Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/peyḱ-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*peyḱ-^[1]^[2]^[3]

to hew, cut out
to stitch, embroider, sting
(by extension) to paint, mark, color

Alternative forms

*peyg- (“to paint”)^[4]^[5] (for Latin pingō, Sanskrit पिङ्ग (piṅga) and Old Church Slavonic пѣгъ (pěgŭ), and possibly the Tocharian forms)

Descendants

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *peyḱ- (mark) (16 c, 0 e)

*péyḱ-t ~ *piḱ-ént (root aorist)^[1]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit: पिशान (piśāná, aor.mid.ptc.)
*pi-né-ḱ-ti ~ *pi-n-ḱ-énti (nasal-infix present)^[1]
- Proto-Germanic: *finhaną
  - ⇒ Proto-Germanic: *finhlōną (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pinášti
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit: पिंशति (piṃśáti, “to adorn; to mould, carve out, grind”) (with thematicised weak stem)
  - Proto-Iranian: *pinášti
    - Old Persian: 𐎠𐎱𐎡𐎰 (a-p-i-θ /⁠api⁽ⁿ⁾θaⁿ⁠/, “to cut, engrave, adorn”, 3pl.impf.)^[6]
    - ⇒ Proto-Iranian: *nipinašti
      - Old Persian: 𐎴𐎡𐎹𐎱𐎡𐎰𐎶 (n-i-y-p-i-θ-m /⁠niyapiⁿθam⁠/, “to engrave, inscribe”, 1sg.impf.)^[1] (also interpreted as s-aorist /niyapaišam/^[6])
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: pingō (“to paint, color”, with irregular -g-) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Tocharian: *pik- (“to paint, write, delineate”)^[7]
  - Tocharian A: pikiñc (< pik- (“to write”))
  - Tocharian B: piṅkäṃ (< pik- (“to write”))
*péyḱ-e-ti (thematic root present)^[1]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páyćati
  - Proto-Iranian: *páycati
    - ⇒ Younger Avestan: 𐬀𐬧𐬐𐬎𐬞𐬀𐬉𐬯𐬆𐬨𐬥𐬀 (aṇkupaēsəmna, “to adorn”, mid.ptc.)
    - Middle Persian:
      Manichaean script: 𐫛𐫏𐫏𐫘𐫀𐫅 (pyysʾd /⁠pēsād⁠/, 3sg.subj.)
*péyḱ-ye-ti (ye-present)^[8]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *p(e)iś- (possibly a later formation from intensive *pey-piḱ-yé-ti^[1])
  - Lithuanian: piẽšti (“to draw”)
  - Old Prussian: peisāi (“to write”)
  - Proto-Slavic: *pьsа̀ti (“to write”) (see there for further descendants)
*pe-póyḱ-e ~ *pe-piḱ-ḗr (reduplicated stative)
- Proto-Celtic: *ɸiɸoike (see there for further descendants)
*piḱ-ró-s^[9]^[10]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *piśras
  - Proto-Slavic: *pь̀strъ (“variegated”) from an earlier **pь̀srъ (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *pikrós
  - Ancient Greek: πῐκρός (pikrós, “sharp, pointed”)
    - Greek: πικρός (pikrós, “bitter”)
- >? Lusitanian:
  - → Galician: pégaro (“variegated”)
*piḱ-tó-s^[11]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pištás
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *piṣṭás
    - Sanskrit: पिष्ट (piṣṭá, “fashioned, decorated”)
  - Proto-Iranian: *pištáh
    - ⇒ Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬞𐬌𐬑𐬱𐬙𐬀 (frapixšta, “painted”)
    - ⇒ Proto-Iranian:
      - Old Persian: [script needed] (nipišta)
        Middle Persian:
        Inscriptional Pahlavi script: [Inscriptional Pahlavi needed] (npštk /⁠nibištag⁠/, “written”)
      - Parthian: 𐫗𐫁𐫏𐫢𐫤 (nbyšt)
        ⇒ Parthian: 𐫗𐫁𐫏𐫢𐫤𐫃 (nbyštg, “written”)
    - ⇒ Proto-Iranian:
      - Parthian: [Term?] (/⁠ispist⁠/)
        Persian: سبشت (sebešt, “vulgar”)
- Proto-Italic: *piktos
  - Latin: pictus (see there for further descendants)
*póyḱ-os^[12]^[13]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *paiśas
  - Lithuanian: paišaĩ, piẽšas (“freckle”)
- Proto-Germanic: *faihaz (“motley, colored”) (see there for further descendants)
- ⇒ Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: ποικίλος (poikílos, “colored”)
    - → English: poikilo- / poecilo-
    - Greek: ποικίλος (poikílos)
  - ⇒ Mycenaean Greek: 𐀡𐀑𐀫𐀝𐀏 (po-ki-ro-nu-ka /⁠poikil-ōnukʰa⁠/)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páyćas
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *páyśas
    - Sanskrit: पेश (péśa, “ornament, decoration”)
  - Proto-Iranian: *páycah
    - Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬉𐬯𐬀 (paēsa, “ornament, embellishment”)^[14]
    - → Old Armenian: պէս (pēs, “like, as”)
      - Armenian: պես (pes)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Balto-Slavic:
- Proto-Slavic: *pěgъ (“piebald”)^[15]
  - Russian: пегий (pegij)
- >? Proto-Slavic: *pьsъ (“dog”) (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pićángas
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *piśángas
  - Sanskrit: पिशङ्ग (piśáṅga, “reddish, reddish-yellow”)
- Proto-Iranian: *picángah
  - → Old Armenian: պիսակ (pisak, “speckle, spot, mark; leprous”)
    - → Armenian: պիսակ (pisak)
Proto-Indo-Iranian:
- Proto-Indo-Aryan:
  - >? Sanskrit: पिङ्ग (piṅga, “yellow, tawny”)
Unknown Iberian substrate, perhaps Lusitanian:
- →? Galician: pego (“variegated”), pégaro (“variegated”)

