Appendix:Roget MICRA thesaurus/Class I

Class I. Words Expressing Abstract Relations

Section I. Existence

1. Being, in The Abstract

1. Existence

N. existence, being, entity, ens[Lat], esse[Lat], subsistence.

reality, actuality; positiveness &c. adj.; fact, matter of fact, sober reality; truth &c. 494; actual existence.

presence &c. (existence in space) 186; coexistence &c. 120.

stubborn fact, hard fact; not a dream &c. 515; no joke.

center of life, essence, inmost nature, inner reality, vital principle.

[Science of existence], ontology.

V. exist, be; have being &c. n.; subsist, live, breathe, stand, obtain, be the case; occur &c. (event) 151; have place, prevail; find oneself, pass the time, vegetate.

consist in, lie in; be comprised in, be contained in, be constituted by.

come into existence &c. n.; arise &c. (begin) 66; come forth &c. (appear) 446.

become &c. (be converted) 144; bring into existence &c. 161.

abide, continue, endure, last, remain, stay.

Adj. existing &c. v.; existent, under the sun; in existence &c. n.; extant; afloat, afoot, on foot, current, prevalent; undestroyed.

real, actual, positive, absolute; true &c. 494; substantial, substantive; self-existing, self-existent; essential.

well-founded, well-grounded; unideal^†, unimagined; not potential &c. 2; authentic.

Adv. actually &c. adj.; in fact, in point of fact, in reality; indeed; de facto, ipso facto.

Phr. ens rationis[Lat]; ergo sum cogito: "thinkest thou existence doth depend on time?" [Lat][Byron].

2. Inexistence

N. inexistence^†; nonexistence, nonsubsistence; nonentity, nil; negativeness &c. adj.; nullity; nihility^†, nihilism; tabula rasa[Lat], blank; abeyance; absence &c. 187; no such thing &c. 4; nonbeing, nothingness, oblivion.

annihilation; extinction &c. (destruction) 162; extinguishment, extirpation, Nirvana, obliteration.

V. not exist &c. 1; have no existence &c. 1; be null and void; cease to exist &c. 1; pass away, perish; be extinct, become extinct &c. adj.; die out; disappear &c. 449; melt away, dissolve, leave not a rack behind; go, be no more; die &c. 360.

annihilate, render null, nullify; abrogate &c. 756; destroy &c. 162; take away; remove &c. (displace) 185; obliterate, extirpate.

Adj. inexistent^†, nonexistent &c. 1; negative, blank; missing, omitted; absent &c. 187,; insubstantial, shadowy, spectral, visionary.

unreal, potential, virtual; baseless, in nubibus[Lat]; unsubstantial &c. 4; vain.

unborn, uncreated^†, unbegotten, unconceived, unproduced, unmade.

perished, annihilated, &c. v.; extinct, exhausted, gone, lost, vanished, departed, gone with the wind; defunct &c. (dead) 360.

fabulous, ideal &c. (imaginary) 515, supposititious &c. 514.

Adv. negatively, virtually &c. adj.

Phr. non ens[Lat].

2. Being, In The Concrete

3. Substantiality

N. substantiality, hypostasis; person, being, thing, object, article, item; something, a being, an existence; creature, body, substance, flesh and blood, stuff , substratum; matter &c. 316; corporeity^†, element, essential nature, groundwork, materiality, substantialness, vital part.

[Totality of existences], world &c. 318; plenum.

Adj. substantive, substantial; hypostatic; personal, bodily, tangible &c. (material) 316; corporeal.

Adv. substantially &c. adj.; bodily, essentially.

4. Unsubstantiality

N. unsubstantiality^†, insubstantiality; nothingness, nihility^†; no degree, no part, no quantity, no thing.

nothing, naught, nil, nullity, zero, cipher, no one, nobody; never a one, ne'er a one[contr]; no such thing, none in the world; nothing whatever, nothing at all, nothing on earth; not a particle &c. (smallness) 32; all talk, moonshine, stuff and nonsense; matter of no importance, matter of no consequence. thing of naught, man of straw, John Doe and Richard Roe, faggot voter; nominis umbra[Lat], nonentity; flash in the pan, vox et praeterea nihil[Lat].

shadow; phantom &c.(fallacy of vision) 443; dream &c. (imagination) 515; ignis fatuus &c. (luminary) 423[Lat]; " such stuff as dreams are made of " [Tempest]; air, thin air, vapor; bubble &c. 353; " baseless fabric of a vision " [Tempest]; mockery.

hollowness, blank; void &c. (absence) 187.

inanity, fool's paradise.

V. vanish, evaporate, fade, dissolve, melt away; disappear &c. 449.

Adj. unsubstantial; baseless, groundless; ungrounded; without foundation, having no foundation.

visionary &c. (imaginary) 515; immaterial &c. 137; spectral &c. 980; dreamy; shadowy; ethereal, airy; cloud built, cloud formed; gossamery, illusory, insubstantial, unreal.

vacant, vacuous; empty &c. 187; eviscerated; blank, hollow; nominal; null; inane.

Phr. there's nothing in it; " an ocean of dreams without a sound" [Shelley].

3. Formal Existence

5. Intrinsicality

N. intrinsicality^†, inbeing^†, inherence, inhesion^†; subjectiveness; ego; egohood^†; essence, noumenon; essentialness^† &c. adj.; essential part, quintessence, incarnation, quiddity, gist, pith, marrow, core, sap, lifeblood, backbone, heart, soul; important part &c. (importance) 642.

principle, nature, constitution, character, type, quality, crasis^†, diathesis^†.

habit; temper, temperament; spirit, humor, grain; disposition.

endowment, capacity; capability &c. (power) 157.

moods, declensions, features, aspects; peculiarities &c. (speciality) 79; idiosyncrasy, oddity; idiocrasy &c. (tendency) 176^†; diagnostics.

V. be in the blood, run in the blood; be born so; be intrinsic &c. adj.

Adj. derived from within, subjective; intrinsic, intrinsical^†; fundamental, normal; implanted, inherent, essential, natural; innate, inborn, inbred, ingrained, inwrought; coeval with birth, genetous^†, haematobious^†, syngenic^†; radical, incarnate, thoroughbred, hereditary, inherited, immanent; congenital, congenite|; connate, running in the blood; ingenerate^†, ingenite|; indigenous; in the grain &c. n.; bred in the bone, instinctive; inward, internal &c. 221; to the manner born; virtual.

characteristic &c. (special) 79, (indicative) 550; invariable, incurable, incorrigible, ineradicable, fixed.

Adv. intrinsically &c. adj.; at bottom, in the main, in effect, practically, virtually, substantially, au fond; fairly.

Phr. " character is higher than intellect " [Emerson]; "come give us a taste of your quality " magnos homines virtute metimur non fortuna [Lat][ Hamlet][Nepos]; non numero haec judicantur sed pondere [Lat][Cicero]; " vital spark of heavenly flame " [Pope].

