Appendix:Karakhanid Swadesh list
This is a Swadesh list of words in Karakhanid, compared with definitions in English.
Presentation
[edit]- For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.
American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
List
[edit]| № | English | Karakhanid edit (166) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | I (1sg) | مَنْ (men) |
| 2 | you (2sg) | سَنْ (sen) |
| 3 | he, she, it (3sg) | اُلْ (ol) |
| 4 | we (1pl) | بِزْ (biz) |
| 5 | you (2pl) | سِزْ (siz) |
| 6 | they (3pl) | اُلارْ (olar) |
| 7 | this | بُو (bū) |
| 8 | that | اُلْ (ol) |
| 9 | here | مُنْدا (mundā) |
| 10 | there | اَنْدا (andā) |
| 11 | who | كِمْ (kim) |
| 12 | what | نا (nē), ناما (nemē), ناكُو (negǖ), قَيُو (qayū) |
| 13 | where | قَنْدا (qandā), قَيُودا (qayūdā), قَنٖى (qanï̄) |
| 14 | when | قَجانْ (qačan) |
| 15 | how | نَتَكْ (neteg) |
| 16 | not | يُوقْ (yōq), اَرْماسْ (ermēs) |
| 17 | all | قَمُغْ (qamuɣ), بَرْجا (barčā) |
| 18 | many | كُبْ (köp), اُكُوشْ (üküš) |
| 19 | some | |
| 20 | few | اازْ (āz) |
| 21 | other | اَذِنْ (aδïn), اَذْرُقْ (aδruq), اُنْكٖى (öŋī) |
| 22 | one | بٖيرْ (bīr) |
| 23 | two | اِكّٖى (ikkī) |
| 24 | three | اُجْ (üč) |
| 25 | four | تُورْتْ (tȫrt) |
| 26 | five | بٖيشْ (bḗš) |
| 27 | big | بَدُكْ (bedük), اُلُغْ (uluɣ) |
| 28 | long | اُزُنْ (uzun) |
| 29 | wide | كِنْكْ (keŋ), يَسٖى (yasï̄) |
| 30 | thick | قَلِنْ (qalïn) |
| 31 | heavy | اَغِرْ (aɣïr) |
| 32 | small | كِجِكْ (kičig), اُشَقْ (ušaq) |
| 33 | short | قِسْغا (qïsɣā), قِرْتْ (qïrt) |
| 34 | narrow | تارْ (tār) |
| 35 | thin | يِنْجْكا (yinčgē), يُڤْقا (yuvqā) |
| 36 | woman | اُراغُوتْ (urāɣūt), اِشٖلارْ (išīlēr) |
| 37 | man (adult male) | اَرْ (er) |
| 38 | man (human being) | كِشٖى (kišī) |
| 39 | child | كَنْجْ (kenč) |
| 40 | wife | كِسْ (kis) |
| 41 | husband | باكْ (bēg) |
| 42 | mother | اَنا (anā), اَبا (ebē) |
| 43 | father | اَتا (atā) |
| 44 | animal | |
| 45 | fish | بَلِقْ (balïq) |
| 46 | bird | قُشْ (quš) |
| 47 | dog | اِتْ (ït) |
| 48 | louse | بِتْ (bit) |
| 49 | snake | يِلانْ (yïlān) |
| 50 | worm | قُرْتْ (qurt) |
| 51 | tree | يِغَجْ (yïɣač) |
| 52 | forest | |
| 53 | stick | جِبِقْ (čïbïq) |
| 54 | fruit | يَمِشْ (yémiš) |
| 55 | seed | اُرُغْ (uruɣ) |
| 56 | leaf | يَبُرْغاقْ (yapurɣāq) |
| 57 | root | كُكْ (kök), تُوبْ (tǖp), يِلْدِزْ (yïldïz) |
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | قاسْ (qās) |
| 59 | flower | جَجَكْ (čeček) |
| 60 | grass | اُتْ (ot) |
| 61 | rope | يِبْ (yïp), اُرُقْ (uruq) |
| 62 | skin | تَرٖى (terī) |
| 63 | meat | اَتْ (et) |
| 64 | blood | قانْ (qān) |
| 65 | bone | سُنْكُكْ (süŋük) |
