Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/krēaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *gerh₂- (“to cry hoarsely”). (This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Any direct-from-research sources? Either way, seems sound-symbolic.”)

Verb

*krēaną

1. (West Germanic) to crow, shout

Inflection

Conjugation of *krēaną (strong class 7d)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*krēō	*krēaų	—	*krēai	?
2nd singular	*krēizi	*krēaiz	*krē	*krēazai	*krēaizau
3rd singular	*krēidi	*krēai	*krēadau	*krēadai	*krēaidau
1st dual	*krēōz	*krēaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*krēadiz	*krēaidiz	*krēadiz	—	—
1st plural	*krēamaz	*krēaim	—	*krēandai	*krēaindau
2nd plural	*krēid	*krēaid	*krēid	*krēandai	*krēaindau
3rd plural	*krēandi	*krēain	*krēandau	*krēandai	*krēaindau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*kekrē	*kekrēį̄
2nd singular	*kekrēt	*kekrēīz
3rd singular	*kekrē	*kekrēī
1st dual	*kekrēū	*kekrēīw
2nd dual	*kekrēudiz	*kekrēīdiz
1st plural	*kekrēum	*kekrēīm
2nd plural	*kekrēud	*kekrēīd
3rd plural	*kekrēun	*kekrēīn
	present	past
participles	*krēandz	*krēanaz

Derived terms

• *krēǭ

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *krāan, *krājan
  • Old English: crāwan
    • Middle English: crawen, crowen
      • Scots: craw
      • English: crow
  • Old Saxon: krāian
    • Middle Low German: kreien
  • Old Dutch: crāien
    • Middle Dutch: crâyen
      • Dutch: kraaien
  • Old High German: krāen
    • Middle High German: kraen
      • German: krähen
      • Luxembourgish: kréien