6. Extrinsicality

N. extrinsicality^†, objectiveness, non ego; extraneousness &c. 57; accident; appearance, phenomenon &c. 448.

Adj. derived from without; objective; extrinsic, extrinsical^†; extraneous &c. (foreign) 57; modal, adventitious; ascititious^†, adscititious^†; incidental, accidental, nonessential; contingent, fortuitous.

implanted, ingrafted^†; inculcated, infused.

outward, apparent &c. (external) 220.

Adv. extrinsically &c. adj.

4. Modal Existence

7. State

N. state, condition, category, estate, lot, ease, trim, mood, pickle, plight, temper; aspect &c. (appearance) 448, dilemma, pass, predicament.

constitution, habitude, diathesis^†; frame, fabric &c. 329; stamp, set, fit, mold, mould.

mode, modality, schesis^†; form &c. (shape) 240.

tone, tenor, turn; trim, guise, fashion, light, complexion, style, character.

V. be in a state, possess a state, enjoy a state, labor under a state &c. n.; be on a footing, do, fare; come to pass.

Adj. conditional, modal, formal; structural, organic.

Adv. conditionally &c. adj.; as the matter stands, as things are; such being the case &c. 8.

8. Circumstance

N. circumstance, situation, phase, position, posture, attitude, place, point; terms; regime; footing, standing, status.

occasion, juncture, conjunctive; contingency &c. (event) 151.

predicament; emergence, emergency; exigency, crisis, pinch, pass, push; occurrence; turning point.

bearings, how the land lies.

surroundings, context, environment 229a[TE 232]; location 184.

contingency, dependence (uncertainty) 475; causation 153, attribution 155.

Adj. circumstantial; given, conditional, provisional; critical; modal; contingent, incidental; adventitious &c. (extrinsic) 6; limitative^†.

Adv. in the circumstances, under the circumstances &c. n., the circumstances, conditions &c. 7; thus, in such wise.

accordingly; that being the case, such being the case, in view of the circumstances; that being so, sith^†, since, seeing that.

as matters stand; as things go, as times go.

conditionally, provided, if, in case; if so, if so be, if it be so; depending on circumstances, in certain circumstances, under certain conditions; if it so happen, if it so turn out; in the event of; in such a contingency, in such a case, in such an event; provisionally, unless, without.

according to circumstances, according to the occasion; as it may happen, as it may turn out,as it may be; as the case may be, as the wind blows; pro re nata[Lat].

Phr. " yet are my sins not those of circumstance " [Lytton].

Section II. Relation

1. Absolute Relation

9. Relation

N. relation, bearing, reference, connection, concern,. cognation ; correlation &c. 12; analogy; similarity &c. 17; affinity, homology, alliance, homogeneity, association; approximation &c. (nearness) 197; filiation &c. (consanguinity) 11^†; interest; relevancy &c. 23; dependency, relationship, relative position.

comparison &c. 464; ratio, proportion. link, tie, bond of union.

V. be related &c. adj.; have a relation &c. n.; relate to, refer to; bear upon, regard, concern, touch, affect, have to do with; pertain to, belong to, appertain to; answer to; interest.

bring into relation with, bring to bear upon; connect, associate, draw a parallel; link &c. 43.

Adj. relative; correlative &c. 12; cognate; relating to &c. v.; relative to, in relation with, referable or referrible to^†; belonging to &c. v.; appurtenant to, in common with.

related, connected; implicated, associated, affiliated, allied to; en rapport, in touch with.

approximative^†, approximating; proportional, proportionate, proportionable; allusive, comparable.

in the same category &c. 75; like &c. 17; relevant &c. (apt) 23; applicable, equiparant^†.

Adv. relatively &c. adj.; pertinently &c. 23.

thereof; as to, as for, as respects, as regards; about; concerning &c. v.; anent; relating to, as relates to; with relation, with reference to, with respect to,with regard to; in respect of; while speaking of, a propos of[Fr]; in connection with; by the way, by the by; whereas; for as much as, in as much as; in point of, as far as; on the part of, on the score of; quoad hoc[Lat]; pro re nata[Lat]; under the head of &c. (class) 75 of; in the matter of, in re.

Phr. " thereby hangs a tale " [Taming of the Shrew].

10. Irrelation

N. irrelation^†, dissociation; misrelation^†; inapplicability; inconnection^†; multifariousness; disconnection &c. (disjunction) 44; inconsequence, independence; incommensurability; irreconcilableness &c. (disagreement) 24; heterogeneity; unconformity &c. 83; irrelevancy, impertinence, nihil ad rem[Lat]; intrusion &c. 24; non-pertinence.

V. have no relation to &c. 9; have no bearing upon, have no concern with &c. 9 , have no business with; not concern &c. 9; have no business there, have nothing to do with, intrude &c. 24.

bring in head and shoulders, drag in head and shoulders, lug in head and shoulders.

Adj. irrelative^†, irrespective, unrelated; arbitrary; independent, unallied; unconnected, disconnected; adrift, isolated, insular; extraneous, strange, alien, foreign, outlandish, exotic.

not comparable, incommensurable, heterogeneous; unconformable &c. 83. irrelevant, inapplicable; not pertinent, not to the, purpose; impertinent, inapposite, beside the mark, a propos de bottes[Fr]; aside from the purpose,, away from the purpose,, foreign to the purpose, beside the purpose, beside the question, beside the transaction, beside the point; misplaced &c. (intrusive) 24; traveling out of the record.

remote, far-fetched, out of the way, forced, neither here nor there, quite another thing; detached, segregate; disquiparant^†.

multifarious; discordant &c. 24.

incidental, parenthetical, obiter dicta, episodic.

Adv. parenthetically &c. adj.; by the way, by the by; en passant[Fr], incidentally; irrespectively &c. adj.; without reference to, without regard to; in the abstract &c. 87; a se.

11. Consanguinity

N. consanguinity, relationship, kindred, blood; parentage &c. (paternity) 166; filiation^†, affiliation; lineage, agnation^†, connection, alliance; family connection, family tie; ties of blood; nepotism.

kinsman, kinfolk; kith and kin; relation, relative; connection; sibling, sib; next of kin; uncle, aunt, nephew, niece; cousin, cousin- german^†; first cousin, second cousin; cousin once removed, cousin twice &c. removed; near relation, distant relation; brother, sister, one's own flesh and blood.

family, fraternity; brotherhood, sisterhood, cousinhood^†. race, stock, generation; sept &c. 166; stirps, side; strain; breed, clan, tribe, nation.

V. be related to &c. adj. claim relationship with &c. n. with.

Adj. related, akin, consanguineous, of the blood, family, allied, collateral; cognate, agnate, connate; kindred; affiliated; fraternal.

intimately related, nearly related, closely related, remotely related, distantly related, allied; german.

12. Correlation

N. reciprocalness &c. adj^†.; reciprocity, reciprocation; mutuality, correlation, interdependence, interrelation, connection, link, association; interchange &c. 148; exchange, barter.

reciprocator, reprocitist.

