User:Sobreira/PIE roots g

geH- (#geH-) gel- (#gel-) ǵenh₁- (#ǵenh₁-) gerbʰ- (#gerbʰ-) gerh₂- (#gerh₂-) ǵerh₂- (#ǵerh₂-) ǵews- (#ǵews-) ǵʰewH- (#ǵʰewH-) gʰebʰ- (#gʰebʰ-) gʰed- (#gʰed-) ǵʰeh₁- (#ǵʰeh₁-) gʰeh₁bʰ- (#gʰeh₁bʰ-) gʰel- (#gʰel-) ǵʰelh₃- (#ǵʰelh₃-) ǵʰengʰ- (#ǵʰengʰ-) ǵʰer- (#ǵʰer-) gʰerdʰ- (#gʰerdʰ-) ǵʰers- (#ǵʰers-) ǵʰes- (#ǵʰes-) ǵʰew- (#ǵʰew-) ǵʰewd- (#ǵʰewd-) ǵʰey- (#ǵʰey-) gʰreh₁- (#gʰreh₁-) gʰrendʰ- (#gʰrendʰ-) glew- (#glew-) glewbʰ- (#glewbʰ-) gley- (#gley-) gleybʰ- (#gleybʰ-) ǵneh₃- (#ǵneh₃-) gʷeh₂- (#gʷeh₂-) gʷelH- (#gʷelH-) gʷelh₂- (#gʷelh₂-) gʷem- (#gʷem-) gʷen- (#gʷen-) gʷerH- (#gʷerH-) gʷerh₃- (#gʷerh₃-) gʷeyh₃- (#gʷeyh₃-) gʷʰedʰ- (#gʷʰedʰ-) gʷʰen- (#gʷʰen-) gʷʰer- (#gʷʰer-) gʷreh₂- (#gʷreh₂-)

geH-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative reconstructions

• *geH(y)-

Root

*g⁽ʷ⁾eh₂- or *g⁽ʷ⁾eh₃-

1. to sing
2. to cry

Reconstruction notes

Indo-Iranian and Balto-Slavic show the presence of an *-i- at several different locations in the root.

• Lithuanian giedóti and Sanskrit गीत (gītá) would point to *g⁽ʷ⁾eyH- ~ *g⁽ʷ⁾iH-.
• Sanskrit गायति (gā́yati) points to *g⁽ʷ⁾eHy- ~ *g⁽ʷ⁾Hi-.
• Sanskrit गाथ (gāthá), Avestan 𐬔𐬁𐬚𐬁 (gāθā) (< *g⁽ʷ⁾eHtH-), Sanskrit जगौ (jagau) point to *g⁽ʷ⁾eH-.

The LIV suggests the reanalysis of a *ye- present as part of the root itself with later metathesis of *g⁽ʷ⁾Hi- to *g⁽ʷ⁾iH- and then normalization to *g⁽ʷ⁾eyH- ~ *g⁽ʷ⁾iH-.

Derived terms

• *g⁽ʷ⁾éH-yeti (ye-present)
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gaˀi-

    Baltic forms received a “*-d⁽ʰ⁾-” enlargement.

    • Latvian: dziêdu (“to sing”)
    • Old Lithuanian: giemi
      • Lithuanian: gíedu
    • Proto-Slavic: *gajati
      • Old East Slavic: гаяти (gajati)
        • Russian: га́ять (gájatʹ)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gáHyati
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gáHyati
      • Sanskrit: गायति (gā́yati, “he sings”) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Iranian: *gáHyati
      • Sogdian: [script needed] (žʾy), [script needed] (jʾy, “to speak, talk”)
        • Yagnobi: жойак (žoyak), [script needed] (žóyta, “to read, singl to study”)
      • Yazghulami: [script needed] (γ̆ay-), [script needed] (γ̆ayd, “to call”)
      • Yidgha: [script needed] (žāy-) / [script needed] (išt-), [script needed] (žāy-) / [script needed] (št-, “to say, speak”)
• *g⁽ʷ⁾ḗH-s- ~ *g⁽ʷ⁾éH-s- (*s-aorist)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
      • Sanskrit: गासि (gāsi, 1sg.aor.inj.med.)
• *g⁽ʷ⁾eHtH-
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gaHtʰás, *gaHtʰaH
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gaHtʰás, *gaHtʰaH
      • Sanskrit: गाथ (gāthá), गाथा (gā́thā) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Iranian: *gaHθáh, *gaHθáH
      • Younger Avestan: 𐬔𐬁𐬚𐬁 (gāθā)
      • Khotanese: [script needed] (gāha-)
• *g⁽ʷ⁾éH-trom
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gáHtram
    • Proto-Iranian: *gáHtram
      • Younger Avestan: 𐬠𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬌𐬔𐬁𐬚𐬭𐬀 (bər^əzigāθra, “singing high”), 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬔𐬁𐬚𐬭𐬀 (fragāθra, “singing out”)
• *g⁽ʷ⁾iH-tós
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *giHtás
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *giHtás
      • Sanskrit: गीत (gītá) (see there for further descendants)

Descendants

• Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    • Sanskrit: गै (gai)

References

• Bartholomae, Christian (1904) Altiranisches Wörterbuch [Old Iranian Dictionary] (in German), Strassburg: K. J. Trübner

gel-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative reconstructions

• *ǵel-

Root

*PIE roots g

1. to be cold, to freeze

Derived terms

• *gol- (o-grade root present)
  • Proto-Germanic: *kalaną (“to be cold”) (see there for further descendants)
• *gol-tó-s
  • Proto-Germanic: *kaldaz (“cold”) (see there for further descendants)
• *gol-i-
  • Proto-Germanic: *kaliz (see there for further descendants)
• *gel-u-
  • Proto-Italic:
    • Latin: gelus m, gelū n (“frost”), gelidus (“icy, frosty”) (see there for further descendants)
• Unsorted formations:
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    • Baltic:
      • Lithuanian: gelumà
      • →? Proto-Finno-Permic: *külmä
        • Proto-Finnic: *külmä (see there for further descendants)
        • Proto-Permic: *kɨn
          • Komi-Permyak: кын (kyn)
          • Udmurt: кын (kyn)
        • Proto-Samic: *këlmētēk (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Slavic: *golotь
      • Old Church Slavonic: голоть (golotĭ)
    • >? Proto-Slavic: *xȏldъ
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    • Sanskrit: जल (jala), Sanskrit: जड (jaḍa)

ǵenh₁-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*PIE roots g (perfective)

1. to produce, to beget, to give birth

Derived terms

• *ǵénh₁-t ~ *ǵn̥h₁-ént (athematic root aorist)
  • Armenian:
    • Old Armenian: ծնաւ (cnaw, 3sg.aor. of ծնանիմ (cnanim))
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: ἐγένετο (egéneto)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
      • Sanskrit: अजनि (ajani, 1sg.aor.mid.)
  • Proto-Tocharian:
    • Tocharian B: kantär (3sg.subj.mid.)
• *ǵénh₁-e-ti (thematic root present)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ánati
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́ánati
      • Sanskrit: जनति (jánati) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Iranian: *jánati
      • Northeastern Iranian:
        • Ossetian: (“to bear, bring forth [usually of animals]; to be born, grow”)

          Digor Ossetian: зайин (zajin)

          Iron Ossetian: зайун (zajun)

        • Sogdo-Bactrian:
          • Sogdian: (/⁠zan-⁠/)

            Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] (zn)

            Sogdian script: [script needed] (zn)

            Syriac script: ܙܢ (zn)

          • Yagnobi: зан- (zan-, “bear, give birth; to be born”), за́нта (zánta)
      • Southeastern Iranian:
        • Pashto: زوول (zōwul, “to give birth to, to bear, to bring forth”)
      • Northwestern Iranian:
        • Baluchi: زات (zát), زای (zá(y)-)
        • Kurdish:

          Central Kurdish: زان (zan), -زێ- (-zê-)

          Northern Kurdish: zayîn, zan, -zê-

        • Proto-Medo-Parthian:
          • Caspian:
            • Gilaki: [script needed] (zaan), زاج (zāj-)
          • Parthian: (/⁠zāy-, zāyad⁠/, “to give birth to; be born”)

            Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] (zʾy-), [script needed] (zʼyd)

          • Proto-Zaza-Gorani:
            • Gurani: زای (zāy), ز (-z-)
            • Zazaki: zayene, za-
      • Southwestern Iranian:
        • Middle Persian: (/⁠zādan, zāy-⁠/, “to bear, give birth to; engender, be born, come forth”); [Term?] (/⁠zāyēnīdan, zāyēn-⁠/, “to bear, give birth to”)

          Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (Y̠LYDWNtn'), [script needed] (zʾtn'), [script needed] (zʼ-)

          Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] (zʾd), [script needed] (zʾy-); [script needed] (zʾyn-)

          • Classical Persian: زادن (zādan), زاییدن (zâyidan), زای (zây-); زایانیدن (zâyânidan, “to be born”)
            • Dari: زادن (zādan)
            • Iranian Persian: زادن (zādan)
            • Tajik: зодан (zodan)
  • Proto-Italic:
    • Old Latin: genō
• *ǵn̥h₁-yé-tor (deponent ye-present)
  • Proto-Celtic: *ganyetor (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́aHyátay
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́aHyátay
      • Sanskrit: जायते (jā́yate) (see there for further descendants)
      • ⇒ Sanskrit: जायति (jāyati) (Epic)
        • Assamese: জগা (zoga)
    • Proto-Iranian: *ȷ́aHyátay
      • Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (zaiieⁱti) (with shortened vowel and active ending)
• *ǵí-ǵn̥h₁-e-ti (reduplicated thematic present)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
      • Vedic Sanskrit: जीज॑नत् (jī́janat, 3sg.aor.inj.)
    • Proto-Iranian:
      • Avestan: 𐬰𐬍𐬰𐬀𐬥𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬌 (zīzanəṇti, “to give birth”, 3pl.pres.ind.)
      • Pashto: زېږېدل (zēẓ̌ēdəl, “to be born”)
  • Proto-Hellenic: *gígnomai
    • Ancient Greek: γίγνομαι (gígnomai)
      • ⇒ Ancient Greek: γείνομαι (geínomai) (or lengthened from γεν- (gen-))
  • Proto-Italic: *gignō
    • Latin: gignō (see there for further descendants)
• *ǵn̥h₁-sḱé-ti (sḱe-present)
  • Proto-Italic: *gnāskōr
    • Latin: nāscor (see there for further descendants)
• *ǵeǵónh₁e ~ *ǵeǵn̥h₁ḗr (reduplicated perfect)
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: γέγονα (gégona)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
      • Sanskrit: जजान (jajā́na)
  • Proto-Tocharian: *käkænā-
    • Tocharian B: kānare (3pl.pret.act.)
• *ǵonh₁-éye-ti (éye-causative)
  • Proto-Germanic: *kanjaną
    • Proto-West Germanic: *kannjan (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́anHáyati
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
      • Vedic Sanskrit: जनयति (janáyati)
• *ǵénh₁-mn̥ ~ *ǵn̥h₁-mén-s (“seed, offspring”)
• *ǵónh₁-o-s
• *ǵonh₁-éh₂
  • Proto-Hellenic: *gonā́
    • Ancient Greek: γονή (gonḗ)
• *ǵenh₁-ó-s (“born”)
• *ǵénh₁-os ~ *ǵénh₁-es-os (“race, lineage”)
• *ǵenh₁-es-eh₂
  • Proto-Hellenic: *genehā́
    • Ancient Greek: γενεᾱ́ (geneā́)
• *ǵénh₁-ti-s ~ *ǵn̥h₁-téy-s (“birth, production”)
• *ǵn̥h₁-tó-s (“produced, begotten”)
• *ǵénh₁-tōr ~ *ǵn̥h₁-tr-és (“parent”)
• *ǵénh₁-tr-ih₂ ~ *ǵénh₁-tr-yeh₂-es (“parent”)
• *ǵn̥h₁-yo-
  • Proto-Germanic: *kunją (“kin, family”)
    • Proto-Germanic: *kuningaz (“king”)
  • Proto-Italic:
    • Latin: genius
• *ǵn̥h₁-i-wo-
  • Proto-Italic:
    • Latin: naevus, Gnaeus
• *ǵenh₁-tl-eh₂
  • Old Armenian: ծնաւղ (cnawł, “parent”)
• *ǵenh₁-dʰl-
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: γένεθλον (génethlon), γενέθλη (genéthlē), γενέθλιος (genéthlios)
• *pro-ǵenh₁-ti-eh₂
  • Proto-Iranian: *frazanti- (“offspring, progeny”)
    • Eastern Iranian:
      • Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬰𐬀𐬥𐬙𐬌 (frazanti, “offspring, progeny”)
    • Northeastern Iranian:
      • Sogdo-Bacterian:
        • Bactrian: φροζινδο (frozindo, “descendant”), φοροζινδο (forozindo)
        • Sogdian: (/⁠βzāntak⁠/, “child”) (from *frazantaka)

