Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʷerh₃-

See also: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʷerH-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*gʷerh₃-^[1]^[2]

to swallow, devour, eat

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *gʷerh₃- (18 c, 0 e)

*gʷérh₃-e-ti (thematic root present)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gerˀtei (“to glut; to drink”) (see there for further descendants)

*gʷérh₃-t ~ *gʷr̥h₃-ént (athematic root aorist)^[3]
- Proto-Albanian: *engranti^[4]^[5]
  - Albanian: hangër (Gheg)
  - Albanian: ngrënë, ngranë (Tosk) (past participles of ha)
- Proto-Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: եկեր (eker, 3sg.)
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Epic Greek: ἔβρως (ébrōs, 2sg.aor.) (with generalized zero-grade)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit: गरन् (garan, 3pl.inj.act.)^[6] (thematized from strong stem)

*gʷe-gʷórh₃-e ~ *gʷe-gʷr̥h₃-ḗr (reduplicated stative)^[2]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰagárHa
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́agárHa
    - Sanskrit: जगार (jagā́ra)

*gʷorh₃-éye-ti (eye-causative)^[2]
- Proto-Italic: *gʷorō^[7] (or denominal from *gʷorā < *gʷorh₃-éh₂)
  - >? Latin: vorō (“to swallow, devour”) (see there for further descendants)

*gʷr̥h₃-é-ti ("tudati"-type thematic root)^[2]^[8]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gr̥Háti
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gr̥Háti
    - Sanskrit: गिरति (giráti)
  - Proto-Iranian:
    - Khwarezmian: [script needed] (n-ɣr-, “to swallow down”)^[9]

*gʷr̥h₃-néh₂-ti (neh₂-iterative)
- Proto-Germanic: *kurrōną
  - ⇒? Proto-Germanic: *kwerraną (“to devour, glut”) (see there for further descendants)

*gʷr̥h₃-sḱé-ti (sḱe-present)^[2]
- Proto-Hellenic: *gʷrṓskō
  - Ancient Greek: *βρώσκω (*brṓskō) (as in ἀναβρώσκων (anabrṓskōn); probably a later formation^[10])
    - ⇒? Ancient Greek: βιβρώσκω (bibrṓskō, “to eat, digest”) (see there for further descendants)

*gʷérh₃-tlo-m
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gerˀtlá (“throat”) (see there for further descendants)

*gʷorh₃-éh₂
- Proto-Hellenic: *gʷorā́
  - Ancient Greek: βορά (borá, “fodder”)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *garáH
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *garáH
    - Sanskrit: गरा (garā́)

*gʷórh₃-o-s
- Proto-Hellenic: *gʷóros
  - Ancient Greek: βόρος (bóros, “swallowing”)

*gʷorh₃-ó-s^[1]^[3]
- Proto-Armenian:
  - Armenian: կեր (ker)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *garHás
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *garHás
    - Sanskrit: गर (gará, “fluid, beverage”)

*gʷo-gʷorh₃-tro-m^[3]
- Proto-Armenian:
  - Armenian: կոկորդ (kokord, “throat”)

*gʷr̥h₃-ont-s
- ⇒ Proto-Albanian: *engranti
  - Albanian: ngrënë
    - ⇒ Albanian: hangër

*gʷr̥h₃-nó-s
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gr̥Hnás
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gr̥Hnás
    - Sanskrit: गीर्ण (gīrṇá, “swallowed, devoured”)

*gʷr̥h₃-tló-m^[11]^[12]
- Proto-Albanian: *gritlā^[12]
  - >? Albanian: grellë (“deep place”)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gúrˀtla (“throat”) (see there for further descendants)

*gʷr̥h₃-tó-s
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Lithuanian: gìrtas (“drunk, intoxicated”)
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: βρωτός (brōtós)

Unsorted formations:

Avestan: 𐬔𐬀𐬭𐬋 f (garō, “throats”, nom./acc.pl.)
Avestan: 𐬀𐬯𐬞𐬋𐬔𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬨 (aspōgar^əm, “who swallows horses”, acc.sg.)

Descendants

Proto-Indo-Iranian:
- Proto-Indo-Aryan:
  - Sanskrit: गॄ (gṝ)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Pokorny, Julius (1959) “g^u̯er-, g^u̯erə-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 404
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*g^u̯erh₃-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 211-212
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) “ker-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, pages 359-360
^ Orel, Vladimir E. (2000) A concise historical grammar of the Albanian language: reconstruction of Proto-Albanian‎^[1], Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 215
^ Demiraj, B. (1997) “ngrënë”, in Albanische Etymologien: Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz [Albanian Etymologies: […]] (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 7)‎^[2] (in German), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, page 297
^ Lubotsky, Alexander (2011) The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University, page 206
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “vorō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 690
^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*kwerþra-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[3], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 318
^ Kümmel, Martin Joachim (2011–2024) Addenda und Corrigenda zu LIV²‎^[4], page 29
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “βιβρώσκω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 213-4
^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*gъ̀rdlo”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 198: “n. o (a) ‘throat’”
↑ ^12.0 ^12.1 Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “grellë”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 122: “IE *g^u̯r̥tlom”

[IEW-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Pokorny, Julius (1959) “g^u̯er-, g^u̯erə-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 404

[LIV-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*g^u̯erh₃-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 211-212

[Martirosyan-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) “ker-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, pages 359-360

[4] Orel, Vladimir E. (2000) A concise historical grammar of the Albanian language: reconstruction of Proto-Albanian‎^[1], Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 215

[5] Demiraj, B. (1997) “ngrënë”, in Albanische Etymologien: Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz [Albanian Etymologies: […]] (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 7)‎^[2] (in German), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, page 297

[6] Lubotsky, Alexander (2011) The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University, page 206

[7] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “vorō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 690

[Kroonen_kwerþra-8] Guus Kroonen (2013) “*kwerþra-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[3], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 318

[9] Kümmel, Martin Joachim (2011–2024) Addenda und Corrigenda zu LIV²‎^[4], page 29

[10] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “βιβρώσκω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 213-4

[11] Derksen, Rick (2008) “*gъ̀rdlo”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 198: “n. o (a) ‘throat’”

[Orel-12] 12.0 ^12.1 Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “grellë”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 122: “IE *g^u̯r̥tlom”

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