V. reciprocate, alternate; interchange &c. 148; exchange; counterchange^†.

Adj. reciprocal, mutual, commutual^†, correlative, reciprocative, interrelated, closely related; alternate; interchangeable; interdependent; international; complemental, complementary.

Adv. mutually, mutatis mutandis[Lat]; vice versa; each other, one another; by turns &c. 148; reciprocally &c. adj.

Phr. " happy in our mutual help " [Milton].

13. Identity

N. identity, sameness; coincidence, coalescence; convertibility; equality &c. 27; selfness^†, self, oneself; identification.

monotony, tautology &c. (repetition) 104.

facsimile &c. (copy) 21; homoousia: alter ego &c. (similar) 17^†; ipsissima verba &c. (exactness) 494[Lat]; same; self, very , one and the same; very thing, actual thing; real McCoy; no other; one and only; in the flesh.

V. be identical &c. adj.; coincide, coalesce, merge.

treat as the same, render the same, identical; identify; recognize the identity of, .

Adj. identical; self, ilk; the same &c. n. selfsame, one and the same, homoousian^†.

coincide, coalescent, coalescing; indistinguishable; one; equivalent &c. (equal) 27; tweedle dee and tweedle dum[Lat]; much the same, of a muchness^†; unaltered. . Adv. identically &c. adj.; on all fours.

14. Contrariety

N. contrariety, contrast, foil, antithesis, oppositeness; contradiction;

antagonism &c. (opposition) 708; clashing, repugnance.inversion &c. 218; the opposite, the reverse, the inverse, the converse, the antipodes, the antithesis, the other extreme. V. be contrary &c. adj.;

contrast with, oppose; diller toto coelo[Lat].invert, reverse, turn the tables; turn topsy-turvy, turn end for end, turn upside down, turn inside

out.contradict, contravene; antagonize &c. 708.Adj. contrary, contrarious^†, contrariant^†; opposite, counter, dead against; converse, reverse; opposed, antithetical, contrasted, antipodean, antagonistic, opposing; conflicting, inconsistent, contradictory, at cross purposes; negative; hostile &c. 703. differing toto coelo[Lat]; diametrically opposite; diametrically opposed; as opposite as black and white, as opposite as light and darkness, as opposite as fire and water, as opposite as the poles; as different as night and day; " Hyperion to a satyr"[ Hamlet]; quite the contrary, quite the reverse ;no such thing, just the other way, tout au contraire[Fr]. Adv. contrarily &c. adj.; contra, contrariwise, per contra, on the contrary, nay rather; vice versa;

on the other hand &c. (in compensation) 30.Phr. " all concord's born of contraries " [B. Jonson]. Thesis, antithesis, synthesis [Marx].

15. Difference

N. difference; variance, variation, variety; diversity, dissimilarity &c. 18; disagreement &c. 24; disparity &c. (inequality) 28; distinction, contradistinction; alteration. modification, permutation, moods and tenses.

nice distinction, fine distinction, delicate distinction, subtle distinction; shade of difference, nuance; discrimination &c. 465; differentia.

different thing, something else, apple off another tree, another pair of shoes; horse of a different color; this that or the other.

V. be different &c. adj.; differ, vary, ablude|, mismatch, contrast; divaricate; differ toto coelo[Lat], differ longo intervallo[It].

vary, modify &c. (change) 140.

discriminate &c. 465.

Adj. differing &c. v.; different, diverse, heterogeneous, multifarious, polyglot; distinguishable, dissimilar; varied, modified; diversified, various, divers, all manner of, all kinds of; variform &c. 81^†; daedal^†.

other, another, not the same; unequal &c. 28. unmatched; widely apart, poles apart, distinctive, characteristic, ; discriminative; distinguishing.

incommensurable, incommensurate. Adv. differently &c. adj. Phr. il y a fagots et fagots.

2. Continuous Relation

16. Uniformity

N. uniformity; homogeneity, homogeneousness; consistency; connaturality^†, connaturalness^†; homology; accordance; conformity &c. 82; agreement &c. 23; consonance, uniformness. regularity, constancy, even tenor,.routine; monotony.

V. be uniform &c. adj.; accord with &c. 23; run through. become uniform &c. adj.; conform to &c. 82.

render uniform, homogenize &c. adj.; assimilate, level, smooth, dress.

Adj. uniform; homogeneous, homologous;of a piece[Fr], consistent, connatural^†; monotonous, even, invariable; regular, unchanged, undeviating, unvaried, unvarying.

unsegmented.

Adv. uniformly &c. adj.; uniformly with &c. (conformably) 82; in harmony with &c. (agreeing) 23.

always, invariably, without exception, without fail, unfailingly, never otherwise; by clockwork. Phr. ab uno disce omnes[Lat].

16a. Nonuniformity

[Absence or want of uniformity.]

N. diversity, irregularity, unevenness; multiformity &c. 81; unconformity &c. 83; roughness &c. 256; dissimilarity, dissimilitude, divarication, divergence.

Adj. diversified varied, irregular, uneven, rough &c. 256; multifarious; multiform &c. 81; of various kinds; all manner of, all sorts of, all kinds of.

Adv. variously, in all manner of ways, here there and everywhere.

3. Partial Relation

17. Similarity

N. similarity, resemblance, likeness, similitude, semblance; affinity, approximation, parallelism; agreement &c. 23; analogy, analogicalness^†; correspondence, homoiousia^†, parity.

connaturalness^†, connaturality^†; brotherhood, family likeness.

alliteration, rhyme, pun.

repetition &c. 104; sameness &c. (identity) 13; uniformity &c. 16; isogamy^†.

analogue; the like; match, pendant, fellow companion, pair, mate, twin, double, counterpart, brother, sister; one's second self, alter ego, chip of the old block, par nobile fratrum[Lat], Arcades ambo^†, birds of a feather, et hoc genus omne[Lat]; gens de meme famille[Fr].

parallel; simile; type &c. (metaphor) 521; image &c. (representation) 554; photograph; close resemblance, striking resemblance, speaking resemblance, faithful likeness, faithful resemblance.

V. be similar &c. adj.; look like, resemble, bear resemblance; smack of, savor of,; approximate; parallel, match, rhyme with; take after; imitate &c. 19; favor, span [U. S.].

render similar &c. adj.; assimilate, approximate, bring near; connaturalize^†, make alike; rhyme, pun.

Adj. similar; resembling &c. v.; like, alike; twin.

analogous, analogical; parallel, of a piece[Fr]; such as, so; homoiousian^†.

connatural^†, congener, allied to; akin to &c. (consanguineous) 1 1.

approximate, much the same, near, close, something like, sort of, in the ballpark, such like; a show of; mock, pseudo, simulating, representing.

exact &c. (true) 494; lifelike, faithful; true to nature, true to life, the very image, the very picture of; for all the world like, comme deux gouttes d'eau[Fr]; as like as two peas in a pod, as like as it can stare; instar omnium[Lat], cast in the same mold, ridiculously like.

