πλέω
Appearance
Ancient Greek
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Hellenic *pléwō, from Proto-Indo-European *plew- (“to sail, flow”).[1]
In the present and imperfect, the semivowel *ϝ is lost between vowels, but before a consonant is kept as υ, the second element of a diphthong. Cognate with English float.
Pronunciation
[edit]- (5th BCE Attic) IPA(key): /plé.ɔː/
- (1st CE Egyptian) IPA(key): /ˈple.o/
- (4th CE Koine) IPA(key): /ˈple.o/
- (10th CE Byzantine) IPA(key): /ˈple.o/
- (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA(key): /ˈple.o/
Verb
[edit]πλέω • (pléō)
Conjugation
[edit]number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
active | indicative | πλέω | πλεῖς | πλεῖ | πλεῖτον | πλεῖτον | πλέομεν | πλεῖτε | πλέουσῐ(ν) | ||||
subjunctive | πλέω | πλέῃς | πλέῃ | πλέητον | πλέητον | πλέωμεν | πλέητε | πλέωσῐ(ν) | |||||
optative | πλέοιμῐ | πλέοις | πλέοι | πλέοιτον | πλεοίτην | πλέοιμεν | πλέοιτε | πλέοιεν | |||||
imperative | πλεῖ | πλείτω | πλεῖτον | πλείτων | πλεῖτε | πλεόντων | |||||||
middle/ passive |
indicative | πλέομαι | πλέῃ, πλεῖ |
πλεῖται | πλεῖσθον | πλεῖσθον | πλεόμεθᾰ | πλεῖσθε | πλέονται | ||||
subjunctive | πλέωμαι | πλέῃ | πλέηται | πλέησθον | πλέησθον | πλεώμεθᾰ | πλέησθε | πλέωνται | |||||
optative | πλεοίμην | πλέοιο | πλέοιτο | πλέοισθον | πλεοίσθην | πλεοίμεθᾰ | πλέοισθε | πλέοιντο | |||||
imperative | πλέου | πλείσθω | πλεῖσθον | πλείσθων | πλεῖσθε | πλεέσθων | |||||||
active | middle/passive | ||||||||||||
infinitive | πλεῖν | πλεῖσθαι | |||||||||||
participle | m | πλέων | πλεόμενος | ||||||||||
f | πλέουσᾰ | πλεομένη | |||||||||||
n | πλέον | πλεόμενον | |||||||||||
Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
|
number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
active | indicative | ἔπλεον | ἔπλεις | ἔπλει(ν) | ἐπλεῖτον | ἐπλείτην | ἐπλέομεν | ἐπλεῖτε | ἔπλεον | ||||
middle/ passive |
indicative | ἐπλεόμην | ἐπλέου | ἐπλεῖτο | ἐπλεῖσθον | ἐπλείσθην | ἐπλεόμεθᾰ | ἐπλεῖσθε | ἐπλέοντο | ||||
Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
|
number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
active | indicative | πλέον | πλέες | πλέε(ν) | πλέετον | πλεέτην | πλέομεν | πλέετε | πλέον | ||||
middle/ passive |
indicative | πλεόμην | πλέου | πλέετο | πλέεσθον | πλεέσθην | πλεόμε(σ)θᾰ | πλέεσθε | πλέοντο | ||||
Notes: | Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms are based on conjecture. Use with caution. For more details, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
|
Future: πλεύσομαι
number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
middle | indicative | πλεύσομαι | πλεύσῃ, πλεύσει |
πλεύσεται | πλεύσεσθον | πλεύσεσθον | πλευσόμεθᾰ | πλεύσεσθε | πλεύσονται | ||||
optative | πλευσοίμην | πλεύσοιο | πλεύσοιτο | πλεύσοισθον | πλευσοίσθην | πλευσοίμεθᾰ | πλεύσοισθε | πλεύσοιντο | |||||
middle | |||||||||||||
infinitive | πλεύσεσθαι | ||||||||||||
participle | m | πλευσόμενος | |||||||||||
f | πλευσομένη | ||||||||||||
n | πλευσόμενον | ||||||||||||
Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
|
number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
middle | indicative | πλευσοῦμαι | πλευσῇ | πλευσεῖται | πλευσεῖσθον | πλευσεῖσθον | πλευσεόμεθᾰ | πλευσεῖσθε | πλευσέονται | ||||
optative | πλευσεοίμᾱν | πλευσέοιο | πλευσέοιτο | πλευσέοισθον | πλευσεοίσθᾱν | πλευσεοίμεθᾰ | πλευσέοισθε | πλευσέοιντο | |||||
middle | |||||||||||||
infinitive | πλευσεῖσθαι | ||||||||||||
participle | m | πλευσεόμενος | |||||||||||
f | πλευσεομένᾱ | ||||||||||||
n | πλευσεόμενον | ||||||||||||
Notes: | Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms are based on conjecture. Use with caution. For more details, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
|
Perfect: πέπλευκᾰ, πέπλευσμαι
Derived terms
[edit]- οὐ παντός πλεῖν ἐς Κόρινθον (ou pantós pleîn es Kórinthon)
Compounds of the verb @perseus.tufts.edu e.g.
