Appendix:Meänkieli Swadesh list

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This is a Swadesh list of words in Meänkieli, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

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For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

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No. English Meänkieli
Meänkieli
1 I mie
2 you (singular) sie
3 he, she, it hään, se
4 we met
5 you (plural) tet
6 they het
7 this tämä
8 that tuo
9 here tässä
10 there sielä
11 who ken
12 what mikä
13 where missä
14 when millon
15 how kunka
16 not älä
17 all kaikki
18 many monet
19 some jokkut
20 few muutama
21 other muu
22 one yks
23 two kaks
24 three kolme
25 four neljä
26 five viis
27 big iso
28 long pitkä
29 wide leveä
30 thick paksu
31 heavy raskas
32 small pieni
33 short lyhyt
34 narrow kapea
35 thin ohut
36 woman nainen
37 man (adult male) mies
38 man (human being) ihminen
39 child kläppi, lapsi
40 wife vaimo
41 husband mies, aviomies
42 mother mamma, äiti
43 father pappa, isä
44 animal elläin
45 fish kala
46 bird lintu
47 dog koira
48 louse täi
49 snake käärme
50 worm mato
51 tree puu
52 forest mettä
53 stick keppi
54 fruit heelmä
55 seed siemen
56 leaf lehti
57 root juuri
58 bark (of a tree) kuori
59 flower kukka
60 grass ruoho
61 rope köysi
62 skin iho
63 meat liha
64 blood veri
65 bone luu
66 fat (noun) fetti
67 egg muna
68 horn sarvi
69 tail häntä
70 feather sulka
71 hair tukka
72 head pää
73 ear korva
74 eye silmä
75 nose nenä
76 mouth suu
77 tooth hammas
78 tongue (organ) kieli
79 fingernail kynsi
80 foot jalka
81 leg sääri
82 knee polvi
83 hand käsi
84 wing siipi
85 belly vatta
86 guts suolet
87 neck kaula
88 back selkä
89 breast rinta
90 heart syän
91 liver maksa
92 to drink juua
93 to eat syyä
94 to bite purra
95 to suck imeä
96 to spit sylkeä
97 to vomit oksentaa
98 to blow puhaltaa
99 to breathe hengittää
100 to laugh nauraa
101 to see nähä
102 to hear kuulla
103 to know tietää
104 to think hunteerata, aatela, funteerata
105 to smell haistaa
106 to fear pölätä
107 to sleep nukkua
108 to live ellää
109 to die kuolla
110 to kill tappaa
111 to fight taistela, kamppaila
112 to hunt jaakata
113 to hit lyyä
114 to cut leikata
115 to split halkasta
116 to stab puukottaa
117 to scratch raapia
118 to dig kaivaa
119 to swim uija
120 to fly lentää
121 to walk marsia, kävelä
122 to come tulla
123 to lie (as in a bed) maata
124 to sit istua
125 to stand seisoa
126 to turn (intransitive) kääntyä
127 to fall puota
128 to give antaa
129 to hold pitää
130 to squeeze puristaa
131 to rub hieroa
132 to wash pestä
133 to wipe pyyhkiä, tokata (floor)
134 to pull vetää
135 to push työntää
136 to throw heittää
137 to tie sitoa
138 to sew ommella
139 to count räknätä
140 to say sanoa
141 to sing laulaa
142 to play leekata
143 to float kellua
144 to flow virrata
145 to freeze jäätyä
146 to swell paisua
147 sun aurinko
148 moon kuu
149 star tähti
150 water vesi
151 rain sae
152 river joki
153 lake järvi
154 sea meri
155 salt suola
156 stone kivi
157 sand hiekka
158 dust pöly
159 earth maa
160 cloud pilvi
161 fog sumu
162 sky taivas
163 wind tuuli
164 snow lumi
165 ice jää
166 smoke savvu
167 fire tuli
168 ash tuhka
169 to burn pallaa
170 road tie
171 mountain vuori
172 red punanen
173 green vihreä, vihriäinen
174 yellow keltanen
175 white valkonen
176 black musta
177 night
178 day päivä
179 year vuosi
180 warm kuuma
181 cold kylmä
182 full täysi
183 new uusi
184 old vanha
185 good hyä, fiini
186 bad huono
187 rotten mätä
188 dirty likanen
189 straight suora
190 round pyöreä
191 sharp (as a knife) terävä
192 dull (as a knife) tylppä
193 smooth sileä
194 wet märkä
195 dry kuiva
196 correct oikea
197 near liki, lähelä
198 far kaukana
199 right oikea
200 left vasen
201 at -l(l)a (adessive case), -ssa (inessive case)
202 in -ssa (inessive case), -l(l)a (adessive case)
203 with kans
204 and ja
205 if jos
206 because ko, koska
207 name nimi
Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
(edit this template)


See also

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Bibliography

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  • Storordbok för meänkieli S / Meänkielen iso Sanakirja S, Bengt Pohjanen 2011, ISBN: 9789189466104.

Further reading

[edit]
Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
(edit this template)