Adv. as if, so to speak; as it were, as if it were; quasi, just as, veluti in speculum[Lat].

Phr. et sic de similibus[Lat]; tel maitre tel valet[Fr]; tel pere tel fils[Fr]; like master, like servant; like father, like son; the fruit doesn't fall far from the tree; a chip off the old block

18. Dissimilarity

N. dissimilarity, dissimilaritude^†; unlikeness, diversity, disparity, dissemblance^†; divergence, variation.; difference &c. 15; novelty, originality; creativeness; oogamy^†.

V. be unlike &c. adj.; vary &c. (differ) 15; bear no resemblance to, differ toto coelo[Lat].

render unlike &c. adj.; vary &c. (diversify) 140.

Adj. dissimilar, unlike, disparate; divergent; of a different kind &c. (class) 75 unmatched, unique; new, novel; unprecedented &c. 83; original.

nothing of the kind; no such thing, quite another thing; far from it, cast in a different mold, tertium quid[Lat], as like a dock as a daisy, "very like a whale " [Hamlet]; as different as chalk from cheese, as different as Macedon and Monmouth; lucus a non lucendo[Lat].

diversified &c. 16a.

Adv. otherwise.

Phr. diis aliter visum[Lat]; " no more like my father than I to Hercules" [Hamlet].

19. Imitation

N. imitation; copying &c. v.; transcription; repetition, duplication, reduplication; quotation; reproduction; mimeograph, xerox, facsimile; reprint, offprint.

mockery, mimicry; simulation, impersonation, personation; representation &c. 554; semblance; copy &c. 21; assimilation.

paraphrase, parody, take-off, lampoon, caricature &c. 21.

plagiarism; forgery, counterfeit &c. (falsehood) 544; celluloid.

imitator, echo, cuckoo|, parrot, ape, monkey, mocking bird, mime; copyist, copycat; plagiarist, pirate.

V. imitate, copy, mirror, reflect, reproduce, repeat; do like, echo, reecho, catch; transcribe; match, parallel.

mock, take off, mimic, ape, simulate, impersonate, personate; act &c. (drama) 599; represent &c. 554; counterfeit, parody, travesty, caricature, lampoon, burlesque.

follow in the steps of, tread in the steps, follow in the footsteps of, follow in the wake of; take pattern by; follow suit, follow the example of; walk in the shoes of, take a leaf out of another's book, strike in with, follow suit; take after, model after; emulate.

Adj. imitated &c. v.; mock, mimic; modelled after, molded on.

paraphrastic; literal; imitative; secondhand; imitable; aping, apish, mimicking.

Adv. literally, to the letter, verbatim, literatim[Lat], sic, totidem verbis[Lat], word for word, mot a mot[Fr]; exactly, precisely.

Phr.like master like man; " like - but oh! how different! " [Wordsworth]; " genius borrows nobly " [Emerson]; " pursuing echoes calling 'mong the rocks " [A. Coles]; " quotation confesses inferiority " [Emerson]; "Imitation is the sincerest form of flattery".

20. Nonimitation

N. no imitation; originality; creativeness.

invention, creation.

Adj. unimitated^†, uncopied^†; unmatched, unparalleled; inimitable &c. 13; unique, original; creative, inventive, untranslated; exceptional, rare, sui generis uncommon[Lat], unexampled.

20a. Variation

N. variation; alteration &c. (change) 140. modification, moods and tenses; discrepance^†, discrepancy. divergency &c. 291^†; deviation &c. 279; aberration; innovation. V. vary &c. (change) 140; deviate &c. 279; diverge &c. 291; alternate, swerve. Adj. varied &c. v.; modified; diversified &c. 16a.

21. Copy

[Result of imitation.]

N. copy, facsimile, counterpart, effigies, effigy, form, likeness.

image, picture, photo, xerox, similitude, semblance, ectype^†, photo offset, electrotype; imitation &c. 19; model, representation, adumbration, study; portrait &c. (representation) 554; resemblance.

duplicate, reproduction; cast, tracing; reflex, reflexion[Brit], reflection; shadow, echo.

transcript[copy into a non-visual form], transcription; recording, scan.

chip off the old block; reprint, new printing; rechauffe[Fr]; apograph^†, fair copy.

parody, caricature, burlesque, travesty, travestie^†, paraphrase.

[copy with some differences] derivative, derivation, modification, expansion, extension, revision; second edition &c. (repetition) 104.

servile copy, servile imitation; plagiarism, counterfeit, fake &c.(deception) 545; pasticcio^†.

Adj. faithful; lifelike &c. (similar) 17; close, conscientious.

unoriginal, imitative, derivative.

22. Prototype

[Thing copied.]

N. prototype, original, model, pattern, precedent, standard, ideal, reference, scantling, type; archetype, antitype^†; protoplast, module, exemplar, example, ensample^†, paradigm; lay-figure.

text, copy, design; fugleman^†, keynote. die, mold; matrix, last, plasm^†; proplasm^†, protoplasm; mint; seal, punch, intaglio, negative; stamp.

V. be an example, be a role model, set an example; set a copy. Phr. a precedent embalms a principle [Disraeli]; exempla sunt odiosa[Lat].

4. General Relation

23. Agreement

N. agreement; accord, accordance; unison, harmony; concord &c. 714; concordance, concert; understanding, mutual understanding.

conformity &c. 82; conformance; uniformity &c. 16; consonance, consentaneousness^†, consistency; congruity, congruence; keeping; congeniality; correspondence, parallelism, apposition, union.

fitness, aptness &c. adj.; relevancy; pertinence, pertinencey^†; sortance|; case in point; aptitude, coaptation^†, propriety, applicability, admissibility, commensurability, compatibility; cognation &c. (relation) 9.

adaption^†, adjustment, graduation, accommodation; reconciliation, reconcilement; assimilation.

consent &c. (assent) 488; concurrence &c. 178; cooperation &c. 709.

right man in the right place, very thing,; quite the thing, just the thing.

V. be accordant &c. adj.; agree, accord, harmonize; correspond, tally, respond; meet, suit, fit, befit, do, adapt itself to; fall in with, chime in with, square with, quadrate with, consort with, comport with; dovetail, assimilate; fit like a glove, fit to a tittle, fit to a T; match &c. 17; become one; homologate^†.

consent &c. (assent) 488.

render accordant &c. adj.; fit, suit, adapt, accommodate; graduate; adjust &c. (render, equal) 27; dress, regulate, readjust; accord, harmonize,. reconcile; fadge^†, dovetail, square.

Adj. agreeing, suiting &c. v.; in accord, accordant, concordant, consonant, congruous, consentaneous^†, correspondent, congenial; coherent; becoming; harmonious reconcilable, conformable; in accordance with, in harmony with, in keeping with, in unison with, &c. n.; at one with, of one mind, of a piece[Fr]; consistent, compatible, proportionate; commensurate; on all fours.

apt, apposite, pertinent, pat; to the point, to the purpose; happy, felicitous, germane, ad rem[Lat], in point, on point, directly on point, bearing upon, applicable, relevant, admissible.

fit adapted, in loco, a propos[Fr], appropriate, seasonable, sortable, suitable, idoneous^†, deft; meet &c. (expedient) 646.

at home, in one's proper element.