| 66 | fat (noun) | ياغْ (yāɣ), اُزْ (ǖz), جِرْ (čïr) |
| 67 | egg | يُمُرْتْغا (yumurtɣā) |
| 68 | horn | مُنْكُزْ (müŋüz) |
| 69 | tail | قُذْرُقْ (quδruq) |
| 70 | feather | يُوكْ (yǖg), تُو (tǖ) (hair) |
| 71 | hair | سَجْ (sač), قِلْ (qïl), تُو (tǖ) |
| 72 | head | بَشْ (baš) |
| 73 | ear | قُلَقْ (qulaq), قُلْقاقْ (qulqaq) |
| 74 | eye | كُوزْ (kȫz) |
| 75 | nose | بُرُنْ (burun) |
| 76 | mouth | اَغِزْ (aɣïz) |
| 77 | tooth | تٖىشْ (tï̄š) |
| 78 | tongue (organ) | تِلْ (tïl) |
| 79 | fingernail | تِرْنْغَقْ (tïrŋaq) |
| 80 | foot | اَذَقْ (aδaq) |
| 81 | leg | بُوتْ (būt) |
| 82 | knee | تٖيزْ (tīz) |
| 83 | hand | اَلِكْ (elig) |
| 84 | wing | قَنَتْ (qanat) |
| 85 | belly | قَرِنْ (qarïn) |
| 86 | guts | بَغِرْسُقْ (baɣïrsuq) |
| 87 | neck | بُيِنْ (boyïn) |
| 88 | back | اَرْقا (arqā), اُجا (učā) |
| 89 | breast | كُكُزْ (kögüz), اَمِكْ (emig) |
| 90 | heart | يُرَكْ (yürek), كُنْكُلْ (köŋül) |
| 91 | liver | بَغِرْ (baɣïr) |
| 92 | to drink | اِجْماكْ (ičmēk) |
| 93 | to eat | يَيماكْ (yḗmēk) |
| 94 | to bite | اِسِرْماقْ (ïsïrmāq), تِشْلاماكْ (tišlēmēk) |
| 95 | to suck | اَمّاكْ, سُورْماقْ (sōrmāq) |
| 96 | to spit | سُذْماقْ (soδmāq) |
| 97 | to vomit | قُسْماقْ (qusmāq), يَنْماقْ (yanmāq) |
| 98 | to blow | اَسْماكْ (esmēk) |
| 99 | to breathe | تِنْماقْ (tïnmāq) |
| 100 | to laugh | تِنْماقْ (külmēk), قَتْغُرْماقْ (qatɣurmāq) |
| 101 | to see | كُرْماكْ (körmēk) |
| 102 | to hear | اَشِتْماكْ (ešitmēk) |
| 103 | to know | بِلْماكْ (bilmēk) |
| 104 | to think | اُوماكْ (ȫmēk), سَقِنْماقْ (saqïnmāq) |
| 105 | to smell | يِذْلاماقْ (yïδlāmāq) |
| 106 | to fear | قُرْقْماقْ (qorqmāq) |
| 107 | to sleep | اُذٖيماقْ (uδï̄māq), يَتْماقْ (yatmāq) |
| 108 | to live | يَشاماقْ (yašāmāq) |
| 109 | to die | يَشاماقْ (ölmēk), كَجْماكْ (kečmēk) |
| 110 | to kill | اُلْدُرْماكْ (öldürmēk) |
| 111 | to fight | سَڤَشْماق (savašmāq), جَلِشْماقْ (čalïšmāq), سُنْكُشْماكْ (süŋüšmēk), اُرُشماقْ (urušmāq) |
| 112 | to hunt | اَڤْلاماقْ (avlāmāq) |
| 113 | to hit | اُرْماقْ (urmāq), قَقْماقْ (qaqmāq) |
| 114 | to cut | كَسْماكْ (kesmēk), بِجْماقْ (bïčmāq), قِيْماقْ (qïymāq), اُورْماقْ (ormāq) |
| 115 | to split | يَرْماقْ (yarmāq), يَرْماكْ (yermēk), اَذِرْماقْ (aδïrmāq), سُكْماكْ (sökmēk) |
| 116 | to stab | سَنْجْماقْ (sančmāq), سُقْماق (suqmāq) |
| 117 | to scratch | قَشٖيماقْ (qašï̄māq), اَزْماكْ (ezmēk) |
| 118 | to dig | قَزْماقْ (qazmāq), قَزٖيماقْ (qazï̄māq), اُشَماكْ (üšēmēk), اُنْكْماكْ (üŋmēk) |
| 119 | to swim | يُزْماكْ (yüzmēk), جَبْماقْ (čapmāq) |
| 120 | to fly | اُجْماقْ (učmāq), تَنْكْماكْ (teŋmēk) |
| 121 | to walk | يُرٖيماقْ (yorï̄māq) |
| 122 | to come | كَلماكْ (kelmēk) |
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | يَتْماقْ (yatmāq) |