          Sogdian script: [script needed] (βsʾntʾk), [script needed] (βsʾntk)

    • Southeastern Iranian:
      • Proto-Shughni-Roshani: [Term?] (“daughter”)
        • Sarikoli: [script needed] (rajen)
        • Shughni: [script needed] (rizīn)
          • Bartangi-Oroshori:
            • Bartangi: [script needed] (razen)
            • Oroshori: [script needed] (rizīn)
          • Roshani-Khufi:
            • Khufi: [script needed] (rizoen)
            • Roshani: [script needed] (rizēn)
    • Northwestern Iranian:
      • Parthian: (/⁠frazand⁠/, “child, son”)

        Parthian: [script needed] (frzynd)

    • Southwestern Iranian:
      • Middle Persian: (/⁠frazand⁠/, “child, son”)

        Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (prznd), [script needed] (prẕnd)

        Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] (frzynd), [script needed] (przynd)

        • Classical Persian: فرزند (farzand)
          • Dari: فرزند (farzand)
          • Iranian Persian: فرزند (farzand)
          • Tajik: фарзанд (farzand)
          • → Pashto: فرزند (farzánd, “(poetry) son; child”)
• Unsorted formations:
  • Proto-Celtic: *gniyeti (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-West Germanic: *knōsl (see there for further descendants)
  • Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: γνωτός (gnōtós, “kinsman”)
    • Ancient Greek: γέννα (génna, “descent, origin, race, genus; birth”) (see there for further descendants)
  • Indo-Iranian:
    • Indo-Aryan: (several words meaning “woman” have been conflated with *gʷḗn)
      • Sanskrit: ज (ja, já, “son of; father; birth”)
      • Sanskrit: जा (jā́, “race, tribe”)
      • Sanskrit: जान (jā́na, “birth, origin, birthplace”)
      • Sanskrit: जना (janā, “birth, origin”)
      • Sanskrit: जनि (jáni, “birth, production, birthplace”)
        • Sanskrit: जनी (jánī)
      • Sanskrit: जननी (jananī, “mother”)
      • Sanskrit: जन्तु (jantú, “offspring, kinsman”)
      • Sanskrit: ज्ञाति (jñātí, “kinsman”)
      • Sanskrit: जन्यु (janyu, “birth, creature”)
      • Sanskrit: जन्य (jánya, janyá, “people, community, nation”)
      • Sanskrit: जनुस् (janús, janū́s, “birth, production, descent, nativity; genus, class, kind”)
        • Sanskrit: जनुषा (januṣā, “necessarily, essentially, originally, by birth”)
        • Sanskrit: जनू (janū́, “birth, descent”)
          • ⇒ Sanskrit: जनु (janu, “soul”)
      • Sanskrit: जेन्य (jénya, “of noble origin; genuine”)
      • Sanskrit: जातु (jā́tu, jātú, “at all, ever, perhaps”)
      • Sanskrit: जात्य (jā́tya, “legitimate; of a good family”)
      • Sanskrit: जनता (janátā, “people, folk; generation”)
      • Sanskrit: जनन (jánana, “progenitor, production, birth, race”)
      • Sanskrit: जज्ञि (jájñi, “germinating, shooting; seed”)
      • Sanskrit: जन्मिन् (janmin, “creature”)
      • Sanskrit: जानुका (jā́nukā, “bringing forth; woman”)
      • Sanskrit: जाया (jāyā́, “bringing forth”)
      • Sanskrit: जावन् (jā́van, “born, produced”)
    • Proto-Iranian:
      • Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬥𐬙𐬎 (zantu, “tribe, race”)

Descendants

• Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    • Sanskrit: जन् (jan)

gerbʰ-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*PIE roots g

1. to carve

Derived terms

• *gérbʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)
  • Proto-Germanic: *kerbaną (see there for further descendants)
• *gr̥bʰ-é-ti (tudati-type thematic present)
  • Proto-Hellenic: *grəpʰō (see there for further descendants)
• *gr̥bʰ-tó-s
• *gérbʰ-mn̥
  • Proto-Hellenic: *grəpmə
    • Ancient Greek: γράμμα (grámma)
• Unsorted formations:
  • Balto-Slavic:
    • Proto-Slavic: *žerbъ (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Slavic: *žerbьjь (see there for further descendants)

gerh₂-

See also: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ǵerh₂-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative reconstructions

• *gerH-, *ǵerh₂-

Etymology

Likely onomatopoeic. Compare *ǵeh₂r- (with which there is some confusion) Proto-Uralic *kurke (“crane”), Akkadian 𒆳𒄄𒄷 (kurku), Sumerian 𒆳𒄄𒄷 (kurki).

Root

*PIE roots g

1. to cry hoarsely
2. crane

Usage notes

The widespread use of this root to mean "crane" is probably derived from its meaning "to cry hoarsely", based on the crane's characteristic cry. The crane lives all over Eurasia, and was obviously known by Proto-Indo-Europeans. The word, however, does not exist in Indo-Iranian, which may be due to a lot of names for animals and birds being borrowed from aboriginal languages of Asia in that branch.

Derived terms

• *greh₂-ye-ti (ye-present with schwebeablaut)
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *grāˀtei
    • Lithuanian: gróti (“to caw, croak, howl, to roar, scold”)
    • Proto-Slavic: *grajati (“to caw, croak”) (see there for further descendants)
• *gerh₂-ōw-s
• *gerh₂-ḗn ~ *gr̥h₂-nés

• Unsorted formations:
  • Albanian:
    • Albanian: hungëroj
    • Albanian: nguroj (“to yell, howl”), ngurónj
  • Balto-Slavic:
    • >? Lithuanian: gùrti
  • Balto-Slavic:
    • Proto-Slavic: *grati (“to play music”)
      • ⇒? Proto-Slavic: *grakъ (see there for further descendants)
  • >? Proto-Germanic: *krēaną (see there for further descendants)
  • >? Proto-Germanic: *krēǭ (see there for further descendants)

Extensions

• *greh₂-k-
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    • Proto-Slavic: *gràkati (“to caw, croak”), *gъrkati (“to coo”) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Italic: *grakō
    • ⇒ Latin: grāc-ulus (“jackdaw”) (see there for further descendants)
• *gerh₂-g-, *greh₂-g-
  • >? Old Armenian: կարկաչ (karkačʻ)
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    • ⇒ Lithuanian: gìrgždėti (“to creak, squeak”)
  • Proto-Germanic: *krakōną (see there for further descendants)
    • ⇒ Proto-Germanic: *krakǭ, *krakaz
      • Old Norse: kráka, krákr (“crow, raven”) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gárǰati
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gárȷ́ati
      • Sanskrit: गर्जति (gárjati) (see there for further descendants)

ǵerh₂-

See also: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gerh₂-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*PIE roots g

1. to grow old, to mature

Derived terms

• *ǵérh₂-e-ti (thematic root present)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́árHati
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́árHati
      • Sanskrit: जरति (járati)
• *ǵorh₂-éye-ti (eye-causative)
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    • Proto-Slavic: *zorìti (“to ripen (tr.)”)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́arHáyati
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́arHáyati
      • Sanskrit: जरयति (jaráyati, “to make old, wear out”)
• *ǵr̥h₂-nó-m (“grain”)
• *ǵerh₂-ós (e-grade *-ós adjective)
  • Proto-Armenian:
    • Old Armenian: ծեր (cer)
      • Armenian: ծեր (cer)
• *ǵerh₂-ró-s
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: γεραρός (gerarós)
  • Proto-Iranian: *jár̥Hrah
    • Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬭𐬀 (za^urura, “weak through old age, decrepit”)
• *ǵr̥h₂-yéw-s
  • Proto-Hellenic: *grāū́s
    • Ancient Greek: γραῦς (graûs)
  • Proto-Albanian: *grāwā
    • Albanian: grua (woman, wife)
• *ǵ(e)rh₂-yó-s
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: γεραιός (geraiós), γραῖᾱ (graîā), Γραῖαι (Graîai), Γραῖα (Graîa, “ancient city”), Γραῖος (Graîos)
      • ⇒ Ancient Greek: Γραικός (Graikós)
        • → Latin: Graecus (see there for further descendants)
      • → Latin: Grāius
• *ǵērh₂-s
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: γῆρας (gêras, “old age”), γέρας (géras, “gift of honour”)
• *ǵérh₂-ont-s
• *ǵérh₂-u-s ~ *ǵr̥h₂-éw-s
  • Proto-Tocharian: *śërāw'ë-
    • Tocharian B: śrāy
• *ǵérh₂-mn̥ ~ *ǵr̥h₂-mén-s
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́árHma
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́árHma
      • Sanskrit: जरिमन् (jariman, “old age, decrepitude”)
    • Proto-Iranian: *járHma
      • Middle Persian: (“old age”)

        Manichaean script: 𐫉𐫡𐫖𐫀𐫗 (zrmʾn /⁠zarmān⁠/), 𐫉𐫡𐫖𐫀𐫗𐫏𐫆 (zrmʾnyẖ /⁠zarmānīh⁠/)

        Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (zlm'n' /⁠zarmān⁠/)

        • Persian: زرمان (zarmân), زرم (zarm)
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: γήραμα (gḗrama, “old age”)
• *ǵorh₂-o-s
  • Proto-Germanic: *karaz, *karilaz (see there for further descendants)
• *ǵorh₂-wó-s
  • Proto-Iranian: *járHwáh (“old age”)
    • Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬎𐬁 (za^uruuā, “old age”)
    • Khwarezmian: [script needed] (ʾzr)
    • Sogdian: [Term?] (“old age”)

      Manichaean script: 𐫉𐫡𐫇 (zrw /⁠zarw⁠/)

      Sogdian script: 𐼵𐽀𐼴𐼳 (zrwh /⁠zarw⁠/)

      Syriac script: ܙܪܘ (zrw /⁠zarw⁠/)

    • Ossetian:

      Digor Ossetian: зӕруӕ (zærwæ), зӕруай (zærwaj, “old age”)

    • Pashto: زړوالۍ (zaṛwā́lay, “old age”)
    • Parthian: 𐫉𐫡𐫇𐫀𐫗 (zrwʾn /⁠zarwān⁠/, “old age”)
• *ǵorh₂-tó-s
  • Proto-Iranian: *járHtáh (“old; old age”)
    • Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬙𐬀 (zar^əta, “old”)
    • → Manichaean Middle Persian: 𐫉𐫡𐫅 (zrd /⁠zard⁠/, “infirm; old age”)
      • Persian: زال (zâl, “Zāl (a mythological person in Shahnameh who has an old face and white hairs); albino”); زر (zar, “old”)
    • Sogdian: [Term?] (“old age; old woman”)

      Manichaean script: 𐫉𐫏𐫡𐫤𐫐 (zyrtk /⁠zirt(a)⁠/)

      Sogdian script: 𐼵𐼷𐽀𐽂𐼳 (zyrth /⁠zirt(a), zert(a)⁠/)

    • Pashto: زړه (zaṛa, “old”), زوړ (zoṛ, “old”), زاړه (zāṛə́)
• *ǵorh₂-is-to-s
  • Proto-Iranian: *járH-ištah (“oldness”)
    • Pashto: زړښت (zaṛǝ́x̌t, “oldness”)
• Unsorted formations:
  • Sanskrit: जरा (jarā́, “old age”)
  • Sanskrit: जरस् (jarás, “senescence, decay, old age”)
  • Sanskrit: जर (jára, “becoming old; the act of wearing out, wasting”)
  • Sanskrit: जरायु (jarāyu, “decaying; the cast-off skin of a serpent; a perishable covering; afterbirth”)
  • Proto-Albanian: *grāwā
    • Albanian: grua, grue — Gheg
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    • Proto-Slavic: *zьrěti > *zrělъ (see there for further descendants)