Adv. a propos of[Fr]; pertinently &c. adj.

Phr. rem acu tetigisti[Lat]^†; if the shoe fits, wear it; the cap fits; auxilia humilia firma consensus facit [Lat][Syrus]; discers concordia [Lat][Ovid].

24. Disagreement

N. disagreement; discord, discordance; dissonance, dissidence, discrepancy; unconformity &c. 83; incongruity, incongruence^†; discongruity^†, mesalliance; jarring &c. v.; dissension &c. 713; conflict &c. (opposition) 708; bickering, clashing, misunderstanding, wrangle.

disparity, mismatch, disproportion; dissimilitude, inequality; disproportionateness &c. adj^†.; variance, divergence, repugnance.

unfitness &c. adj.; inaptitude, impropriety; inapplicability &c. adj.; inconsistency, inconcinnity^†; irrelevancy &c. (irrelation) 10^†.

misjoining^†, misjoinder^†; syncretism^†, intrusion, interference; concordia discors[Lat].

fish out of water.

V. disagree; clash, jar &c. (discord) 713; interfere, intrude, come amiss; not concern &c. 10; mismatch; humano capiti cervicem jungere equinam[Lat].

Adj. disagreeing &c. v.; discordant, discrepant; at variance, at war; hostile, antagonistic, repugnant, incompatible, irreconcilable, inconsistent with; unconformable, exceptional &c. 83; intrusive, incongruous; disproportionate, disproportionated^†; inharmonious, unharmonious^†; inconsonant, unconsonant^†; divergent, repugnant to.

inapt, unapt, inappropriate, improper; unsuited, unsuitable; inapplicable, not to the point; unfit, unfitting, unbefitting; unbecoming; illtimed, unseasonable, mal a propos[Fr], inadmissible; inapposite &c. (irrelevant) 10. uncongenial; ill-assorted, ill-sorted; mismatched, misjoined^†, misplaced, misclassified; unaccommodating, irreducible, incommensurable, uncommensurable^†; unsympathetic.

out of character, out of keeping, out of proportion, out of joint, out of tune, out of place, out of season, out of its element; at odds with, at variance with.

Adv. in defiance, in contempt,in spite of; discordantly &c. adj.; a tort et a travers^†.

Phr. asinus ad lyram[Lat].

Section III. Quantity

1. Simple Quantity

25. Quantity

[Absolute quantity.]

N. quantity, magnitude; size &c. (dimensions) 192; amplitude, magnitude, mass, amount, sum, quantum, measure, substance, strength, force.

[Science of quantity.] mathematics, mathesis^†.

[Logic.] category, general conception, universal predicament.

[Definite or finite quantity.] armful, handful, mouthful, spoonful, capful; stock, batch, lot, dose; yaffle^†.

V. quantify, measure, fix, estimate, determine, quantitate, enumerate.

Adj. quantitative, some, any, aught, more or less, a few.

Adv. to the tune of, all of, a full, the sum of, fully, exactly, precisely.

26. Degree

[Relative quantity.]

N. degree, grade, extent, measure, amount, ratio, stint, standard, height, pitch; reach, amplitude, range, scope, caliber; gradation, shade; tenor, compass; sphere, station, rank, standing; rate, way, sort.

point, mark, stage &c. (term) 71; intensity, strength &c. (greatness) 31.

Adj. comparative; gradual, shading off; within the bounds &c. (limit) 233.

Adv. by degrees, gradually, inasmuch, pro tanto[It]; however, howsoever; step by step, bit by bit, little by little, inch by inch, drop by drop; a little at a time, by inches, by slow degrees, by degrees, by little and little; in some degree, in some measure; to some extent; di grado in grado[Lat].

2. Comparative Quantity

0 Comparative Quantity

27. Equality

[Sameness of quantity or degree.]

N. equality, parity, coextension^†, symmetry, balance, poise; evenness, monotony, level.

equivalence; equipollence^†, equipoise, equilibrium, equiponderance^†; par, quits, a wash; not a pin to choose; distinction without a difference, six of one and half a dozen of the other; tweedle dee and tweedle dum[Lat]; identity &c. 13; similarity &c. 17.

equalization, equation; equilibration, co*ordination, adjustment, readjustment. drawn game, drawn battle; neck and neck race; tie, draw, standoff, dead heat.

match, peer, compeer, equal, mate, fellow, brother; equivalent.

V. be equal &c. adj.; equal, match,reach, keep pace with, run abreast; come to, amount to, come up to; be on a level with, lie on a level with; balance; cope with; come to the same thing.

render equal &c. adj.; equalize level, dress, balance, equate, handicap, give points, spot points, handicap, trim, adjust, poise; fit, accommodate; adapt &c. (render accordant) 23; strike a balance; establish equality, restore equality, restore equilibrium; readjust; stretch on the bed of Procrustes.

Adj. equal, even, level, monotonous, coequal, symmetrical, coordinate; on a par with, on a level with, on a footing with; up to the mark; equiparant^†.

equivalent, tantamount; indistinguishable; quits; homologous; synonymous &c. 522; resolvable into, convertible, much at one, as broad as long, neither more nor less.; much the same as, the same thing as, as good as; all one, all the same; equipollent, equiponderant^†, equiponderous^†, equibalanced^†; equalized &c. v.; drawn; half and half; isochronal, isochronous isoperimetric^†, isoperimetrical^†; isobath[Oceanography], isobathic[Oceanography].

Adv. equally &c. adj.; pari passu[Lat], ad eundum[Lat], caeteris paribus[Lat]; in equilibrio[Lat]; to all intents and purposes.

Phr. it comes to the same thing, it amounts to the same thing; what is sauce for the goose is sauce for the gander.

28. Inequality

[Difference of quantity or degree.]

N. inequality; disparity, imparity; odds; difference &c. 15; unevenness; inclination of the balance, partiality, bias, weight; shortcoming; casting weight, make- weight; superiority &c. 33; inferiority &c. 34; inequation^†.

V. be unequal &c. adj.; countervail; have the advantage, give the advantage; turn the scale; kick the beam; topple,topple over; overmatch &c. 33; not come up to &c. 34.

Adj. unequal, uneven, disparate, partial; unbalanced, overbalanced; top-heavy, lopsided, biased, skewed; disquiparant^†.

Adv. haud passibus aequis [Latin][Vergil].

29. Mean

N. mean, average; median, mode; balance, medium, mediocrity, generality; golden mean &c. (mid-course) 628; middle &c. 68; compromise &c. 774; middle course, middle state; neutrality.

mediocrity, least common denominator.

V. split the difference; take the average &c. n.; reduce to a mean &c. n.; strike a balance, pair off. Adj. mean, intermediate; middle &c. 68; average; neutral.

mediocre, middle-class; commonplace &c. (unimportant) 643.

