Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/upér

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative forms

*upéri, *(s)upér

Etymology

From *úp (“above”) +‎ *-er (locative adverbial suffix). From the same root as *úp-o (“up”). For the suffix compare *n̥dʰ-ér (“under”), *kʷó-r (“where?”), *tó-r (“there”).^[1]

Adverb

*upér^[2]

above
over

Derived terms

*upér-i (“over, above”, adverb) (with additional locative suffix *-i)
- Proto-Armenian: *uwéri
  - Old Armenian: վեր (ver)
- Proto-Germanic: *ubiri (preposition)
- ⇒ Proto-Hellenic: *hupéri
  - Ancient Greek: ῠ̔πείρ (hupeír)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *upári (see there for further descendants)
*uper-yo-
- Proto-Armenian: *uwérǰo-
  - Old Armenian: վերջ (verǰ)
*úper-os (“upper, higher”, adjective)
- ⇒? Proto-Albanian: *eupera
  - Albanian: epër (“above”, adverb)
- Proto-Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: վերոյ (veroy, “upper”)
- Proto-Germanic: *ufaraz
  - Gothic: 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂𐍉 (ufarō, “over”, preposition)
  - Old High German: obaro
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *úparas (“upper, closer, lower”)
- ⇒ Proto-Italic: *superos (see there for further descendants)

Descendants

Proto-Celtic: *uɸer (see there for further descendants)^[3]
Proto-Germanic: *uber (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Hellenic: *hupér
- Ancient Greek: ὑπέρ (hupér)
⇒ Proto-Italic: *super^[4]
- Latin: super
- Oscan: 𐌔𐌖𐌐𐌓𐌖 (supru, abl.sg)
- Umbrian: 𐌔𐌖𐌐𐌄𐌓 (super), 𐌔𐌖𐌁𐌓𐌀 (subra, adverb)

References

^ Dunkel, George E. (2014) “*upér ‘oben, darüber; hinauf’”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (Indogermanische Bibliothek. 2. Reihe: Wörterbücher) (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter GmbH Heidelberg, →ISBN, pages 835-38
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2011) Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction, 2nd edition, revised and corrected by Michiel de Vaan, Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, page 248
^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*ufor-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 398
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “super”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 600

[1] Dunkel, George E. (2014) “*upér ‘oben, darüber; hinauf’”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (Indogermanische Bibliothek. 2. Reihe: Wörterbücher) (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter GmbH Heidelberg, →ISBN, pages 835-38

[2] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2011) Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction, 2nd edition, revised and corrected by Michiel de Vaan, Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, page 248

[3] Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*ufor-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 398

[4] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “super”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 600

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