Descendants

• Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    • Sanskrit: जॄ (jṝ)

Further reading

• Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 390

ǵews-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*PIE roots g

1. to taste, try

Derived terms

• *ǵéws-e-ti (thematic root present)
• *ǵows-éye-ti (éye-iterative)
  • Proto-Germanic: *kauzijaną (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́awšáyati
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́awṣáyati
      • Sanskrit: जोषयते (joṣáyate, 3sg.med.)
• *ǵus-é-tor (mediopassive)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ušátay
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́uṣátay
      • >? Sanskrit: जुषते (juṣáte) (or developed from thematic aorist अजुषत (ájuṣata))
• *ǵu-ǵéws-ti ~ *ǵú-ǵus-nti (reduplicated athematic present)
  • Proto-Anatolian:
    • Hittite: [script needed] (kukušzi, “to taste”)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́uȷ́áwštay
    • Proto-Iranian: *jujáwštay
      • Younger Avestan: 𐬁𐬰𐬏𐬰𐬎𐬱𐬙𐬈 (āzūzušte, 3sg.pres.med.)
• *ǵu-ǵóws-e ~ *ǵú-ǵus-ḗr (zero-grade reduplicated stative)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́uȷ́áwša
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́uȷ́áwṣa
      • Sanskrit: जुजोष (jujóṣa)
• *ǵéws-o-s
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́áwšas
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́áwṣas
      • Sanskrit: जोष (jóṣa)
    • Proto-Iranian: *jáwšah
      • Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬊𐬱𐬀 (zaoša)
      • Parthian: 𐫉𐫇𐫢 (zwš, “love”)
• *ǵéws-ti-s ~ *ǵus-téy-s
  • Proto-Germanic: *kustiz (“trial”) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́úštiš
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́úṣtiṣ
      • Sanskrit: जुष्टि (júṣṭi)
• *ǵéws-tu-s ~ *ǵus-téw-s
• *ǵus-tó-s
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: γευστός (geustós) (with leveling)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́uštás
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́uṣṭás
      • Sanskrit: जुष्ट (juṣṭá)
    • Proto-Iranian: *juštáh
      • Avestan: 𐬰𐬎𐬱𐬙𐬀 (zušta)
• *ǵéws-tōr ~ *ǵus-tr-és
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́awštā́
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́awṣṭā́
      • Sanskrit: जोष्टृ (joṣṭṛ́, “one who loves”)
    • Proto-Iranian: *jawštā́
      • Old Persian: 𐎭𐎢𐏁𐎫𐎼 (d-u-š-t-r /⁠dauštar⁠/, “friend”) (𐎭𐎢𐏁𐎫𐎠 (d-u-š-t-a /⁠dauštā⁠/, nom. sg.))
        • Middle Persian: (/⁠dōst⁠/)

          Manichaean script: 𐫅𐫇𐫘𐫤 (dwst)

          Book Pahlavi script: 𐭣𐭥𐭮𐭲𐭩 (dwst')

          • Persian: دوست (dust, “friend”)
• *ǵows-teh₂
  • Proto-Celtic gowsta:
    • Old Irish gúas "danger, possibility"
      • Old Irish gúasacht [ā f] ‘danger’ perhaps attested in Ogam as Gen. sg. GOSSUCTTIAS

ǵʰewH-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Perhaps connected to the synonymous *gewH-.

Root

*PIE roots g

1. to call on, invoke

Alternative reconstructions

• *ǵʰweH-

Derived terms

• *ǵʰéwH-e-ti (thematic root present)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰáwHati
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰáwHati
      • Vedic Sanskrit: हवते (hávate)
    • Proto-Iranian: *jawHati (“to call on, invoke”)
      • Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (zauuaⁱti)
      • Khwarezmian: [script needed] (ɣwy-)
      • Ossetian:
        • Digor: аргъаун (arǧawn), аргъуд (arǧud)
        • Iron: а́ргъауын (árǧawyn), а́ргъуыд (árǧwyd)
• *ǵʰuH-éye-ti (éye-present)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰuHáyati (see there for further descendants)
• *ǵʰuH-e-ti (zero-grade root present)
  • Balto-Slavic:
    • Latvian: zavêt (“to cast a spell”)
    • Lithuanian: žavė́ti (“to fascinate, to charm”)
    • Proto-Slavic: *zъvati (“to call”) (see there for further descendants)
• *ǵʰuH-eh₂
  • Tocharian:
    • Tocharian B: kwā- (“call, invite”) (or from Schwebeablaut *ǵʰweH-)
• *ǵʰuH-tus
  • Celtic: *gutus (“voice”) (see there for further descendants)
• Unsorted formations:
  • Proto-Albanian: *dzulā
    • Albanian: zulë
      • Albanian: zulmë
  • Armenian:
    • Old Armenian: ձաւնեմ (jawnem, “to dedicate”)
  • Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: καυχάομαι (kaukháomai, “to praise oneself, boast”)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: [Term?] (intensive verb)
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
      • Sanskrit: जोहवीमि (jóhavīmi, “to call again and again”)
    • Proto-Iranian:
      • Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬊𐬰𐬀𐬊𐬨𐬍 (zaozaomī)

Descendants

• Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    • Sanskrit: ह्वे (hve)

gʰebʰ-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*PIE roots g

1. to give
2. to take

Notes

• Formerly taken as equivalent to *gʰeh₁bʰ- until the advent of the laryngeal theory. A reconstruction *gʰHebʰ- may also be possible, but it is not favored.
• Some scholars maintain the traditional reconstruction of *gʰabʰ-, arguing that the two should not be arbitrarily separated.

Derived terms

• *gʰebʰ-e-ti (root present)
  • >? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gebtei
    • Eastern Baltic:
      • Lithuanian: gebė́ti (“to be able, wont (to)”)
  • Proto-Germanic: *gebaną (see there for further descendants)
• *gʰe-gʰóbʰ-e (stative)
  • >? Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    • Eastern Baltic:
      • ⇒ Lithuanian: at-gė́bau (“brought about”, 1s.pret.)
  • Proto-Germanic: *gab (“gave”, 1s/3s.ind.pret.)
• *gʰébʰ-os ~ gʰébʰ-es-os (s-stem)
  • ⇒ *gʰébʰ-es-tis (“arm, hand”)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰábʰastiš
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gábʰastiṣ
        • Sanskrit: गभस्ति (gábhasti)
• >? *gʰébʰ-l̥ ~ gʰbʰ-l-és (“head”), *gʰébʰ-ōl
• Unsorted formations:
  • >? Latvian: gãbtiês (“snatch, grab”)
  • >? Lithuanian: góbti (“to snatch, grab, take”)
  • >? Proto-Slavic: *gabati (“to seize, take”) (see there for further descendants)

gʰed-

See also: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʰedʰ- and Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ǵʰed-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*PIE roots g

1. to find
2. to hold
3. to seize
4. to take

Derived terms

• *gʰed- (root present)
  • Proto-Germanic: *getaną (see there for further descendants)
• *gʰ-né-d- ~ *gʰ-n̥-d- (nasal-infix present)
  • Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: χανδάνω (khandánō) (< *χαδάνω (*khadánō))
  • Italic:
    • Latin: *hendō
      • ⇒ Latin: praehendō (see there for further descendants)
• *gʰod-eh₂
  • Proto-Italic: *praiɣodā
    • Latin: praeda (see there for further descendants)
• *gʰed-es-eh₂
  • Proto-Italic: *hedezā
    • Latin: hedera (see there for further descendants)
• *gʰod-o-m
  • Proto-Germanic: *gatą (see there for further descendants)
• *gʰod-weh₂-
  • Proto-Germanic: *gatwǭ (see there for further descendants)

References

• Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 437

ǵʰeh₁-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*PIE roots g

1. to leave, abandon

Alternative reconstructions

• *gʰeh₁- (for Germanic and Greek)

Derived terms

• *ǵʰh₁-nós
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰHnás
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰHnás
      • Sanskrit: हीन (hīná) (see there for further descendants)
• *ǵʰeh₁ro-
• *ǵʰé-ǵʰeh₁-ti (reduplicated present)
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: κιχάνω (kikhánō)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰáȷ́ʰaHti
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́áźʰaHti
      • Sanskrit: जहाति (jáhāti)
    • Proto-Iranian: *jájaHti
      • Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬰𐬁𐬌𐬙𐬌 (zazāⁱti)
• *ǵʰḗh₁-s-t ~ *ǵʰéh₁-s-n̥t (s-aorist)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háȷ́ʰāHst
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HáźʰāHst
      • Sanskrit: अहास् (áhās) (later: अहासीत् (áhāsīt))
        • ⇒ Sanskrit: अहात् (áhāt) (clarification of 3sg.)
• *ǵʰh₁-yé-ti (ye-present)
  • Proto-Germanic: *gāną (see there for further descendants)
• Unsorted formations:
  • Albanian: ngah

See also

• *ǵʰengʰ-
• *gʷeh₂-
• *gʷem-
• *h₁ey-
• *yeh₂-

gʰeh₁bʰ-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

See also: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʰebʰ-

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative reconstructions

• *gʰabʰ-
• *gʰeHb⁽ʰ⁾-

Root

*gʰeh₁bʰ- or *ǵʰeh₁bʰ-

1. to grab, take

Reconstruction notes

The surface ablaut a ~ ē is somewhat unusual, but Italo-Celtic *a can result from “syllabic” *H̥, thus *h₁ ~ *eh₁ appears to be the best match. The instances of full-grade ē may be analogical, however, so the laryngeal cannot be reconstructed with certainty. Zero grades shown below use *h̥₁, but note that the existence of syllabic laryngeals in synchronic PIE is disputed.
See *gʰebʰ-, which is often taken to be the same root, for more possible descendants; see Schrijver's arguments for a rejection of this.

Derived terms

• *gʰéh₁bʰ-t ~ *gʰh̥₁bʰ-ént (root athematic aorist)
  • Proto-Italic: *hēpai
    • Oscan: hipid (3.sg.perf.subj.), hipust (3.sg.fut.perf.)
      • ⇒ Oscan: pruhipid (3.sg.perf.subj.), pruhipust (“to prevent”, 3.sg.fut.perf.)

• *gʰh̥₁bʰ-éh₁ye-ti (eh₁(ye)-stative)
  • Proto-Italic: *habēō or *haβēō
    • Latin: habeō (see there for further descendants)
    • Umbrian: 𐌇𐌀𐌁𐌉𐌀 (habia, 3.sg.pres.subj.), 𐌇𐌀𐌁𐌄𐌕𐌖 (habetu), habitu (3.sg.ipv.II), 𐌇𐌀𐌁𐌄𐌕𐌖𐌕𐌖 (habetutu), habituto (3.pl.ipv.II), habiest (3.sg.fut.), habus (3.sg.fut.perf.), habuerent (3.pl.fut.perf.), 𐌇𐌀𐌁𐌄 (habe, “to have, hold”, 3.sg.pr.act/pass.), habe
      • ⇒ Umbrian: 𐌍𐌄𐌉𐌛𐌇𐌀𐌁𐌀𐌔 (neiřhabas, pres.subj.) (+ negation and ar̆-)
      • ⇒ Umbrian: 𐌐𐌓𐌄𐌇𐌀𐌁𐌉𐌀 (prehabia), 𐌐𐌓𐌄𐌇𐌖𐌁𐌉𐌀 (prehubia, “to furnish, achieve”, 3.sg.pres.subj.) (+ pre-)
      • ⇒ Umbrian: 𐌇𐌀𐌇𐌕𐌖 (hahtu), 𐌇𐌀𐌕𐌖 (hatu), hatu (3.sg.ipv.II), 𐌇𐌀𐌕𐌖𐌕𐌖 (hatutu), hatuto (“to grab”, 3.pl.ipv.II) (suffixless imperatives)

• *gʰh̥₁bʰ-yé-ti (ye-present)
  • Proto-Celtic: *gabyeti (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Italic: *habiō or *haβiō
    • Oscan: haieist (3.sg.fut.)