Adv. on an average, in the long run; taking one with another, taking all things together, taking it for all in all; communibus annis[Lat], in round numbers.

Phr. medium tenuere beati[Lat].

30. Compensation

N. compensation, equation; commutation; indemnification; compromise &c. 774 neutralization, nullification; counteraction &c. 179; reaction; measure for measure. retaliation &c. 718 equalization &c. 27; robbing Peter to pay Paul.

set-off, offset; make-weight, casting-weight; counterpoise, ballast; indemnity, equivalent, quid pro,quo; bribe, hush money; amends &c. (atonement) 952; counterbalance, counterclaim; cross-debt, cross-demand.

V. make compensation; compensate, compense^†; indemnify; counteract, countervail, counterpoise; balance; outbalance^†, overbalance, counterbalance; set off; hedge, square, give and take; make up for, lee way; cover, fill up, neutralize, nullify; equalize &c. 27; make good; redeem &c. (atone) 952.

Adj. compensating, compensatory; countervailing &c. v.; in the opposite scale; equivalent &c. (equal) 27.

Adv. in return, in consideration; but, however, yet, still, notwithstanding; nevertheless, nathless^†, none the less; although, though; albeit, howbeit; mauger^†; at all events, at any rate; be that as it may, for all that, even so, on the other, hand, at the same time, quoad minus[Lat], quand meme[Fr], however that may be; after all is said and done; taking one thing with another &c. (average) 29.

Phr. " light is mingled with the gloom " [Whittier]; every dark cloud has a silver lining; primo avulso non deficit alter [Lat]^†[Vergil]; saepe creat molles aspera spina rosas [Lat][Ovid].

1 Quantity by Comparison with a Standard

31. Greatness

N. greatness &c. adj.; magnitude; size &c. (dimensions) 192; multitude &c. (number) 102; immensity; enormity; infinity &c. 105; might, strength, intensity, fullness; importance &c. 642.

great quantity, quantity, deal, power, sight, pot, volume, world; mass, heap &c. (assemblage) 72; stock &c. (store) 636; peck, bushel, load, cargo; cartload^†, wagonload, shipload; flood, spring tide; abundance &c. (sufficiency) 639.

principal part, chief part, main part, greater part, major part, best part, essential part ; bulk, mass &c. (whole) 50.

V. be great &c. adj.; run high, soar, tower, transcend; rise to a great height, carry to a great height; know no bounds; ascend, mount.

enlarge &c. (increase) 35, (expand) 194.

Adj. great; greater &c. 33; large, considerable, fair, above par; big, huge &c. (large in size) 192; Herculean, cyclopean; ample; abundant &c. (enough) 639 full, intense, strong, sound, passing, heavy, plenary, deep, high; signal, at its height, in the zenith.

world-wide, widespread, far-famed, extensive; wholesale; many &c. 102.

goodly, noble, precious, mighty; sad, grave, heavy, serious; far gone, arrant, downright; utter, uttermost; crass, gross, arch, profound, intense, consummate; rank, uninitiated, red-hot, desperate; glaring, flagrant, stark staring; thorough-paced, thoroughgoing; roaring, thumping; extraordinary.; important &c. 642; unsurpassed &c. (supreme) 33; complete &c. 52. august, grand, dignified, sublime, majestic &c. (repute) 873.

vast, immense, enormous, extreme; inordinate, excessive, extravagant, exorbitant, outrageous, preposterous, unconscionable, swinging, monstrous, overgrown; towering, stupendous, prodigious, astonishing, incredible; marvelous &c. 870.

unlimited &c. (infinite) 105; unapproachable, unutterable, indescribable, ineffable, unspeakable, inexpressible, beyond expression, fabulous.

undiminished, unabated, unreduced^†, unrestricted.

absolute, positive, stark, decided, unequivocal, essential, perfect, finished.

remarkable, of mark, marked, pointed, veriest; noteworthy; renowned.

Adv. truly &c. (truth) 494[in a positive degree]; decidedly, unequivocally, purely, absolutely, seriously, essentially, fundamentally, radically, downright, in all conscience; for the most part, in the main.

[in a complete degree] entirely &c. (completely) 52; abundantly &c. (sufficiently) 639; widely, far and wide.

[in a great or high degree] greatly &c. adj.; much, muckle^†, well, indeed, very, very much, a deal, no end of, most, not a little; pretty, pretty well; enough, in a great measure, richly; to a large extent, to a great extent, to a gigantic extent; on a large scale; so; never so, ever so; ever so dole; scrap, shred, tag, splinter, rag, much; by wholesale; mighty, powerfully; with a witness, ultra[Lat], in the extreme, extremely, exceedingly, intensely, exquisitely, acutely, indefinitely, immeasurably; beyond compare, beyond comparison, beyond measure, beyond all bounds; incalculably, infinitely.

[in a supreme degree] preeminently, superlatively &c. (superiority) 33.

[in a too great degree] immoderately, monstrously, preposterously, inordinately, exorbitantly, excessively, enormously, out of all proportion, with a vengeance.

[in a marked degree] particularly, remarkably, singularly, curiously, uncommonly, unusually, peculiarly, notably, signally, strikingly, pointedly, mainly, chiefly; famously, egregiously, prominently, glaringly, emphatically, <gr kat="" exochin="">[Grl], strangely, wonderfully, amazingly, surprisingly, astonishingly, incredibly, marvelously, awfully, stupendously.

[in an exceptional degree] peculiarly &c. (unconformity) 83.

[in a violent degree] furiously &c. (violence) 173; severely, desperately, tremendously, extravagantly, confoundedly, deucedly, devilishly, with a vengeance; a outrance^†, a toute outrance[Fr]^†.

[in a painful degree] painfully, sadly, grossly, sorely, bitterly, piteously, grievously, miserably, cruelly, woefully, lamentably, shockingly, frightfully, dreadfully, fearfully, terribly, horribly.

Phr. a maximis ad minima[Lat]; " greatness knows itself" [Henry IV]; " mightiest powers by deepest calms are fed " [B. Cornwall]; minimum decet libere cui multum licet [Lat][Seneca]; " some are born great, some achieve greatness, and some have greatness thrust upon them " [Twelfth Night].

32. Smallness

N. smallness &c. adj.; littleness &c. (small size) 193; tenuity; paucity; fewness &c (small number) 103; meanness, insignificance (unimportance) 643; mediocrity, moderation.

small quantity, modicum, trace, hint, minimum; vanishing point; material point, atom, particle, molecule, corpuscle, point, speck, dot, mote, jot, iota, ace; minutiae, details; look, thought, idea, soupcon, dab, dight^†, whit, tittle, shade, shadow; spark, scintilla, gleam; touch, cast; grain, scruple, granule, globule, minim, sup, sip, sop, spice, drop, droplet, sprinkling, dash, morceau^†, screed, smack, tinge, tincture; inch, patch, scantling, tatter, cantlet^†, flitter, gobbet^†, mite, bit, morsel, crumb, seed, fritter, shive^†; snip, snippet; snick^†, snack, snatch, slip, scrag^†; chip, chipping; shiver, sliver, driblet, clipping, paring, shaving, hair.

nutshell; thimbleful, spoonful, handful, capful, mouthful; fragment; fraction &c. (part) 51; drop in the ocean.

animalcule &c. 193.

trifle &c. (unimportant thing) 643; mere nothing, next to nothing; hardly anything; just enough to swear by; the shadow of a shade.

finiteness, finite quantity.