Examples of verb compounds
- ᾰ̓νᾰπλέω (anapléō, “sail upwards, go up-stream”)
- ᾰ̓ποπλέω (apopléō, “to set sail, to depart”)
- δῐᾰπλέω (diapléō, “sail through”)
- εἰσπλέω (eispléō, “sail into, enter”)
- ἐκπλέω (ekpléō, “sail out”)
- ἐπῐπλέω (epipléō, “sail upon”)
- κᾰτᾰπλέω (katapléō, “sail downstream; sail back”)
- πᾰρᾰπλέω (parapléō, “sail by”)
- περῐπλέω (peripléō, “sail round”)
- προσπλέω (prospléō, “sail towards”)
- συμπλέω (sumpléō, “sail in company with”)
- ὑποπλέω (hupopléō, “sail under”)
More than 200 related words for the grades:
Derived terms
*πλεϝ > -πλέω, -πλευσ-, -πλευμ-
- πλεῦσις f (pleûsis, “sailing”)
- πλεύμων m (pleúmōn, “the lungs”), πνεύμων (pneúmōn)
- πλευμονία m (pleumonía, “disease of the lungs”), πνευμονία (pneumonía)
*πλοϝ > -πλοο-, -πλοι-, -πλου-
- ἄπλοια f (áploia, “detention in port”)
- δυσπλοΐα f (dusploḯa, “difficulty of sailing”)
- πλοῖον n (ploîon, “ship”)
- πλόος m (plóos), contracted πλοῦς (ploûs, “sailing”)
- περῐ́πλους m (períplous, “circumnavigation”)
- πλοῦτος m (ploûtos, “wealth, riches”)
*πλωϝ > the Ionic -πλώω, -πλωτ-
- πλωτάρχης m (plōtárkhēs, “shipmaster”)
- πλωτήρ m (plōtḗr, “sailor, seaman”)
- πλωτικός (plōtikós, “skilled in seamanship, a seaman”)
- πλωτός (plōtós, “floating; navigable”)
- πλώω (plṓō, “Ionic of πλέω”)
*plϝ > πλυν-j-ω > πλύνω (plúnō, “wash”)
References
[edit]- ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “πλέω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1208-9
Further reading
[edit]- “πλέω”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “πλέω”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
- “πλέω”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
- πλέω in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
- πλέω in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
- “πλέω”, in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
- G4126 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
Greek
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Ancient Greek πλέω.
Compare Mariupol Greek плэ́ву (plévu).