• *gʰoh₁bʰ-eh₂ye-ti
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gāˀbāˀtei
    • Proto-Slavic: *gabati (see there for further descendants)

• *gʰh̥₁bʰ-leh₂
  • Proto-Celtic: *gablā (“fork”) (see there for further descendants)

gʰel-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*PIE roots g

1. to call
2. to chant
3. to shout

Derived terms

• *gʰol-éye-ti (causative)
  • Balto-Slavic:
    • Proto-Slavic: *galiti (see there for further descendants)
• *gʰól-e-ti (o-grade intensive)
  • Proto-Germanic: *galaną (see there for further descendants)
    • ⇒ Proto-Germanic: *galdraz (see there for further descendants)
    • ⇒ Proto-Germanic: *galstrą
      • Old High German: galstar
        • Middle High German: galster
    • ⇒ Proto-Germanic: *gōlaz
      • ⇒ Proto-Germanic: *gōlijaną (see there for further descendants)
      • ⇒ Proto-Germanic: *uzgōlaz
• *gʰl̥-néh₂-ti (néh₂-present)
  • Proto-Albanian: *galda
    • Albanian: galdoj
  • Proto-Germanic: *gullōną (see there for further descendants)
• *gʰel-n- (possible back-formed from *gʰl̥-néh₂-ti)
  • Proto-Germanic: *gellaną (see there for further descendants)
• *gʰel-gʰel-
  • Armenian:
    • Old Armenian: գեղգեղեմ (gełgełem)
      • Armenian: գեղգեղել (geġgeġel)
  • Hittite: [script needed] (galgal-ināi-, “to make a musical sound”)
• *gʰōl-i-
  • Balto-Slavic:
    • Proto-Slavic: *galьnъ (“cared for, pet”)
      • ⇒ Proto-Slavic: *galьba (“caress”)
• Unsorted formations:
  • Armenian:
    • Old Armenian: գեղ-օն (geł-ōn), գեղաւն (geławn)
      • → Armenian: գեղոն (geġon) (learned)
  • Greek:
    • Ancient Greek: χεῖλ-ος (kheîl-os), χῆλος (khêlos) — Doric, χέλλος (khéllos) — Aeolic
      • Greek: χείλος (cheílos)
      • ⇒ Translingual: Rhacochilus
  • Proto-Slavic: *galъ (see there for further descendants)

ǵʰelh₃-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*PIE roots g

1. to flourish
2. green, yellow

Derived terms

• *ǵʰélh₃-ye-ti (ye-present)
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źelˀtei
    • Latvian: zelt
    • Lithuanian: žélti
  • ⇒ Proto-Slavic: *zelènъ (past passive participle) (see there for further descendants)

• *ǵʰléh₃-ih₂ ~ *ǵʰl̥h₃-yéh₂-s
  • Proto-Germanic: *glējaz
    • Old Norse: *glær
      • Norwegian: glæ (“pale yellow”)

• *ǵʰelh₃-i-wó-s
  • Proto-Italic: *heliwos (see there for further descendants)

• *ǵʰélh₃-ō ~ *ǵʰl̥h₃-n-és
  • ⇒ *ǵʰolh₃n-éh₂
    • ⇒? Proto-Germanic: *gallǭ (“gall, bile”) (see there for further descendants)
  • ⇒ *ǵʰl̥h₃en-yó-m
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰr̥Hanyam (“gold”) (see there for further descendants)

• *ǵʰélh₃-s ~ *ǵʰl̥h₃-és
  • Proto-Germanic: *gulaz (“yellow”) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Italic: *helos
    • Old Latin: helus
      • Latin: holus (“vegetable; greens”)

• *ǵʰelh₃-wó-s
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    • Lithuanian: žel̃vas
  • Proto-Germanic: *gelwaz (“yellow”) (see there for further descendants)

• *ǵʰl̥h₃-ró-s
  • Proto-Hellenic: *kʰlōrós
    • Ancient Greek: χλωρός (khlōrós, “bright green, yellow”)
    • Phrygian: γλουρος (glouros)

• *ǵʰl̥h₃-s-tó-s or *ǵʰl̥h₃-T-tó-s
  • Proto-Celtic: *glastos (see there for further descendants)

• *ǵʰl̥h₃-tó-s
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gilˀtas
    • Latvian: dzeltens, dzelts (dialectal)
    • Lithuanian: gel̃tas
    • Proto-Slavic: *žьltъ (“yellow”) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Germanic: *gulþą (“gold”) (see there for further descendants)

• *ǵʰolh₃-éh₂
  • Proto-Hellenic: *kʰolā́ (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰarHáH
    • Proto-Iranian: *jarHáH
      • Avestan: 𐬰𐬁𐬭𐬀 (zāra, “gall”)
      • Kurdish:

        Central Kurdish: زارە (zare)

      • Middle Persian: [Term?] (/⁠zahrag⁠/, “gall, bile”)
        • Persian: زهره (zahre, “gall”), زهله (zahle)
    • ⇒? Sanskrit: हलीक्ष्ण (hálīkṣṇa, “gallbladder (?)”)

• *ǵʰólh₃-i-s ~ *ǵʰl̥h₃-éy-s
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰárHiš (see there for further descendants)

• *ǵʰolh₃-to-s
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    • Latgalian: zalts
    • Latvian: zelts
    • ⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic:
      • Proto-Slavic: *zolto (“gold”) (see there for further descendants)

• Unsorted formations:
  • Albanian: diell

ǵʰengʰ-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*PIE roots g

1. to walk
2. to step

Derived terms

• *ǵʰongʰ- (o-grade root present)
  • Proto-Germanic: *ganganą (see there for further descendants)
• *ǵʰengʰ-ye-ti (ye-present)
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źengjetei
    • Lithuanian: žeñgti
• *ǵʰongʰ-i-s
  • Proto-Germanic: *gangiz (see there for further descendants)
• *ǵʰongʰ-o-s
  • Proto-Germanic: *gangaz (see there for further descendants)
• *ǵʰéngʰ-os ~ *ǵʰéngʰ-es-
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰánǰʰas
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́ánźʰas
      • Vedic Sanskrit: जंहस् (jáṃhas)
• *ǵʰéngʰ-o-s
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰángʰas (see there for further descendants)
• *ǵʰéngʰ-tis
  • Proto-Germanic: *ginhtiz
    • Middle High German: gīht
• *ǵʰongʰ-tis
  • Proto-Germanic: *ganhtiz (see there for further descendants)

ǵʰer-

See also: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʰer-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*PIE roots g

2. to enclose

Derived terms

• *ǵʰór-tos (see there for further descendants)
• *ǵʰor-o-
  • >? Ancient Greek: χορός (khorós) (perhaps "encircling/ring dance")
• *ǵʰor-yo-
  • >? Ancient Greek: χόριον (khórion) (perhaps "encircling membrane" or from root below)

See also

• *gʰerdʰ-

gʰerdʰ-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*PIE roots g

1. to enclose, to encircle
2. enclosure, fence, belt

Derived terms

• *gʰerdʰ- (root present)
  • Proto-Germanic: *gerdaną (“to gird”) (see there for further descendants)
  • (probably) Proto-Slavic: *žьrdь (“pole”) (see there for further descendants)
• *gʰr̥dʰ-yé-ti (ye-present)
  • Proto-Germanic: *gurdijaną (“to gird”) (see there for further descendants)
• *gʰórdʰ-os
  • Proto-Albanian: *garda
    • Albanian: gardh (“fence”)
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gárdas (“enclosure”) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Germanic: *gardaz (see there for further descendants)
  • Phrygian: 𐊩𐌏𐌛𐊅𐊄𐌌 (“city”)
• *gʰr̥dʰ-ós
  • >? Proto-Anatolian:
    • Hittite: [script needed] (gurtas, “citadel”)
    • Luwian: [script needed] (gurta)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰr̥dʰás (“house”) (see there for further descendants)
• *gʰerdʰ-eh₂
  • Proto-Germanic: *gerdō (“girdle”) (see there for further descendants)
• *gʰr̥dʰ-el-os
  • Proto-Germanic: *gurdilaz (“girdle”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

• Proto-Tocharian: (possibly)
  • Tocharian B: kerccī (“palace”)

See also

• *ǵʰer-

ǵʰers-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*PIE roots g

1. (to be) stiff
2. (to be) surprised

Reconstruction notes

LIV and Mayrhofer reconstruct two separate roots *ǵʰers- and *g⁽ʷ⁾ʰers- for the material, but according to Lubotsky this isn't necessary as forms like Sanskrit घृषु (ghṛ́ṣu) can be explained by Weise's law (depalatalization before *r).

Derived terms

• *ǵʰérs-e-ti (thematic root present)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰáršati (see there for further descendants)

• *ǵʰr̥s-éh₁(ye)-ti (eh₁-stative)
  • Proto-Italic: *horzēō
    • Latin: horreō

• *ǵʰr̥s-é-ti (tudati-type thematic root present)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰr̥šáti
    • Proto-Iranian: *gr̥šáti (see there for further descendants)

• *ǵʰr̥s-yé-ti (ye-present)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰr̥šyáti (see there for further descendants)

• *ǵʰors-éye-ti (eye-causative)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰaršáyati (see there for further descendants)

• *ǵʰe-ǵʰórs-e ~ *ǵʰe-ǵʰr̥s-ḗr (reduplicated perfect)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
      • Sanskrit: जाहृषाण (jāhṛṣāṇá, ptc.mid.)

• ? *ǵʰórs-ōs
  • Proto-Italic: *horzōs
    • Latin: horror (or derived from horreō)
• *ǵʰers-to-s
  • Proto-Italic: *herztos
    • Latin: hīrtus (“hairy, shaggy”) (see there for further descendants)
• *ǵʰérs-o-s
  • Proto-Hellenic: *kʰérsos
    • Ancient Greek: χέρσος (khérsos)
• Unsorted formations:
  • Armenian:
    • Old Armenian: ձառ (jaṙ)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
      • Sanskrit: घृषु (ghṛ́ṣu)
    • Proto-Iranian:
      • Khotanese: [script needed] (ysīra, “rough”)
      • Pashto: زيږ (ziģ, “rough, stiff”)

Descendants

• Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    • Sanskrit: हृष् (hṛṣ)

ǵʰes-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*PIE roots g

1. hand
2. to take, give in exchange

Descendants

• *ǵʰésr̥ ~ *ǵʰs-r-és or *ǵʰés-ōr ~ *ǵʰes-r-és or *ǵʰs-ḗr ~ *ǵʰs-r-és
• *ǵʰés-lom (“heap, thousand”)
• *ǵʰós-to-s
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰástas (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Italic: *hos-tos
    • Latin: hostus (“the yield of olive from a single pressing”)
• *ǵʰós-tu-s
  • Proto-Celtic: *gostus
    • ⇒ *ad-gostus (“near”, literally “at hand”) (see there for further descendants)
• *ǵʰos-t-i-yo-
  • Balto-Slavic:
    • Lithuanian: pažastìs, pažastė̃, pažastỹs (with pa-, põ, < *h₂pó)
    • Czech: paže
    • Slovak: paže
  • Italic:
    • Latin: hostia

ǵʰew-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*PIE roots g

1. to pour

Extensions

• *ǵʰew-d-

Derived terms

• *ǵʰéw-t ~ *ǵʰw-ént (athematic root aorist)
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: ἔχυτο (ékhuto)
• *ǵʰéw-e-ti (thematic present)
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: χέω (khéō)
• *ǵʰi-ǵʰéw-ti (reduplicated present)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰuȷ́ʰáwti
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́uźʰáwti
      • Sanskrit: जुहोति (juhóti)
• *ǵʰe-ǵʰów-e ~ *ǵʰe-ǵʰw-ḗr (reduplicated stative)
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: κέχῠκᾰ (kékhŭkă)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰuȷ́ʰā́wa
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́uźʰā́wa
      • Sanskrit: जुहाव (juhā́va)
• *ǵʰu-tó-s (see there for further descendants)
• *ǵʰéw-ti-s ~ *ǵʰu-téy-s
  • Proto-Italic: *foutis
    • Latin: fūtis, fūtilis, effūtiō
• *ǵʰéw-mn̥ ~ *ǵʰu-mén-s
  • Proto-Hellenic: *kʰéumə
    • Ancient Greek: χεῦμᾰ (kheûmă), χύμα (khúma)
  • Phrygian: ζευμάν (zeumán)
• *ǵʰéw-mo-s
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰáwmas
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰáwmas
      • Sanskrit: होम (hóma)
• *ǵʰu-mo-s
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: χῡμός (khūmós)
• *ǵʰu-lo-s
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: χῡλός (khūlós)
• *ǵʰew-yó-m
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰawyám
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰawyám
      • Sanskrit: हव्य (havyá)
• *ǵʰéw-tlo/eh₂- ~ *ǵʰu-tlo/eh₂-
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰáwtraH (see there for further descendants)
• *ǵʰu-tlo-
  • Proto-Hellenic: *kʰutlon
    • Ancient Greek: χύτλον (khútlon)
• *ǵʰéw-tro-m, *ǵʰú-tro-m
  • Proto-Hellenic: *kʰútra (pl.)
    • Ancient Greek: χύτρα (khútra)
      • Greek: χύτρα (chýtra)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰáwtram (see there for further descendants)
• *ǵʰéw-tōr ~ *ǵʰu-tr-és
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰáwtā (see there for further descendants)
• Unsorted formations:
  • Proto-Albanian: *j́ūla
    • Albanian: dyllë
  • Proto-Albanian: *guònmi
    • Albanian: gumoj
  • Armenian:
    • Old Armenian: ձեւ (jew) < *ǵʰew-os or *ǵʰew-o-
    • Old Armenian: ձոյլ (joyl) < *ǵʰew-lo-
    • Old Armenian: ձոր (jor) < *ǵʰoworo- < *ǵʰowero-
    • (?) Old Armenian: զուտ (zut) < *ǵʰu-d-o-
    • (?) Old Armenian: ձագար (jagar)
  • Proto-Tocharian: *eñcäuwo (possibly) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Tocharian: *käutk- (see there for further descendants)

ǵʰewd-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Extended from *ǵʰew-.