V. be small &c. adj.; lie in a nutshell.

diminish &c. (decrease) 36; (contract) 195.

Adj. small, little; diminutive &c. (small in size) 193; minute; fine; inconsiderable, paltry &c. (unimportant) 643; faint &c. (weak) 160; slender, light, slight, scanty, scant, limited; meager &c. (insufficient) 640; sparing; few &c. 103; low, so-so, middling, tolerable, no great shakes; below par, under par, below the mark; at a low ebb; halfway; moderate, modest; tender, subtle.

inappreciable, evanescent, infinitesimal, homeopathic, very small; atomic, corpuscular, microscopic, molecular, subatomic.

mere, simple, sheer, stark, bare; near run.

dull, petty, shallow, stolid, ungifted, unintelligent.

Adv. to a small extent[in a small degree], on a small scale; a little bit, a wee bit; slightly &c. adj.; imperceptibly; miserably, wretchedly; insufficiently &c. 640; imperfectly; faintly &c. 160; passably, pretty well, well enough.

[in a certain or limited degree] partially, in part; in a certain degree, to a certain degree; to a certain extent; comparatively; some, rather in some degree, in some measure; something, somewhat; simply, only, purely, merely; at least, at the least, at most, at the most; ever so little, as little as may be, tant soit peu[Fr], in ever so small a degree; thus far, pro tanto[It], within bounds, in a manner, after a fashion, so to speak.

almost, nearly, well-nigh, short of, not quite, all but; near upon, close upon; peu s'en faut[Fr], near the mark; within an ace of, within an inch of; on the brink of; scarcely, hardly, barely, only just, no more than. about[in an uncertain degree], thereabouts, somewhere about, nearly, say; be the same, be little more or less. no ways[in no degree], no way, no wise; not at all, not in the least, not a bit, not a bit of it, not a whit, not a jot, not a shadow; in no wise, in no respect; by no means, by no manner of means; on no account, at no hand. Phr. dare pondus idonea fumo [Lat][Persius]; magno conatu magnas nugas [Lat][Terence]; " small sands the mountain, moments make the year " [Young].

2 Quantity by Comparison with a Similar Object

33. Superiority

[Supremacy.] 

N. superiority, majority; greatness &c. 31; advantage; pull; preponderance, preponderation; vantage ground, prevalence, partiality; personal superiority; nobility &c. (rank) 875; Triton among the minnows, primus inter pares[Lat], nulli secundus[Lat], captain; crackajack * ^†[U. S.].

supremacy, preeminence; lead; maximum; record; <gr trikumia="">^†, climax; culmination &c. (summit) 210; transcendence; ne plus ultra[Lat]; lion's share, Benjamin's mess; excess, surplus &c. (remainder) 40; (redundancy) 641.

V. be superior &c. adj.; exceed, excel, transcend; outdo, outbalance^†, outweigh, outrank, outrival, out-Herod; pass, surpass, get ahead of; over-top, override, overpass, overbalance, overweigh, overmatch; top, o'ertop, cap, beat, cut out; beat hollow; outstrip &c. 303; eclipse, throw into the shade, take the shine out of, outshine, put one's nose out of joint; have the upper hand, have the whip hand of, have the advantage; turn the scale, kick the beam; play first fiddle &c. (importance) 642,; preponderate, predominate, prevail; precede, take precedence, come first; come to a head, culminate; beat &c. all others, bear the palm; break the record; take the cake * [U. S.]. become larger, render larger &c. (increase) 35, (expand) 194.

Adj. superior, greater, major, higher; exceeding &c. v.;great &c. 31; distinguished, ultra[Lat]; vaulting; more than a match for.

supreme, greatest, utmost, paramount, preeminent, foremost, crowning; first-rate &c. (important) 642, (excellent) 648; unrivaled peerless, matchless; none such, second to none, sans pareil[Fr]; unparagoned^†, unparalleled, unequalled, unapproached^†, unsurpassed; superlative, inimitable facile princeps[Lat], incomparable, sovereign, without parallel, nulli secundus[Lat], ne plus ultra[Lat]; beyond compare, beyond comparison; culminating &c. (topmost) 210; transcendent, transcendental;plus royaliste que le Roi[Fr], more catholic than the Pope

increased &c. (added to) 35; enlarged &c. (expanded) 194.

Adv. beyond, more, over; over the mark, above the mark; above par; upwards of, in advance of; over and above; at the top of the scale, at its height.

[in a superior or supreme degree] eminently, egregiously, preeminently, surpassing, prominently, superlatively, supremely, above all, of all things, the most, to crown all, <gr kat="" exochin="" gr="">[Grl], par excellence, principally, especially, particularly, peculiarly, a fortiori, even, yea, still more. Phr. " I shall not look upon his like again " [Hamlet]; deos fortioribus addesse [Lat][Tacitus]. </gr></gr>

34. Inferiority

N. inferiority, minority, subordinacy; shortcoming, deficiency; minimum; smallness &c. 32; imperfection; lower quality, lower worth.

[personal inferiority] commonalty &c. 876.

V. be inferior &c. adj.; fall short of, come short of; not pass, not come up to; want.

become smaller, render smaller &c. (decrease) 36, (contract) 195; hide its diminished head, retire into the shade, yield the palm, play second fiddle, be upstaged, take a back seat.

Adj. inferior, smaller; small &c. 32; minor, less, lesser, deficient, minus, lower, subordinate, secondary; secondrate &c. (imperfect) 651; sub, subaltern; thrown into the shade; weighed in the balance and found wanting; not fit to hold a candle to, can't hold a candle to.

least, smallest &c. (see little, small &c. 193); lowest.

diminished &c. (decreased) 36; reduced &c. (contracted) 195; unimportant &c. 643. Adv. less; under the mark, below the mark,below par; at the bottom of the scale, at a low ebb, at a disadvantage; short of, under.

3 Changes in Quantity

35. Increase

N. increase, augmentation, enlargement, extension; dilatation &c. (expansion) 194; increment, accretion; accession &c. 37; development, growth; aggrandizement, aggravation; rise; ascent &c. 305; exaggeration exacerbation; spread &c. (dispersion) 73; flood tide; gain, produce, product, profit.

V. increase, augment, add to, enlarge;. dilate &c. (expand) 194; grow, wax, get ahead. gain strength; advance; run up, shoot up; rise; ascend &c. 305; sprout &c. 194.

aggrandize; raise, exalt; deepen, heighten; strengthen; intensify, enhance, magnify, redouble; aggravate, exaggerate; exasperate, exacerbate; add fuel to the flame, oleum addere camino[Lat], superadd &c. (add) 37^†; spread &c. (disperse) 73.