Descendants

Proto-Indo-Iranian:
- Proto-Indo-Aryan:
  - Sanskrit: पिश् (piś)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 465-466
^ Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 414
^ Wodtko, Dagmar S., Irslinger, Britta, Schneider, Carolin (2008) Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, pages 546-548
^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 464
^ Wodtko, Dagmar S., Irslinger, Britta, Schneider, Carolin (2008) Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, pages 545-546
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 Cheung, Johnny (2007) “*pais”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 291-292
^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “pik-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 410
^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “piešti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 354
^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “431”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 430
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “πικρός”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1190
^ Cheung, Johnny (2007) “*paipages-291-292”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
^ Derksen, Rick (2015) Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 342
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ποικίλος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1216-1217
^ Kanga, Kavasji Edalji (1900) A Complete Dictionary of the Avesta Language‎^[1], Bombay: Education society's steam press, page 810
^ Derksen, Rick (2008) Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 397

Root

*peyḱ-^[1]

hostile, angry
enemy, evil

Alternative forms

*peyk- (Baltic)

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *peyḱ- (hostile) (4 c, 0 e)

*peyḱ-ye- (ye-present)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Lithuanian: peĩkti (“to blame”)
*piḱ-tós^[2]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Latvian: pikts
  - Lithuanian: pìktas (“angry; evil”)
*póyḱ-os
- Proto-Celtic: *ɸoikos
  - Old Irish: óech (“enemy”)
- Proto-Germanic: *faihaz (“hostile”) (see there for further descendants)
*poyḱ-yós
- >? Proto-Germanic: *faigijaz (“fey”) (see there for further descendants)
Unsorted formations:
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Latvian: pîkt
  - Lithuanian: pỹkti (“to be angry”)^[3]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *píćunas
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *píśunas
    - Sanskrit: पिशुन (píśuna, “evil, treacherous”)

References

^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “faiha- 1”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “piktas”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 355
^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “pykti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 355

[LIV-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 465-466

[2] Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 414

[3] Wodtko, Dagmar S., Irslinger, Britta, Schneider, Carolin (2008) Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, pages 546-548

[4] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 464

[5] Wodtko, Dagmar S., Irslinger, Britta, Schneider, Carolin (2008) Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, pages 545-546

[Cheung-6] 6.0 ^6.1 Cheung, Johnny (2007) “*pais”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 291-292

[7] Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “pik-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 410

[8] Derksen, Rick (2015) “piešti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 354

[9] Derksen, Rick (2008) “431”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 430

[10] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “πικρός”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1190

[11] Cheung, Johnny (2007) “*paipages-291-292”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

[12] Derksen, Rick (2015) Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 342

[13] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ποικίλος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1216-1217

[14] Kanga, Kavasji Edalji (1900) A Complete Dictionary of the Avesta Language‎^[1], Bombay: Education society's steam press, page 810

[15] Derksen, Rick (2008) Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 397

[16] Guus Kroonen (2013) “faiha- 1”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

[17] Derksen, Rick (2015) “piktas”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 355

[18] Derksen, Rick (2015) “pykti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 355

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Proto-Indo-European

Root

Alternative forms

Descendants

Descendants

See also

References

Root

Alternative forms

Derived terms

References