Root

*PIE roots g

1. to pour

Derived terms

• *ǵʰewd- (root present)
  • Proto-Germanic: *geutaną (see there for further descendants)
• *ǵʰu-ne-d- ~ *ǵʰu-n-d- (nasal-infix present)
  • Proto-Italic: *hundō (see there for further descendants)

ǵʰey-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology 1

Alternative reconstructions

• *ǵʰyem- (only if all derivatives in *ǵʰey-m- can be explained as back-formations)

Root

*PIE roots g

2. winter

Reconstruction notes

The existence of this root is uncertain.

Derived terms

• *ǵʰéy-mn̥ ~ *ǵʰi-mén-s
• *ǵʰéy-ōm ~ *ǵʰi-m-és

Etymology 2

Root

*PIE roots g

2. to drive, propel

Derived terms

• *ǵʰéy-t ~ *ǵʰy-ént (athematic aorist)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háȷ́ʰayt ~ *Háȷ́ʰyant
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háźʰayt ~ *Háźʰyant
      • Sanskrit: अहेम (áhema, 1pl.act.), अह्यन् (ahyan)
• *ǵʰi-néw-ti ~ *ǵʰi-nw-énti (new-present)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰináwti
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰináwti
      • Sanskrit: हिनोति (hinóti)
• *ǵʰoy-éye-ti (eye-causative)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰāyáyati
    • Proto-Iranian: *jāyáyati
      • Avestan: *zāyayaiti
        • ⇒ Younger Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬨𐬌 (frazaiiaiiāmi, 1sg.caus.act.)
• *ǵʰéy-mn̥ ~ *ǵʰi-méns
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰáyma
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰáyma
      • Sanskrit: हेमन् m (hemán, “impulse, zeal, driving”)
    • Proto-Iranian: *jáyma
      • Old Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬉𐬨𐬀𐬥 (zaēman)
• *ǵʰéy-o-s
• *ǵʰó(h₂)y-in-kos
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źṓˀjinkas (see there for further descendants)

Descendants

• Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    • Sanskrit: हि (hi)

gʰreh₁-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative reconstructions

• *ǵʰreh₁-

Root

*PIE roots g

1. to grow (of plants?)

Derived terms

• *gʰroh₁-(y)e-ti (o-grade present)
  • Proto-Germanic: *grōaną (see there for further descendants)
• *gʰroh₁-ni-s
  • Proto-Germanic: *grōniz (see there for further descendants)
• *gʰreh₁-no-s
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *grēˀnas
    • Proto-Slavic: *grěnъ (see there for further descendants)
• *gʰreh₁-wo-
  • Proto-Germanic: *grēwaz (see there for further descendants)
• *gʰr̥h₁-wo-
  • Proto-Italic:
    • Latin: rāvus, grāvastellus (or from *ǵerh₂-?) (see there for further descendants)
• *gʰréh₁-mn̥ ~ *gʰr̥h₁-mén-s or perhaps *gʰréh₁-s-mn̥ ~ *gʰr̥h₁-s-mén-s
  • Proto-Italic: *grāmen or *grazmen
    • Latin: grāmen
• *gʰreh₁-tó-s
  • Proto-Germanic: *grēdaz
    • Old English: grǣd
• Unsorted formations:
  • Anatolian:
    • Hittite: [script needed] (kariyant-, “grass”)
  • Proto-Iranian:
    • Persian: روییدن (ru'idan, “to grow”)
  • Proto-Germanic: *grasą (cannot be directly from *gʰr̥h₁-s-)
  • Proto-Germanic: *grōsō
    • Proto-West Germanic: *grōsu
      • Old Saxon: *grōsa
        • Middle Low German: grôse
      • Old Dutch: *gruosa
        • Middle Dutch: groese
      • Old High German: *gruosa
        • Middle High German: gruose
    • → Proto-Finnic: *rooho (“grass”) (see there for further descendants)
  • Latin: herba

gʰrendʰ-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology 1

Root

*PIE roots g

1. beam, plank

Derived terms

• *gʰrendʰ-is
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: (< *gʰrn̥dʰ-ís)
    • Lithuanian: grindis (“floorboard”)
  • Proto-Germanic: *grindiz (see there for further descendants)
    • ⇒ *grindilaz
      • Proto-West Germanic: *grindil (see there for further descendants)
• *gʰrondʰ-(e)h₂
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *grandā́ˀ
    • Old Prussian: *grandā
      • ⇒ grandico
  • Proto-Italic: *ɣrondā
    • Latin: grunda (perhaps a backformation from suggrunda) (see there for further descendants)
• *gʰrondʰ-il-os
  • Proto-Germanic: *grandilaz
    • Proto-West Germanic: *grandil (see there for further descendants)
• *gʰrn̥dʰ-éh₂
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *grindā́ˀ (see there for further descendants)

See also

• ^?*gʰren- (“front edge, protrusion”)
• Proto-Germanic *grumþuz (“ground”), which apparently points to *gʰrem-

Further reading

• Pokorny, Julius (1959) “ghrendh-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 459–460

Etymology 2

Proposed to be a nasal-infixed dental extension of *gʰer- (“to rub, grind”), or suffixed from *gʰren- as in Ancient Greek χραίνω (khraínō, “to stroke, brush, smear”).

Root

*PIE roots g

1. to grind, rub
2. granule, particle, grain (of sand)
3. lump, mass

Alternative reconstructions

• *gʰrenHdʰ- (laryngeal based on Balto-Slavic accent)
• *gʷʰren(H)dʰ- (labiovelar based on Latin frendō)
• *gʰrend- (based on the Balto-Slavic and Ancient Greek χόνδρος (khóndros) (< *gʰrónd-ro-s?))

Reconstruction notes

Given the variety of conflicting reconstructions and fairly wide semantic range, existence of this root is uncertain.

Derived terms

• *gʰréndʰ-(e)-ti (root present)
  • Proto-Albanian:
    • >? Albanian: grind (“to brawl”) (cf. also gërdhij (“to scratch”) < Proto-Albanian *gradīnja; grij (“to grind, gnaw, cut”) < *grinja)
  • >? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *grenˀd-
    • Lithuanian: grę́sti (“to scrape, scratch”)
  • Proto-Germanic: *grindaną (“to grind”) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Italic:
    • >? Latin: frendō (“to gnash the teeth; to crush to bits”) (see there for further descendants)

• *gʰrendʰ-éh₂
  • Proto-Germanic: *grindō (“gravel, pebbles, sand”) (see there for further descendants)

• *gʰrendʰ-o-
  • Proto-Germanic: *grindaz ~ *grindą
    • Proto-West Germanic: *grind
      • Old Dutch: *grint n
        • Middle Dutch: grint
          • Dutch: grind (“scabies, mange”)
      • Old High German: grint m
        • Middle High German: grint
          • German: Grind (“scab; scurf; (dial.) head”)

• *gʰróndʰ-o-
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: [Term?] m or f
    • >? Proto-Slavic: *grǫdъ m (“heap, lump; hill; breast ?”), *grǫ̀da f
  • Proto-Germanic: *grandą n
    • Proto-West Germanic: *grand
      • Old Saxon:
        • Middle Low German:
          • Low German: grand (“rough sand”)
    • Old Norse: *grand
      • Icelandic: grand n (“grain, particle, little bit”)

• *gʰrondʰ-ō
  • Proto-Germanic: *grandô, *grandǭ
    • Old Norse: grandi (“isthmus”)

Further reading

• Derksen, Rick (2008) “*grǫ̀da; *grǫdъ; *grùda; *grudъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 192

glew-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative reconstructions

• *gleH-u-

Etymology

An extension of *gel- (“to ball up, clump”); compare *gley-.

Root

*PIE roots g

1. to ball up, clump together
2. swelling, lump

Extensions

• *glew-t-
  • ⇒ *gléwt-s (root noun)
    • Proto-Italic: *glouts
      • Latin: glūs
  • ⇒
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
      • Proto-Slavic:
        • Slovene: glûta (“lump, swelling”)
  • ⇒ *glowt-ó-s
    • Proto-Hellenic: *gloutós
      • >? Ancient Greek: γλουτός (gloutós, “rump”) (see there for further descendants)

Derived terms

• *gléw-ō
  • Proto-Germanic: *klewô (“clod, lump, mass”) (see there for further descendants)
• Unsorted formations:
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
      • Sanskrit: ग्लौ (gláu-, “swelling, tumor”)
  • Proto-Italic:
    • Latin: gluo

References

• Pokorny, Julius (1959) “362–364”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 362–364

glewbʰ-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*PIE roots g

1. to split

Derived terms

• *gléwbʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)
  • Proto-Germanic: *kleubaną (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Italic: *glouβō (see there for further descendants)
• *glúbʰ-e-ti (thematic zero-grade root present)
  • Proto-Hellenic: *glúpʰō
    • Ancient Greek: γλύφω (glúphō)
• *glowbʰ-éye-ti (causative)
  • Proto-Germanic: *klaubijaną (see there for further descendants)
• *glewbʰ-m-eh₂
  • Proto-Italic: *glouβ(s)mā
    • Latin: glūma (“husk, chaff”) (see there for further descendants)
• *gléwbʰ-ti-s ~ *glubʰ-téy-s
  • Proto-Germanic: *kluftiz (see there for further descendants)
• *glubʰ-on-
  • Proto-Germanic: *klubô
    • Proto-West Germanic: *klubō
      • Old High German: chlobo
        • Middle High German: klobe
          • Cimbrian: khlóop
          • German: Klobe, Kloben
      • Middle Dutch: clove
        • Dutch: kloof
          • Afrikaans: kloof
          • → English: kloof
          • → Papiamentu: kloof (dated)
  • Old Norse: klofi (“fork of a river”)
• *glu-m-bʰ-o-
  • >? Proto-Slavic: *glǫbòkъ (“deep”)

Unsorted derivations:

