇi) परा¹ (parā¹) |
instrumental | परेण (pareṇa) | पराभ्याम् (parābhyām) | परैः (paraiḥ) परेभिः¹ (parebhiḥ¹) |
dative | पराय (parāya) | पराभ्याम् (parābhyām) | परेभ्यः (parebhyaḥ) |
ablative | परात् (parāt) | पराभ्याम् (parābhyām) | परेभ्यः (parebhyaḥ) |
genitive | परस्य (parasya) | परयोः (parayoḥ) | पराणाम् (parāṇām) |
locative | परे (pare) | परयोः (parayoḥ) | परेषु (pareṣu) |
- ¹Vedic
Descendants
[edit]References
[edit]- Monier Williams (1899) “पर”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, pages 586/1-2.
- Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan][2] (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 86-7
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