Pronunciation
[edit]Verb
[edit]πλέω • (pléo) (past έπλευσα, passive —)
- to sail (in a boat)
- to float
- (figuratively) to have something in abundance, in expressions like:
- (figuratively) to be too large (of shoes, clothing, etc)
Conjugation
[edit]πλέω (active forms only)
Active voice ➤ | ||||
Indicative mood ➤ | Imperfective aspect ➤ | Perfective aspect ➤ | ||
Non-past tenses ➤ | Present ➤ | Dependent ➤ | ||
1 sg | πλέω | πλεύσω | ||
2 sg | πλέεις | πλεύσεις | ||
3 sg | πλέει | πλεύσει | ||
1 pl | πλέουμε, [‑ομε] | πλεύσουμε, [‑ομε] | ||
2 pl | πλέετε | πλεύσετε | ||
3 pl | πλέουν(ε) | πλεύσουν(ε) | ||
Past tenses ➤ | Imperfect ➤ | Simple past ➤ | ||
1 sg | έπλεα | έπλευσα | ||
2 sg | έπλεες | έπλευσες | ||
3 sg | έπλεε | έπλευσε | ||
1 pl | πλέαμε | πλεύσαμε | ||
2 pl | πλέατε | πλεύσατε | ||
3 pl | έπλεαν, πλέαν(ε) | έπλευσαν, πλεύσαν(ε) | ||
Future tenses ➤ | Continuous ➤ | Simple ➤ | ||
1 sg | θα πλέω ➤ | θα πλεύσω ➤ | ||
2,3 sg, 1,2,3 pl | θα πλέεις, … | θα πλεύσεις, … | ||
Perfect aspect ➤ | ||||
Present perfect ➤ | έχω, έχεις, … πλεύσει | |||
Past perfect ➤ | είχα, είχες, … πλεύσει | |||
Future perfect ➤ | θα έχω, θα έχεις, … πλεύσει | |||
Subjunctive mood ➤ | Formed using present, dependent (for simple past) or present perfect from above with a particle (να, ας). | |||
Imperative mood ➤ | Imperfective aspect | Perfective aspect | ||
2 sg | πλέε | πλεύσε | ||
2 pl | πλέετε | πλεύστε | ||
Other forms | ||||
Active present participle ➤ | πλέοντας ➤ | |||
Active perfect participle ➤ | έχοντας πλεύσει ➤ | |||
Passive perfect participle ➤ | — | |||
Nonfinite form ➤ | πλεύσει | |||
Notes Appendix:Greek verbs |
• (…) optional or informal. […] rare. {…} learned, archaic. • Multiple forms are shown in order of reducing frequency. • Periphrastic imperative forms may be produced using the subjunctive. | |||
Related terms
[edit]And see their derivatives:
Compounds of the verb
- αναπλέω (anapléo, “sail up river, sail out to sea”)
- αποπλέω (apopléo, “to set sail, to depart”)
- διαπλέω (diapléo, “sail across”)
- εισπλέω (eispléo, “sail in, arrive”)
- εκπλέω (ekpléo, “sail out, depart”)
- επιπλέω (epipléo, “float”)
- καταπλέω (katapléo, “sail to port”)
- παραπλέω (parapléo, “sail along”)
- περιπλέω (peripléo, “sail around”)
- συμπλέω (sympléo, “sail together; agree”)
Related words (with compounds and derivatives)
- άπλοια f (áploia, “detention of ships at port”)
- πλεύση f (pléfsi, “sailing, sailing route”)
- αδιάπλευστος (adiáplefstos, “unnavigable”)
- πλεύσιμος (pléfsimos, “navigable”)
- πλευστός (plefstós, “navigable”)
- πλεούμενο n (pleoúmeno, “floating vessel, boat, ship”)
- πλοηγός (ploïgós, “navigator”)
- πλοήγηση (ploḯgisi, “navigation”)
- πλοηγώ (ploïgó, “navigate”)
- πλοίαρχος (ploíarchos, “captain of ship”)
- πλόιμος (plóimos, “navigable”)
- πλοίο n (ploío, “ship”)
- πλους m (plous, “sail, sailing”)
- ἐν πλῷ (en plôi, “while sailing”) (formal, archaic)
- πλωτάρχης m (plotárchis)
- πλωτός (plotós, “navigable”)
Further reading
[edit]- πλέω, in Λεξικό της κοινής νεοελληνικής [Dictionary of Standard Modern Greek], Triantafyllidis Foundation, 1998 at the Centre for the Greek language
Categories:
- Ancient Greek terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Ancient Greek terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *plew-
- Ancient Greek terms inherited from Proto-Hellenic
- Ancient Greek terms derived from Proto-Hellenic
- Ancient Greek 2-syllable words
- Ancient Greek terms with IPA pronunciation
- Ancient Greek lemmas
- Ancient Greek verbs
- Ancient Greek paroxytone terms
- Greek terms inherited from Ancient Greek
- Greek terms derived from Ancient Greek
- Greek terms with IPA pronunciation
- Greek lemmas
- Greek verbs
- Greek terms with usage examples
- Greek verbs conjugating like 'επιπλέω'
- Greek verbs lacking passive forms