• Old English: clufu
  • Middle English: clove, clof, clowe
    • English: clove
    • Scots: clow
• Old Norse: klof (“fissure”)
  • Icelandic: klof (“crotch”)
  • Middle Irish: *clob (“tongs”)
    • Irish: tlú, clobhadh (obsolete)
    • Manx: cloughyn pl
    • Scottish Gaelic: clobha

gley-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*PIE roots g

1. to smear, putty
2. to stick, glue

Alternative reconstructions

• *gleh₁y-
• *gley-

Derived terms

• *gléyH-ti (athematic root present)
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gléiˀtei
    • Lithuanian: gliejù, gliẽti (“to smear, putty”)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gráHiti
    • Proto-Iranian: *gráHitī
      • Khwarezmian: [script needed] (γrcy-, “to roll; to smear with clay”)
• *gli-né-H-ti ~ *gli-n-H-énti (nasal infix present)
  • Proto-Celtic: *glinati (“to glue”)
  • Proto-Germanic: *klinaną (“to smear, stick”) (see there for further descendants)
• *gléyH-neh₂
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gléiˀnāˀ (“clay”) (see there for further descendants)
• *gléyH-n̥ ~ *gliH-én-s
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: γλῑ́νη (glī́nē)
• *gleyH-wéh₂
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gléiˀwāˀ (“slime, fungus”)
    • Latvian: glīve
    • Lithuanian: gleīvės
    • Proto-Slavic: *glìva (“fungus”) (see there for further descendants)
    • → Proto-Finnic: *liiva (“slime”)
  • Proto-Germanic: *klīwō
    • Old High German: klīwa, klīa, klīga
      • Middle High German: klīwe, klīe
        • German: Kleie (“bran”)
• *gléyH-o-s
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gráHyas
    • Proto-Iranian: *gráHyah
      • Shughni: [script needed] (jiray, “pottery clay”)
      • Yidgha: [script needed] (γuroi, “clay, earth, mud”)
• *gl̥Hí-h₂
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: γλία (glía, “glue”)
• *gl̥Hy-ó-s
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    • Proto-Slavic: *glьjь (“clay, loam”) (see there for further descendants)
• *gl̥Hi-t-tó-s
  • Proto-Italic: *glittos
    • Latin: glittus (“sticky, cohesive”)
• *gl̥Hi-t-us
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *glitus
    • Latvian: glits, glîts (“slippery”)
    • Lithuanian: glitùs (“sticky”), (dialectal) glytùs
• *gliH-yó-s
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *griHyás
    • Proto-Iranian: *griHyáh
      • Khwarezmian: [script needed] (γг’h, “clay, dirt”)
      • Khotanese: [script needed] (grīha-)
      • Sogdian: [script needed] (γг’у, “mud, clay, pottery”)
• *gloyH-d-ó-s
  • Proto-Celtic: *gloidos (see there for further descendants)
• *glóyH-mo-s
  • Proto-Germanic: *klaimaz (“clay, mortar”) (see there for further descendants)
    • ⇒ Proto-Germanic: *klaimijaną (“to smear with clay, mortar”) (see there for further descendants)
• *gloyH-ni-s
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gláiˀnis
    • Proto-Slavic: *glěnь (“clay, loam”) (see there for further descendants)
• *glóyH-t-n̥ ~ *gl̥iH-t-én-s (“slime, glue”)
  • Proto-Italic: *gloiten (“clay, mortar”)
    • Latin: glūten (see there for further descendants)
• *glóyH-to-m
  • Proto-Germanic: *klaiþą (see there for further descendants)
• *gloyH-wó-s (“sticky; sticky substance”)
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gláiˀwa
    • Proto-Slavic: *glěvъ (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: γλοιός (gloiós) (< earlier *γλοιϝός (*gloiwós) or *γλοιι̯ός (*gloii̯ós) (for which see below))
• *gloyH-y-ó-s
  • Proto-Germanic: *klajjaz (“clay”) (or from *gloh₁i-wó-s above) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-West Germanic: *klaij (“clay”)
• Unsorted formations:
  • Proto-Albanian: *gleitja (< *gley-t-y-)
    • ⇒ Proto-Albanian: *en-gleitja
      • Albanian: ngjis (“to stick to, glue”)
  • Proto-Albanian: *glitja
    • ⇒ Proto-Albanian: *en-glitja
      • Albanian: ngjit
  • Proto-Anatolian:
    • Lydian: 𐤨𐤷𐤦𐤣𐤠 (kλida, “earth”) (probably)
  • >? Proto-Armenian:
    • Middle Armenian: կաղջին (kaġǰin)

See also

• *glew-

gleybʰ-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Perhaps an extended form of *gley-.

Root

*PIE roots g (imperfective)

1. to stick

Derived terms

• *gléybʰ-e-ti (root present)
  • Proto-Germanic: *klībaną
• *gleybʰ-ye-ti
  • Balto-Slavic:
    • Latvian: gliêbtiês (“to cling”)
• *glibʰ-éh₁ye-ti
  • Proto-Germanic: *klibāną
• *gleybʰ-os
  • Balto-Slavic:
    • Proto-Slavic: *glibъ

ǵneh₃-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*PIE roots g (perfective)

1. to recognise, to know

Derived terms

• *ǵnéh₃-t ~ *ǵn̥h₃-ént (root aorist)
• *ǵn̥h₃-sḱé-ti (sḱe-present)
• *ǵn̥h₃-tó-s
• *ǵn̥-né-h₃-ti ~ *ǵn̥-n-h₃-énti (nasal-infix present)
• *ǵneh₃-dʰl-
  • Proto-Italic: *gnōðlis
    • Latin: nōbilis (see there for further descendants)
• *ǵneh₃-meh₂
  • Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: γνώμη (gnṓmē)
• *ǵnéh₃-mn̥ ~ *ǵn̥h₃-mén-s
  • Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: γνῶμα (gnôma)
      • → Latin: grōma
  • Proto-Slavic: *znàmę (see there for further descendants)
• *ǵnéh₃-mō
  • Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: γνώμων (gnṓmōn)
      • → English: gnomon (or via Latin or a descendant thereof)
      • Greek: γνώμονας (gnómonas)
      • → Latin: gnōmōn (see there for further descendants)
      • → Latin: norma (via Etruscan) (see there for further descendants)
• *ǵneh₃-ri-
  • Proto-Italic: *gnōriā
    • Latin: glōria (see there for further descendants)
• *ǵn̥h₃-ro-
  • Hellenic:
    • ⇒ Ancient Greek: γνώριμος (gnṓrimos) (formed with -ιμος (-imos))
  • Italic: *gnāros, *əngnāros, *əngnārāō, *gnārāō
    • Latin: gnārus, ignārus, ignōrō, nārrō (see there for further descendants)
• *ǵneh₃-ti-
  • Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: γνῶσις (gnôsis)
  • Indo-Iranian:
    • Iranian:
      • Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬥𐬙𐬌 (zainti, “understanding”)
        • → Middle Persian: [script needed] (znt' /⁠Zand⁠/, “Zand of Avesta”)
    • Indic:
      • Sanskrit: ज्ञाति (jñāti)
  • Italic: *gnōtiō
    • Latin: nōtiō (see there for further descendants)
• *ǵn̥h₃-wo-
  • Italic:
    • Latin: gnāvus
• *ǵn̥h₃-yo-m
  • Proto-Germanic: *kunją (“omen”)
    • Old Norse: kyn
      • Icelandic: kyn
    • → Proto-Finnic: *konëh (“magic”) (Pre-Germanic borrowing)
      • Finnish: kone (“machine”)
      • Karelian: koneh
• Unsorted formations:
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źnōˀtei (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Celtic: *gnūstis (“face”)
    • Old Irish: gnúis
      • Irish: gnúis
      • Scottish Gaelic: gnùis
      • Manx: grooish
    • Proto-Brythonic: *gnis
      • Middle Welsh: gnis
  • Proto-Germanic: *knēaną (apparently from *ǵneh₁-, of unknown origin) (see there for further descendants)
  • Sanskrit: ज्ञान (jñāna, “knowledge”)

References

• Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
• Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 373

gʷeh₂-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Perhaps some variation or gradation of *gʷem- seen also on *mendʰ- - *meh₂dʰ-, *med- - *meh₁-/*meh₁d-.

Root

*PIE roots g (perfective)

1. to step
2. to go
3. to stand

Derived terms

• *gʷéh₂-t ~ *gʷh₂-ént (root aorist)
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gā́ˀtei (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Hellenic: *égʷēn
    • Ancient Greek: ἔβην (ébēn)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HágaHt
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HágaHt
      • Sanskrit: अगात् (ágāt)
    • Proto-Iranian: *HágaHt
      • Avestan: 𐬔𐬁𐬝 (gāt̰)
• *gʷí-gʷeh₂-ti ~ *gʷí-gʷh₂-ti (reduplicated present)
  • Proto-Armenian:
    • Old Armenian: կամ (kam)
      • Armenian: կամ (kam), կենալ (kenal) (part of the conjugation)
  • Proto-Hellenic: *gʷígʷāmi
    • Ancient Greek: *βίβημι (*bíbēmi), βιβᾱ́ς (bibā́s) (< *gʷígʷants)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰígaHti
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́ígaHti
      • Sanskrit: जिगाति (jígāti)
• *gʷe-gʷóh₂-e ~ *gʷe-gʷh₂-ḗr (perfect)
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: βεβάασῐ (bebáasĭ, Epic 3pl.), βέβηκᾰ (bébēkă) (reformed as k-perfect)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
      • Sanskrit: जगायात् (jagā́yāt, 3sg.perf.opt.) (possibly a secondary formation)
• *gʷéh₂-ye-ti
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gā́ˀtei (see there for further descendants)
• *gʷh₂-ye-ti
  • Proto-Celtic: *bayeti
    • Old Irish: baïd
• *gʷeh₂-t-eh₁ye-ti
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: (ἀμφισ)βητέω ((amphis)bētéō)
• *gʷoh₂-t-éye-ti
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: (συ)βωτέω ((su)bōtéō) (perhaps)
• *gʷh₂-tós
  • Proto-Celtic: *batos
    • Old Irish: at·bath
    • Old Irish: bath (“death”)
    • Welsh: bad (“pest, plague”)
• *gʷe-gʷ(e)h₂-yo-
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: βέβαιος (bébaios)
• *gʷéh₂-mn̥ ~ *gʷh₂-mén-s
• *gʷoh₂-mós
  • Proto-Hellenic: *gʷōmós
    • Ancient Greek: βωμός (bōmós)
• *gʷéh₂-ti-s ~ *gʷh₂-téy-s
  • Proto-Armenian:
    • Old Armenian: կայ (kay)
      • Armenian: կայք (kaykʻ)

• Unsorted formations:
  • Proto-Armenian:
    • Old Armenian: կամն (kamn, “threshing sledge”)
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: βιβάω (bibáō)
    • Ancient Greek: βιβάζω (bibázō)
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gāˀźas
    • Proto-Slavic: *gazъ (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
      • Sanskrit: जगत् (jágat)
      • Sanskrit: गा (gā, “going”) (as in स्वस्तिगा (svastigā́))
      • Sanskrit: ग (ga) (as in सुग (sugá))

gʷelH-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*PIE roots g

1. to throw, reach, pierce; to hit by throwing

Reconstruction notes

On the basis of Celtic nasal-infix present *balnīti and several Greek derived terms like βέλεμνον (bélemnon, “javelin, dart”) the laryngeal may be reconstructed as *h₁.

