Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian/upári

This Proto-Indo-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-Iranian

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *upéri.

Adverb

*upári

above, over

Descendants

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *upári
- Sanskrit: उपरि (upári)
Proto-Iranian: *upári
- Central Iranian
  - Avestan: 𐬎𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌 (upaⁱri) ^[1]
- Northeastern Iranian:
  - Khotanese: [script needed] (vīra, “on”) ^[2]
  - Sogdo-Bactrian: ^[3]
    - Khwarezmian: پر (pr /⁠par⁠/)
    - Proto-Sogdic:
      - Sogdian: (/⁠par⁠/, “to; on; at; in; for; upon”)
        Manichaean script: 𐫛𐫡 (pr)
        Sogdian script: [script needed] (pr)
        Syriac script: ܦܪ (pr)
      - Yagnobi: пар (par)
- Southeastern Iranian:
  - Pashto: پر (pər, “on; upon; over; above”) (only used as prefix) ^[4]
- Northwestern Iranian:
  - Baluchi: ابر (abur, “top, up; head, chief”) (perhaps)
  - Kurdish: ("before; over")
    Central Kurdish: وه‌ر (war) (used as prefix)
    Northern Kurdish: wer (war) (used as prefix)
    Southern Kurdish: وه‌ر (war) (used as prefix and single word)
  - Proto-Medo-Parthian:
    - Caspian:
      - Old Mazanderani: بر (bar), ور (war, “in; at; on, upon; up”)
        Mazanderani: ور (var) (only used as prefix; e.g. ورکشین (var-këšīn, “to take up”))
      - Gurgani: ور (war, “in; at; on, upon”)
      - Gilaki: وه (vi-, “up”) (only used as prefix; e.g. ورشت (vi-rišt, “rose up”)), بٚه (bə, “upon; to; on”)
    - Old Median:
      - Talysh: (/⁠pe-⁠/, “up”) (only used as prefix; e.g. pe-gat (pe-gat, “took up”) in Northern Talysh)
        Arabic script: په
        Latin script: pe
    - Parthian: (/⁠abar⁠/) ^[5]
      Inscriptional Parthian script: 𐭒𐭃𐭌 (QDM) (Logogram)
      Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫁𐫡 (ʾbr)
    - Zaza- Gurani:
      - Gurani: ۋه‌ر (ʋar, “over; on; up”) (only used as prefix)
      - Zazaki: ver (wa, “before”) (used as prefix)
- Southwestern Iranian:
  - Old Persian: 𐎢𐎱𐎼𐎡𐎹 (u-p-r-i-y /⁠upariy⁠/, “prefix and adverb, means "up" or "top" or "upon"”) ^[6]
    - Middle Persian: (/⁠abar⁠/, “over, super, on, upon”) (used as prefix or single word) ^[7]
      Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (QDM) (Logogram), [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾpl)
      Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫁𐫡 (ʾbr), 𐫀𐫂𐫡 (ʾβr)
      Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭬𐭣𐭬 (QDM) (Logogram)
      Psalter Pahlavi script: 𐮋𐮃𐮋 (QDM) (Logogram)
      Pazend script: 𐬀𐬬𐬀𐬭 (avar)
      - Classical Persian: ابر (abar), بر (bar), ور (war, “top; on, upon”) (all used as prefix or single word)
        Dari: ابر (abar, “super-, over-”) (only used as prefix), بر (bar), ور (war, “top; on, upon”) (used as prefix or single word)
        Iranian Persian: ابر (abar, “super-, over-”) (only used as prefix), بر (bar), ور (var, “top; on, upon”) (used as prefix or single word)
        Tajik: абар (abar, “super-, over-”) (only used as prefix), бар (bar), вар (var, “top; on, upon”) (used as prefix or single word)
Proto-Nuristani: *upári
- Southern Nuristani:
  - Waigali: vëri

^ Bartholomae, Christian (1904) “upairi”, in Altiranisches Wörterbuch [Old Iranian Dictionary]‎^[1] (in German), Strassburg: K. J. Trübner, column 236
^ Bailey, H. W. (1979) “vīra”, in Dictionary of Khotan Saka, Cambridge, London, New York, Melbourne: Cambridge University press, page 433
^ Gharib, B. (1995) “pr”, in Sogdian dictionary: Sogdian–Persian–English, Tehran: Farhangan Publications, page 344a
^ [2], "پر" at online dictionary (Qamosona); Pashto English Dictionary (Testversion)
^ Durkin-Meisterernst, Desmond (2004) “ʾbr”, in A Dictionary of Manichaean Middle Persian and Parthian (Corpus Fontium Manichaeorum; 3.1), Turnhout: Brepols, page 12
^ Bartholomae, Christian (1904) “upairi”, in Altiranisches Wörterbuch [Old Iranian Dictionary]‎^[3] (in German), Strassburg: K. J. Trübner, column 236
^ Durkin-Meisterernst, Desmond (2004) “ʾbr”, in A Dictionary of Manichaean Middle Persian and Parthian (Corpus Fontium Manichaeorum; 3.1), Turnhout: Brepols, page 12

[1] Bartholomae, Christian (1904) “upairi”, in Altiranisches Wörterbuch [Old Iranian Dictionary]‎^[1] (in German), Strassburg: K. J. Trübner, column 236

[2] Bailey, H. W. (1979) “vīra”, in Dictionary of Khotan Saka, Cambridge, London, New York, Melbourne: Cambridge University press, page 433

[3] Gharib, B. (1995) “pr”, in Sogdian dictionary: Sogdian–Persian–English, Tehran: Farhangan Publications, page 344a

[4] [2], "پر" at online dictionary (Qamosona); Pashto English Dictionary (Testversion)

[5] Durkin-Meisterernst, Desmond (2004) “ʾbr”, in A Dictionary of Manichaean Middle Persian and Parthian (Corpus Fontium Manichaeorum; 3.1), Turnhout: Brepols, page 12

[6] Bartholomae, Christian (1904) “upairi”, in Altiranisches Wörterbuch [Old Iranian Dictionary]‎^[3] (in German), Strassburg: K. J. Trübner, column 236

[7] Durkin-Meisterernst, Desmond (2004) “ʾbr”, in A Dictionary of Manichaean Middle Persian and Parthian (Corpus Fontium Manichaeorum; 3.1), Turnhout: Brepols, page 12

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]