| 124 | to sit | اُلْتُرْماقْ (olturmāq) |
| 125 | to stand | تُرْماقْ (turmāq) |
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | اَڤُرْماكْ (evürmēk), جَڤُرْماكْ (čevürmēk), تَڤُرْماكْ (tevürmēk) |
| 127 | to fall | تُشْماكْ (tüšmēk), اُجْماقْ (učmāq) |
| 128 | to give | بِيرْماكْ (bḗrmēk) |
| 129 | to hold | تُتْماقْ (tutmāq) |
| 130 | to squeeze | سِقْماقْ (sïkmāq) |
| 131 | to rub | سُرْتْماكْ (sürtmēk), تُرْتْماكْ (türtmēk), يَقْماقْ (yaqmāq) |
| 132 | to wash | |
| 133 | to wipe | |
| 134 | to pull | |
| 135 | to push | |
| 136 | to throw | |
| 137 | to tie | |
| 138 | to sew | |
| 139 | to count | |
| 140 | to say | |
| 141 | to sing | |
| 142 | to play | |
| 143 | to float | |
| 144 | to flow | |
| 145 | to freeze | |
| 146 | to swell | |
| 147 | sun | كُنْ (kün) |
| 148 | moon | اايْ (āy) |
| 149 | star | يُلْدُزْ (yulduz) |
| 150 | water | سُوڤْ (sūv) |
| 151 | rain | يَغْمُرْ (yaɣmur) |
| 152 | river | اُكُزْ (ögüz) |
| 153 | lake | كُولْ (kȫl) |
| 154 | sea | تَنْكِزْ (teŋiz), كُولْ (kȫl) |
| 155 | salt | تُوزْ (tūz) |
| 156 | stone | تاشْ (tāš) |
| 157 | sand | قُمْ (qum) |
| 158 | dust | تُوزْ (tōz), تُبْراقْ (toprāq) |
| 159 | earth | تُبْراقْ (toprāq), يِيرْ (yḗr) |
| 160 | cloud | بُلِتْ (bulït) |
| 161 | fog | تُمانْ (tumān), بُوسْ (būs) |
| 162 | sky | تَنْكْرٖى (teŋrī), كُوكْ (kȫk) |
| 163 | wind | يِيلْ (yḗl), اَسِنْ (esin) |
| 164 | snow | قارْ (qār) |
| 165 | ice | بُوزْ (būz) |
| 166 | smoke | تُتُنْ (tütün), اِشْ (ïš) |
| 167 | fire | اُوتْ (ōt) |
| 168 | ash | كُلْ (kül) |
| 169 | to burn | |
| 170 | road | |
| 171 | mountain | |
| 172 | red | |
| 173 | green | |
| 174 | yellow | |
| 175 | white | |
| 176 | black | |
| 177 | night | |
| 178 | day | |
| 179 | year | |
| 180 | warm | |
| 181 | cold | |
| 182 | full | |
| 183 | new | |
| 184 | old | |
| 185 | good | |
| 186 | bad | |
| 187 | rotten | |
| 188 | dirty | |
| 189 | straight | |
| 190 | round | |
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | يِتِكْ (yitig) |
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | |
| 193 | smooth | يابْرٖى (yaprï̄), اَلَنْكْ (alaŋ) |
| 194 | wet | اُولْ (ȫl) |
| 195 | dry | قُرُغْ (quruɣ) |
| 196 | correct | جٖىنْ (čï̄n) |
| 197 | near | يَقِنْ (yaqïn), يَغُوقْ (yaɣūq) |
| 198 | far | يِراقْ (yïrāq) |
| 199 | right | اُنْكْ (oŋ) |
| 200 | left | سُولْ (sōl) |
| 201 | at | دا (-dē, -dā) |
| 202 | in | اِجِنْدا (ičindē), اجْرا (ičrē), دا (-dē, -dā) |
| 203 | with | بِرْلا (birlē) |
| 204 | and | تَقٖى (taqï̄), يَما (yemē) |
| 205 | if | اَرْسا (ersē), سا (-sē, -sā), اَبَنْكْ (apaŋ) |
| 206 | because | اُجُنْ (üčün) |
| 207 | name | ااتْ (āt) |