Derived terms

• *gʷelH-éti (root present)
  • Armenian:
    • Old Armenian: կեղ (keł, “wound, sore, ulcer”), կեղեմ (kełem, “to torment, torture, afflict”), (possibly) կեղերջ (kełerǰ, “complaint, grievance, pain”)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gráHti
    • Proto-Iranian: *gráHti
      • Avestan: 𐬥𐬌-𐬖𐬭𐬁𐬌𐬭𐬈 (ni-γrāⁱre, “to throw down”)
        • Pashto: غوزارول (γwəzārawə́l, “throw, cause to fall, knock over”)
      • Persian: گرزین (gerzin, “arrow”)
  • Balto-Slavic:
    • Latvian: dzel̂t (“to sting”)
    • Lithuanian: gélti (“to hurt severely”)
  • Proto-Germanic: *kwelaną (see there for further descendants)
• *gʷl̥-né-h₁-ti ~ *gʷl̥-n-h₁-énti (nasal infix present)
  • Proto-Celtic: *balnīti (“to die”) (see there for further descendants)
• *gʷelHtlom or *gʷelHdʰlom
  • Balto-Slavic:
    • Proto-Slavic: *žędlo (< *geldlo) (Vasmer) (see there for further descendants)
• *gʷélH-os
  • Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: βέλος (bélos, “missile”)
• *gʷelH-ón-eh₂
  • Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: βελόνη (belónē)
• *gʷélH-m̥n-o-
  • Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: βέλεμνον (bélemnon)
• *gʷélH-tus
  • Proto-Celtic:
    • Gaulish: belatu- (“death”)
      • Gaulish: Belatucadros (Theonym meaning "beautiful death")
• *gʷelh₁-éh₂-ye-ti
  • Proto-Italic: *gʷelājō or Proto-Italic: *gʷelāō
    • Latin: volō (“to fly”) (possibly)
• *gʷl̥H-id-yé-
  • Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: βαλλίζω (ballízō)
• *gʷl̥H-mn̥
  • Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: βλῆμα (blêma)
• *gʷl̥H-tós
  • Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: βλητός (blētós)
• *gʷl̥H-trom
  • Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: βλῆτρον (blêtron)
• *gʷolH-éye- (causative)
  • Proto-Germanic: *kwaljaną (see there for further descendants)
  • Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: βολέω (boléō)
• *gʷolH-mos
  • Proto-West Germanic: *kwalm (see there for further descendants)
• *gʷόlH-os
  • possibly Proto-Balto-Slavic: *galas
    • Latvian: gals (“tip, end; death”)
    • Lithuanian: gãlas (“tip, end; death”)
    • Old Prussian: gallan (acc.), golis (“death”)
  • Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: βόλος (bólos)
• Unsorted formations:
  • Balto-Slavic:
    • Lithuanian: gėlà (“acute pain”)
    • Slavic:
      • Old East Slavic: жель (želĭ)
      • → Latvian: žēl
      • → Russian: жаль (žalʹ)
  • Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: βάλλω (bállō), βολή (bolḗ), βολίς (bolís)
  • Indo-Iranian:
    • Indo-Aryan:
      • Sanskrit: उद्गूर्ण (udgūrṇa)

References

• http://qamosona.com/G/index.php/term/,6f57b19b61545aaf9b9ea5afac5f61ab.xhtml

gʷelh₂-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*PIE roots g

1. acorn

Derived terms

• *gʷelh₂-gʷl̥h₂ (reduplication)
  • Proto-Albanian: *gāgul
    • Albanian: gogël
• *gʷelh₂-ond⁽ʰ⁾-is
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gelandis
    • Proto-Slavic: *želǫdь (see there for further descendants)
• *gʷl̥h₂-nd⁽ʰ⁾-is
  • Proto-Italic: *glānts < *gʷlānds
    • Latin: glāns (see there for further descendants)
• *gʷl̥h₂-eh₁
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gīlˀē
    • Latvian: zīle
    • Lithuanian: gìlė̃, gỹlė̃
    • Old Prussian: gile
• *gʷĺ̥h₂-nos or *gʷl̥h₂-enos
  • Proto-Armenian:
    • Old Armenian: կաղին (kałin)
      • Armenian: կաղին (kaġin)
  • Proto-Hellenic: *gʷə́lanos
    • Ancient Greek: βᾰ́λᾰνος (bắlănos)
• *dyew-gʷl̥h₂-eno- (“divine acorn”)
  • Proto-Armenian: *tukułin ← *tukałin
    • Old Armenian:
      • Armenian: տկողին (tkoġin, “hazelnut”)
  • Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: Διὸς βάλᾰνος (Diòs bálănos), διοσβάλᾰνος (diosbálănos, “sweet chestnut”)
  • Proto-Italic: *djouglānts
    • Latin: iūglāns (see there for further descendants)
• Unsorted formations:
  • Indo-Iranian:
    • Indo-Aryan:
      • >? Sanskrit: गुल (gula, “glans penis, clitoris”) (see there for further descendants)

gʷem-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Perhaps some variation or gradation of *gʷeh₂- seen also on *mendʰ- - *meh₂dʰ-, *med- - *meh₁-/*meh₁d-.

Root

*PIE roots g (perfective)

1. to step

Derived terms

• *gʷém-t ~ *gʷm-ént (athematic root aorist)
• *gʷe-gʷóm-e ~ *gʷe-gʷm-ḗr (stative)
• *gʷm̥-sḱé-ti (sḱe-present)
• *gʷm̥-yé-ti (ye-present)
  • Proto-Hellenic: *gʷəňňō (see there for further descendants)
    • ⇒ Proto-Hellenic: *gʷətʰmós (+ action noun suffix *-tʰmós)
      • Ancient Greek: βαθμός (bathmós, “step”)
  • Proto-Italic: *gʷənjō (< earlier *gʷəmjō) (see there for further descendants)
• *gʷom-éye-ti (éye-causative)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gāmáyati
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gāmáyati
      • Vedic Sanskrit: गामय (gāmaya, 2sg.impv.)
        • ⇒ Sanskrit: गमयति (gamáyati)
    • Proto-Iranian: *ǰāmáyati (see there for further descendants)
• *gʷém-ti-s ~ *gʷm̥-téy-s
• *gʷém-tu-s ~ *gʷm̥-téw-s
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gántuš
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gántuṣ
      • Sanskrit: गन्तु (gántu, “walk, road”)
  • Proto-Italic: *gʷentus
    • Latin: ventus
• *gʷm̥-tó-s
• Unsorted formations:
  • Proto-Albanian: *gat
    • Albanian: gati
  • Armenian:
    • Old Armenian: եկ (ek)
      • Armenian: եկ (ek)
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    • Old Prussian: gemton (“to give birth (to)”)
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    • Lithuanian: gỹmis (“birth; nature; face”)
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    • Lithuanian: giminė̃ (“family, kin; genus; gender; (dial.) relative”)
      • → Latvian: ģimene
    • Sudovian: gimna (“family; uncles, their wives”)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ga-t-s (verbal root noun)
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
      • Sanskrit: गत् (gat) (as in अध्वगत् (adhvagát))

Descendants

• Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    • Sanskrit: गम् (gam)
• Proto-Tocharian: *kʷäm-
  • Tocharian A: kum-
  • Tocharian B: käm-

gʷerH-

See also: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʷerh₃- and Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʷerh₂-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*PIE roots g

1. to express approval; praise
2. to elevate

Derived terms

• *gʷérH-e-ti (thematic root present)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰáratay
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́áratay
      • Sanskrit: जरते (járate)
    • Proto-Iranian: *ǰáratay
      • Persian: پراچی جر (parâči jar-)
• *gʷr̥-né-H-ti ~ *gʷr̥-n-H-én-ti (nasal-infix present)
  • Proto-Celtic: *barnati (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gr̥náHti
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gr̥náHti
      • Sanskrit: गृणाति (gṛṇā́ti)
    • Proto-Iranian: *gr̥náHti
      • Younger Avestan: 𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬌 𐬔𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬈 (auui gərəṇte)
• *gʷer-s-
  • Proto-Albanian: *griś
    • Albanian: grish
• *gʷr̥H-yé-ti (zero-grade ye-present)
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *girˀtei
    • Latvian: dzir̃u
    • Lithuanian: gìrti
    • Old Prussian: girtwei
    • Proto-Slavic: *žьrti, *žerti; *žьrtva; *žьrьcь (see there for further descendants)
  • *gʷr̥Hdʰh₁-é-ti
    • Armenian:
      • Old Armenian: կարդամ (kardam)
    • *gʷr̥Hdʰh₁-éye-ti
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gr̥HdʰHáyati
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gr̥HdʰHáyati
          • Sanskrit: गूर्धया (gūrdhayā, “to praise”, 2sg.impv.)
    • *gʷr̥dʰh₁-ó-s
      • Proto-Celtic: *bardos (“poet, bard”) (see there for further descendants)
• *gʷr̥H-sḱé-ti (zero-grade sḱe-inchoative)
  • Proto-Albanian: *grah
    • Albanian: grah

• (perhaps) *gʷerH-os
  • Balto-Slavic:
    • Lithuanian: gẽras
• *gʷérH-tis ~ *gʷr̥H-téy-
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gr̥Htíš
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gr̥Htíṣ
      • Sanskrit: गूर्ति (gūrtí)
  • >? Proto-Italic: *gʷrāt(i)s (see there for further descendants)
• *gʷérH-tus ~ *gʷr̥H-téw-
  • Proto-Celtic: *brātus (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Italic: *grātu-
    • Latin: grātuītus
• *gʷorH-eh₂
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *garā́ˀ (see there for further descendants)
  • Ancient Greek: Βορέᾱς (Boréās, “north”)
• *gʷorH-no-
  • Balto-Slavic:
    • Proto-Slavic: *gornъ, *gorno
      • Old Church Slavonic: гранъ (granŭ), грано (grano)
      • Czech: hrany
      • Slovak: hrana
      • Sorbian:

        Upper Sorbian: hrono

        Lower Sorbian: grono

• *gʷr̥H-tós
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gr̥Htás
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gr̥Htás
      • Sanskrit: गूर्त (gūrtá)
  • Proto-Italic: *gʷrātos
    • Latin: grātus; grātia, grātiīs/grātīs (see there for further descendants)
    • Oscan: βρατωμ (bratōm) (in the neuter)
    • Paelignian: bratom (in the neuter)
• *gʷérH-tōr ~ *gʷr̥H-tr-és (“praiser”)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰarHtā́
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *jarHtā́
      • Sanskrit: जरिता (jaritā́)
    • Proto-Iranian: *ǰarHtā́
      • Avestan: 𐬀𐬌𐬠𐬍-𐬘𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬙𐬁 (aⁱbī-jar^ətā), 𐬀𐬌𐬠𐬌-𐬘𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬙𐬁 (aⁱbi-jar^ətā, “praiser; one who welcomes”).

gʷerh₃-

See also: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʷerH-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*PIE roots g

1. to swallow, devour, eat

Derived terms

• *gʷérh₃-e-ti (thematic root present)
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gerˀtei (“to glut; to drink”) (see there for further descendants)

• *gʷérh₃-t ~ *gʷr̥h₃-ént (athematic root aorist)
  • Proto-Albanian: *engranti
    • Albanian: hangër (Gheg)
    • Albanian: ngrënë, ngranë (Tosk) (past participles of ha)
  • Proto-Armenian:
    • Old Armenian: եկեր (eker, 3sg.)
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Epic Greek: ἔβρως (ébrōs, 2sg.aor.) (with generalized zero-grade)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
      • Sanskrit: गरन् (garan, 3pl.inj.act.) (thematized from strong stem)

• *gʷe-gʷórh₃-e ~ *gʷe-gʷr̥h₃-ḗr (reduplicated stative)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰagárHa
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́agárHa
      • Sanskrit: जगार (jagā́ra)

• *gʷorh₃-éye-ti (eye-causative)
  • Proto-Italic: *gʷorō (or denominal from *gʷorā < *gʷorh₃-éh₂)
    • >? Latin: vorō (“to swallow, devour”) (see there for further descendants)

• *gʷr̥h₃-é-ti ("tudati"-type thematic root)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gr̥Háti
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gr̥Háti
      • Sanskrit: गिरति (giráti)
    • Proto-Iranian:
      • Khwarezmian: [script needed] (n-ɣr-, “to swallow down”)

• *gʷr̥h₃-néh₂-ti (neh₂-iterative)
  • Proto-Germanic: *kurrōną
    • ⇒? Proto-Germanic: *kwerraną (“to devour, glut”) (see there for further descendants)

• *gʷr̥h₃-sḱé-ti (sḱe-present)
  • Proto-Hellenic: *gʷrṓskō
    • Ancient Greek: *βρώσκω (*brṓskō) (as in ἀναβρώσκων (anabrṓskōn); probably a later formation)
      • ⇒? Ancient Greek: βιβρώσκω (bibrṓskō, “to eat, digest”) (see there for further descendants)

• *gʷérh₃-tlo-m
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gerˀtlá (“throat”) (see there for further descendants)

• *gʷorh₃-éh₂
  • Proto-Hellenic: *gʷorā́
    • Ancient Greek: βορά (borá, “fodder”)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *garáH
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *garáH
      • Sanskrit: गरा (garā́)

• *gʷórh₃-o-s
  • Proto-Hellenic: *gʷóros
    • Ancient Greek: βόρος (bóros, “swallowing”)

• *gʷorh₃-ó-s
  • Proto-Armenian:
    • Armenian: կեր (ker)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *garHás
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *garHás
      • Sanskrit: गर (gará, “fluid, beverage”)

• *gʷo-gʷorh₃-tro-m
  • Proto-Armenian:
    • Armenian: կոկորդ (kokord, “throat”)

• *gʷr̥h₃-ont-s
  • ⇒ Proto-Albanian: *engranti
    • Albanian: ngrënë
      • ⇒ Albanian: hangër

• *gʷr̥h₃-nó-s
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gr̥Hnás
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gr̥Hnás
      • Sanskrit: गीर्ण (gīrṇá, “swallowed, devoured”)

• *gʷr̥h₃-tló-m
  • Proto-Albanian: *gritlā
    • >? Albanian: grellë (“deep place”)
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gúrˀtla (“throat”) (see there for further descendants)

• *gʷr̥h₃-tó-s
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    • Lithuanian: gìrtas (“drunk, intoxicated”)
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: βρωτός (brōtós)

Unsorted formations:

• Avestan: 𐬔𐬀𐬭𐬋 f (garō, “throats”, nom./acc.pl.)
• Avestan: 𐬀𐬯𐬞𐬋𐬔𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬨 (aspōgar^əm, “who swallows horses”, acc.sg.)

