Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/pewǵ-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Probably not related to *pewḱ- (“pine”).^[1]

Root

*pewǵ-^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]

to punch, fist-fight
to prick, poke, stab

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *pewǵ- (25 c, 0 e)

*pu-né-ǵ-ti ~ *pu-n-ǵ-énti (nasal-infix present)^[2]
- Proto-Italic: *pungō (“to prick, sting”)
  - Latin: pungō
*powǵ-éye-ti (o-grade *-éyeti iterative^[5])
- Proto-Celtic: *ɸougīti
  - Old Irish: úaigid (“to sew”), ⇒ con·óigi^[6]
    - Middle Irish: úaigid (“to sew”)
      - Irish: fuaigh
      - Scottish Gaelic: fuaigh
      - ⇒ Manx: fuaill (from the verbal noun)
*puǵ-s
- Proto-Hellenic: *púks
  - Ancient Greek: πύξ (púx, “with fists, in a fist-fight”)
*puǵ-i-h₃onh₂-
- Proto-Italic: *pūgjō
  - Latin: pūgiō (“dagger”)
*puǵ-li-s^[1]
- Proto-Italic: *pugls
  - Latin: pugil (“boxer, fist-fighter”)
*puǵ-méh₂
- Proto-Hellenic: *pugmā́
  - Ancient Greek: πυγμή (pugmḗ, “fist, fist-fight”)
^?*puǵ-neh₂
- ⇒ Proto-Germanic: *fukkōną (“to strike, copulate”) (see there for further descendants)
^?*pouǵ-neh₂
- Proto-Germanic: *faukōną (“to strike, beat”)
*puǵ-nó-s^[2]
- Proto-Italic: *pugnos
  - Latin: pugnus (“fist”)
>? *pu-n-ǵ-sti-s
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Proto-Slavic: *pęstь (“fist”)
- Proto-Germanic: *funstiz (“fist”) (< *funkstiz)
  - Proto-West Germanic: *fūsti (see there for further descendants)
*puǵ-teh₂-s
- Proto-Hellenic: *púktās
  - Ancient Greek: πύκτης (púktēs, “boxer, fist-fighter”)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “πυγμή”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1254: “*puḱ, *puǵ- 'sting'”
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “pungō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 499: “*pu-n(e)g/k-”
^ “pugnacious”, in Collins English Dictionary: “*peuĝ-, to punch”
^ Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q. (2006) “*peug- 'prick, poke'”, in The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world, Oxford University Press, page 377
^ Le Mair, Esther (2011 September 30) Secondary Verbs in Old Irish: A comparative-historical study of patterns of verbal derivation in the Old Irish Glosses, Galway: National University of Ireland, page 256
^ Stüber, Karin (1998) The Historical Morphology of n-Stems in Celtic (Maynooth studies in Celtic linguistics; III), Department of Old Irish, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, →ISBN, page 77

[Beekes-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “πυγμή”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1254: “*puḱ, *puǵ- 'sting'”

[DeVaan-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “pungō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 499: “*pu-n(e)g/k-”

[3] “pugnacious”, in Collins English Dictionary: “*peuĝ-, to punch”

[TOitPIEatPIEw-4] Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q. (2006) “*peug- 'prick, poke'”, in The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world, Oxford University Press, page 377

[5] Le Mair, Esther (2011 September 30) Secondary Verbs in Old Irish: A comparative-historical study of patterns of verbal derivation in the Old Irish Glosses, Galway: National University of Ireland, page 256

[6] Stüber, Karin (1998) The Historical Morphology of n-Stems in Celtic (Maynooth studies in Celtic linguistics; III), Department of Old Irish, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, →ISBN, page 77

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[2]

[3]

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[5]

[6]

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Root

Derived terms

See also

References