Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/krēaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *gerh₂- (“to cry hoarsely”).^[1]^[2]

Verb

*krēaną

(West Germanic) to crow, shout

Inflection

Conjugation of *krēaną (strong class 7d)

present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*krēō	*krēaų	—	*krēai	?
2nd singular	*krēizi	*krēaiz	*krē	*krēazai	*krēaizau
3rd singular	*krēidi	*krēai	*krēadau	*krēadai	*krēaidau
1st dual	*krēōz	*krēaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*krēadiz	*krēaidiz	*krēadiz	—	—
1st plural	*krēamaz	*krēaim	—	*krēandai	*krēaindau
2nd plural	*krēid	*krēaid	*krēid	*krēandai	*krēaindau
3rd plural	*krēandi	*krēain	*krēandau	*krēandai	*krēaindau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*kekrē	*kekrēį̄
2nd singular	*kekrēt	*kekrēīz
3rd singular	*kekrē	*kekrēī
1st dual	*kekrēū	*kekrēīw
2nd dual	*kekrēudiz	*kekrēīdiz
1st plural	*kekrēum	*kekrēīm
2nd plural	*kekrēud	*kekrēīd
3rd plural	*kekrēun	*kekrēīn

	present	past
participles	*krēandz	*krēanaz

Derived terms

*krēǭ

Related terms

*krīskaną

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *krāan, *krājan
- Old English: crāwan
  - Middle English: crawen, crowen
    - Scots: craw
    - English: crow
- Old Saxon: krāian
  - Middle Low German: kreien
- Old Dutch: crāien
  - Middle Dutch: crâyen
    - Dutch: kraaien
- Old High German: krāen
  - Middle High German: kraen
    - German: krähen
    - Luxembourgish: kréien

References

^ Wolfgang Pfeifer, editor (1993), “krähen”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Deutschen (in German), 2nd edition, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN
^ “crow”, in The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 5th edition, Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2016, →ISBN.

[1] Wolfgang Pfeifer, editor (1993), “krähen”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Deutschen (in German), 2nd edition, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN

[2] “crow”, in The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 5th edition, Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2016, →ISBN.

[1]

[2]