Descendants

• Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    • Sanskrit: गॄ (gṝ)

gʷeyh₃-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*PIE roots g

1. to live

Alternative reconstructions

• *gʷyeh₃-

Derived terms

• *gʷéyh₃-ti ~ *gʷih₃-énti (athematic root present)
  • Proto-Hellenic: *gʷéyomai (subj.)
    • Epic Greek: βείομαι (beíomai), βέομαι (béomai, future verb of βιόω (bióō))
• *gʷoyh₃-éye-ti (causative)
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gájīˀtei
    • Proto-Slavic: *gojìti (see there for further descendants)
• *gʷih₃-wó-s (“alive, living”) (whence possibly *gʷíh₃weti)
• *gʷóyh₃-o-s
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gajas
    • Proto-Slavic: *gȍjь (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
      • Sanskrit: गय (gáya)
    • Proto-Iranian:
      • Avestan: 𐬔𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀 (gaiia)
• *gʷeyh₃-to-m
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *géiˀta (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Celtic: *beitom (see there for further descendants)
• *gʷih₃-téh₂
  • Proto-Italic: *gʷītā (see there for further descendants)
• *gʷih₃-tis
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    • Proto-Slavic:
      • Old Church Slavonic: жить (žitĭ, “life”)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
    • Proto-Iranian:
      • Avestan: 𐬘𐬍𐬙𐬌 (jīti, “life”)
• *gʷih₃-ró-s
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
      • Sanskrit: जीर (jīrá, “quick”)
    • Proto-Iranian:
      • Avestan: 𐬘𐬌𐬭𐬀 (jira)

Unsorted formations

• Proto-Albanian: *džita
  • Albanian: nxit, zit
• Armenian:
  • Old Armenian: կեամ (keam)
• Hellenic:
  • Ancient Greek: ὑγιής (hugiḗs)
• Italic:
  • Latin: iūgis

References

• Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

gʷʰedʰ-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*PIE roots g

1. to request, pray, ask for

Derived terms

• *gʷʰédʰ-ye-ti (ye-present)
• *gʷʰodʰ-éye-ti
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰādʰáyati
    • Proto-Iranian: *gādáyati
• *gʷʰ-ne-dʰ- ~ *gʷʰ-n̥-dʰ- (nasal-infix present)
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gend-
    • Lithuanian: gedáuti, gedė́ti, pasigèsti (“to miss”) (1p. pres. pasigendù)
    • Proto-Slavic: *žę̄dàti, *žęďati (see there for further descendants)
• *gʷʰédʰ-ti-s ~ *gʷʰdʰ-téy-s
  • Proto-Celtic: *gʷeddis
    • Proto-Brythonic:
      • Welsh: gweddi
    • Old Irish: geiss (“curse, taboo”)
      • Irish: geis
• *gʷʰedʰ-eh₂
  • Proto-Germanic: *bedō (“request, plea”) (see there for further descendants)
• *gʷʰedʰ-yeh₂
  • Proto-Celtic: *gʷedyā
    • Old Irish: guide (“prayer”)
      • Irish: guí
      • Manx: gwee (“curse, imprecation”)
      • Scottish Gaelic: guidhe
• *gʷʰodʰ-os
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
    • Sanskrit: गाध (gādha, “desire, cupidity”) (only in glossaries)
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: πόθος (póthos)

Unsorted formations

• Proto-Armenian:
  • Old Armenian: գոթի (gotʻi, “worship, sorcery”) (?)
• Proto-Hellenic:
  • ποθή (pothḗ), ποθέω (pothéō), θέσσασθαι (théssasthai) (< gʷʰedʰ-s-)

References

• Pokorny, Julius (1959) “488”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 488
• Derksen, Rick (2008) “*žę̄dàti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 560
• Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 217

gʷʰen-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*PIE roots g (imperfective)

1. to strike, slay, kill

Derived terms

• *gʷʰén-ti ~ *gʷʰn-énti (athematic root present)
• *gʷʰén-dʰh₁e-ti (dʰh₁-present)
  • Proto-Italic: *fendō (or < *gʷʰn̥dʰi (“strike!”, pr.ipv.sg.))
    • Latin: *fendō
      • ⇒ Latin: dēfendō (see there for further descendants)
      • ⇒ Latin: offendō (see there for further descendants)
• *gʷʰén-ye-ti (ye-present)
  • Proto-Albanian: *jaga
    • Proto-Albanian: *jāgnja
      • Albanian: gjuaj
  • Armenian:
    • Old Armenian: ջնջեմ (ǰnǰem) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *genˀtei
    • Latvian: dzenêt
    • Lithuanian: genė́ti (“to lop, to trim”)
    • Proto-Slavic: *žę̀ti (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Hellenic: *kʷʰéňňō
    • Ancient Greek: θείνω (theínō, “to strike”)
• *gʷʰn̥-sḱé-ti (sḱe-present)
  • Proto-Anatolian: *gʷənsḱéti
    • Hittite: 𒆪𒀸𒆠- (ku-aš-ke-), 𒆪𒉿𒀸𒆠- (ku-wa-aš-ke- /⁠kʷəské-⁠/)
  • Proto-Tocharian: *käsk-
    • Tocharian B: käsk-
• *gʷʰe-gʷʰón-e ~ gʷʰe-gʷʰn-ḗr (perfect)
  • Proto-Celtic:
    • Old Irish: geguin
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: πέφαται (péphatai)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰagʰā́na ~ ǰʰagʰnŕ̥š
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́agʰā́na ~ ȷ́agʰnŕ̥ṣ
      • Sanskrit: जघान (jaghā́na), जघ्नुर् (jaghnúr)
    • Proto-Iranian: *ǰagā́na ~ *ǰagnŕ̥š
      • Avestan: 𐬘𐬀𐬖𐬥𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬵 (jaγnuuah)
• *gʷʰon-éye-ti (causative)
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gánīˀtei
    • Latvian: ganît
    • Lithuanian: ganýti
    • Proto-Slavic: *gonìti (see there for further descendants)
• *gʷʰé-gʷʰn-e-t (reduplicated aorist)
  • Proto-Hellenic: *kʷʰékʷʰnon
    • Ancient Greek: ἔπεφνον (épephnon, “to slay”)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰágʰnat
    • Proto-Iranian: *ǰágnat
      • Avestan: 𐬥𐬌𐬘𐬀𐬖𐬥𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬈 (nijaγnəṇte, 3pl.pres.mid.ind.), 𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬘𐬀𐬖𐬥𐬀𐬝 (auuajaγnat̰, 3sg.pres.inj.)
• *gʷʰén-ti-s ~ *gʷʰn̥-téy-s (“striking, beating”)
• *gʷʰn̥-tó-s (“slain, killed”)
  • Proto-Hellenic: *kʷʰətós (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰatás (see there for further descendants)
• *gʷʰn̥-tr-éh₂
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰatráH
    • Proto-Iranian: *ǰaθráH (“poison”) (see there for further descendants)
• *gʷʰn̥-tr-íh₂
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰatríH
    • Proto-Iranian: *ǰaθríH (“thorn, prickle”)
• *gʷʰón-o-s
• *gʷʰon-ó-s
• *gʷʰón-ō
  • Proto-Germanic: *banô (“murderer”) (see there for further descendants)
• *gʷʰon-éh₂
  • Proto-Germanic: *banō (“cleared path; battlefield”) (see there for further descendants)
• *gʷʰón-yeh₂
  • Proto-Germanic: *banjō (“wound”) (see there for further descendants)
• *gʷʰón-i ~ *gʷʰn̥-y-és
  • Proto-Celtic: *gʷoni (see there for further descendants)
• *gʷʰón-i-s ~ *gʷʰn̥-y-és
  • Armenian:
    • Old Armenian: գան (gan), գանեմ (ganem)
• *gʷʰén-tōr ~ *gʷʰn̥-tr-és (“one who strikes, kills”)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰantā́
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰantā́
      • Sanskrit: हन्तृ (hantṛ, “killer, slayer”)
    • Proto-Iranian: *ǰantā́
      • Avestan: 𐬘𐬀𐬧𐬙𐬀𐬭 (jaṇtar, “one who strikes”)
      • Old Persian: [Term?] (/⁠jaⁿtar⁠/, “one who strikes”)

Descendants

• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰan-
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    • Sanskrit: हन् (han, “to kill” (root))
  • Proto-Iranian:
    • Persian: زَن (zan, “strike, beat”)

gʷʰer-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*PIE roots g

1. to be warm
2. to become warm

Derived terms

• *gʷʰér-e-ti (thematic root present)
  • Proto-Albanian: *džera, *džernja
    • Albanian: ziej
  • Proto-Celtic: *gʷereti (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Hellenic: *kʷʰérō
    • Ancient Greek: θέρω (thérō), θέρομαι (théromai)

• *gʷʰe-gʷʰór-e ~ *gʷʰe-gʷʰr-ḗr (reduplicated stative)
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *garḗˀtei (see there for further descendants)

• *gʷʰi-gʷʰér-ti ~ *gʷʰi-gʷʰr-énti (i-reduplicated athematic present)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰigʰárti
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́igʰárti
      • Sanskrit: जिघर्ति (jighárti)

• *gʷʰor-éye-ti (eye-causative)

• *gʷʰr-éh₁-(ye)-ti (eh₁(ye)-stative)
  • Proto-Albanian: *grāja
    • Albanian: ngroh
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *grḗˀtei
    • Proto-Slavic: *grěti (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Hellenic: *kʷʰeréyō
    • Ancient Greek: θερέω (theréō)

• *gʷʰr̥-néw-ti ~ *gʷʰr̥-nw-énti (new-present)
  • Proto-Armenian:
    • Old Armenian: ջեռնում (ǰeṙnum), ջեռանիմ (ǰeṙanim), ջեռիմ (ǰeṙim)
  • >? Proto-Germanic: *brinnaną (perhaps via *gʷʰrn̥w- > *brunw- followed by reanalysis of the ablaut) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰr̥náwti
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gʰr̥ṇáwti
      • Sanskrit: घृणोति (ghṛṇóti)

• *gʷʰér-mn̥ ~ *gʷʰr̥-méns (“warmth, heat”)

• *gʷʰér-os (“heat; warm weather”)

• *gʷʰór-o-s
  • Proto-Celtic: *gʷoros (“brooding; pus”) (see there for further descendants)

• *gʷʰr̥-nó-s (“warm”)
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gurnas
    • Proto-Slavic: *gъrnъ (“furnace, cauldron”), *gъrno (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰr̥nás
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gʰr̥ṇás
      • Sanskrit: घृण (ghṛṇá, “heat”) (see there for further descendants)

gʷreh₂-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative reconstructions

• *gʷerh₂-

Root

*PIE roots g (adjectival)

1. heavy

   Antonym: *h₁lengʷʰ-

Derived terms

• *gʷréh₂-u-s ~ *gʷr̥h₂-éw-s
• *gʷréh₂-mr̥ ~ *gʷr̥h₂-méns
  • Proto-Tocharian: *krāmär
    • Tocharian A: *krāmär
      • ⇒ Tocharian A: krāmärts
    • Tocharian B: krāmär
• *gʷréh₂-mō ~ *gʷr̥h₂-m̥nés
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gárHmā
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gárHmā
      • Sanskrit: गरिमन् (gariman), गरिमा (garimā, nom.sg.)
• *gʷr̥h₂-smh₂-ós (+ *semh₂-)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gr̥Hsmás
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gr̥Hsmás
      • Sanskrit: ग्रीष्म (grīṣmá, “summer”) (see there for further descendants)