Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hneusaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *pnew-, but presumably interpreted as onomatopoeic judging from the variety in the initial consonants. Forms with initial h- may show interference from Proto-Indo-European *(s)knus- (“to sneeze”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈxneu̯.sɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*hneusaną

1. to sneeze

Inflection

Conjugation of *hneusaną (strong class 2)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*hneusō	*hneusaų	—	*hneusai	?
2nd singular	*hniusizi	*hneusaiz	*hneus	*hneusazai	*hneusaizau
3rd singular	*hniusidi	*hneusai	*hneusadau	*hneusadai	*hneusaidau
1st dual	*hneusōz	*hneusaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*hneusadiz	*hneusaidiz	*hneusadiz	—	—
1st plural	*hneusamaz	*hneusaim	—	*hneusandai	*hneusaindau
2nd plural	*hniusid	*hneusaid	*hniusid	*hneusandai	*hneusaindau
3rd plural	*hneusandi	*hneusain	*hneusandau	*hneusandai	*hneusaindau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*hnaus	*hnuzį̄
2nd singular	*hnaust	*hnuzīz
3rd singular	*hnaus	*hnuzī
1st dual	*hnuzū	*hnuzīw
2nd dual	*hnuzudiz	*hnuzīdiz
1st plural	*hnuzum	*hnuzīm
2nd plural	*hnuzud	*hnuzīd
3rd plural	*hnuzun	*hnuzīn
	present	past
participles	*hneusandz	*hnuzanaz

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *hneusan
  • Old English: *hnēosan (possibly a loan)
    • Middle English: nesen
      • English: neeze
      • Scots: nese, neese
  • Old Saxon: *hniosan
    • Middle Low German: nēsen, neisen
  • Old Dutch: *niesan
    • Middle Dutch: niesen
      • Dutch: niezen
        • Afrikaans: nies
  • Old High German: niosan
    • Middle High German: niesen
      • German: niesen
      • Yiddish: ניסן (nisn)
• Old Norse: hnjósa
  • Icelandic: hnjósa
  • Faroese: njósa
  • Norwegian Bokmål: nyse
  • Norwegian Nynorsk: nyse
  • Old Swedish: niūsa
    • Swedish: nysa, njusa
  • Danish: nyse