Adj. increased &c. v.; on the increase, undiminished; additional &c. (added) 37.

Adv. crescendo.

Phr. vires acquirit eundo [Lat][Vergil].

36. Nonincrease

[ decrease ]

N. decrease, diminution; lessening &c. v.; subtraction &c. 38; reduction, abatement, declension; shrinking &c. (contraction.) 195; coarctation|; abridgment &c. (shortening) 201; extenuation.

subsidence, wane, ebb, decline; ebbing; descent &c. 306; decrement, reflux, depreciation; deterioration &c. 659; anticlimax; mitigation &c. (moderation) 174.

V. decrease, diminish, lessen; abridge &c. (shorten) 201; shrink &c. (contract) 195; drop off, fall off, tail off; fall away, waste, wear; wane, ebb, decline; descend &c. 306; subside; melt away, die away; retire into the shade, hide its diminished head, fall to a low ebb, run low, languish, decay, crumble.

bate, abate, dequantitate|; discount; depreciate; extenuate, lower, weaken, attenuate, fritter away; mitigate &c. (moderate) 174; dwarf, throw into the shade; reduce &c. 195; shorten &c. 201; subtract &c. 38. Adj. unincreased &c. (see increase &c.35)^†; decreased &c. v.; decreasing &c. v.; on the wane &c. n.

Phr. " a gilded halo hovering round decay " [Byron]; " fine by degrees and beautifully less " [Prior].

6. Conjunctive Quantity

37. Addition

N. addition, annexation, adjection^†; junction &c. 43; superposition, superaddition, superjunction^†, superfetation; accession, reinforcement; increase &c. 35; increment, supplement; accompaniment &c. 88; interposition &c. 228; insertion &c. 300.

V. add, annex, affix, superadd^†, subjoin, superpose; clap on, saddle on; tack to, append, tag; ingraft^†; saddle with; sprinkle; introduce &c. (interpose) 228; insert &c. 300. become added, accrue; advene^†, supervene.

reinforce, reenforce, restrengthen^†; swell the ranks of; augment &c. 35.

Adj. added &c. v.; additional; supplemental, supplementary; suppletory^†, subjunctive; adjectitious^†, adscititious^†, ascititious^†; additive, extra, accessory.

Adv. au reste[Fr], in addition, more, plus, extra; and, also, likewise, too, furthermore, further, item; and also, and eke; else, besides, to boot, et cetera; &c.; and so on, and so forth; into the bargain, cum multis aliis[Lat], over and above, moreover.

with, withal; including, inclusive, as well as, not to mention, let alone; together with, along with, coupled with, in conjunction with; conjointly; jointly &c. 43. Phr. adde parvum parvo magnus acervus erit[Lat].

38. Nonaddition

N. subtraction, subduction|!;deduction, retrenchment; removal, withdrawal; ablation, sublation^†; abstraction &c. (taking) 789; garbling,, &c. v. mutilation, detruncation^†; amputation; abscission, excision, recision; curtailment &c. 201; minuend, subtrahend;

decrease &c. 36; abrasion.V. subduct, subtract; deduct, deduce;

bate, retrench; remove, withdraw, take from, take away; detract.garble, mutilate, amputate, detruncate^†; cut off, cut away, cut out; abscind^†, excise; pare, thin, prune, decimate; abrade, scrape, file;

geld, castrate; eliminate.diminish &c. 36; curtail &c.

(shorten) 201; deprive of &c. (take) 789; weaken.Adj.

subtracted &c. v.; subtractive.Adv. in deduction &c. n.; less; short of; minus, without, except, except for, excepting, with the exception of, barring, save, exclusive of, save and except, with a reservation; not counting, if one doesn't count.

39. Adjunct

[Thing added]

N. adjunct; addition, additament^†; additum[Lat], affix, appelidage^†, annexe^†, annex; augment, augmentation; increment, reinforcement, supernumerary, accessory, item; garnish, sauce; accompaniment &c. 88; adjective, addendum; complement, supplement; continuation.

rider, offshoot, episode, side issue, corollary; piece[Fr]; flap, lappet, skirt, embroidery, trappings, cortege; tail, suffix &c. (sequel) 65; wing.

Adj. additional &c. 37. alate^†, alated^†; winged.

Adv. in addition &c. 37.

40. Remainder

[thing remaining.]

N. remainder, residue; remains, remanent, remnant, rest, relic; leavings, heeltap^†, odds and ends, cheesepairings^†, candle ends, orts^†; residuum; dregs &c. (dirt) 653; refuse &c. (useless) 645; stubble, result, educt^†; fag-end; ruins, wreck,

skeleton., stump; alluvium.surplus, overplus^†, excess; balance, complement; superplus^†, surplusage^†; superfluity

&c.(redundancy) 641; survival, survivance^†.V. remain,; be left &c. adj.; exceed, survive; leave. Adj.remaining, left; left behind left over; residual, residuary; over, odd; unconsumed, sedimentary; surviving; net; exceeding, over and above; outlying, outstanding; cast off &c. 782; superfluous &c. (redundant) 641.

40a. Decrement

[Thing deducted.]

N. decrement, discount, defect, loss, deduction; afterglow; eduction^†; waste.

41. Mixture

[Forming a whole without coherence.]

N. mixture, admixture, commixture, commixtion^†; commixion^†, intermixture, alloyage^†, matrimony; junction &c. 43; combination &c. 48; miscegenation.

impregnation; infusion, diffusion suffusion, transfusion; infiltration; seasoning, sprinkling, interlarding; interpolation &c. 228 adulteration, sophistication.

[Thing mixed] tinge, tincture, touch, dash, smack, sprinkling, spice, seasoning, infusion, soupcon.

[Compound resulting from mixture] alloy, amalgam; brass, chowchow^†, pewter; magma, half-and-half, melange, tertium quid[Lat], miscellany, ambigu|, medley, mess, hotchpot^†, pasticcio^†, patchwork, odds and ends, all sorts; jumble &c. (disorder) 59; salad, sauce, mash, omnium gatherum[Lat], gallimaufry, olla-podrida^†, olio, salmagundi, potpourri, Noah's ark, caldron texture, mingled yarn; mosaic &c. (variegation) 440.

half-blood, half-caste. mulatto; terceron^†, quarteron^†, quinteron &c.^†;.quadroon, octoroon; griffo^†, zambo^†; cafuzo^†; Eurasian; fustee^†, fustie^†; griffe, ladino^†, marabou, mestee^†, mestizo, quintroon, sacatra zebrule^†[U. S.]; catalo^†; cross, hybrid, mongrel.

V. mix; join &c. 43; combine &c. 48; commix, immix^†, intermix; mix up with, mingle; commingle, intermingle, bemingle^†; shuffle &c. (derange) 61; pound together; hash up, stir up; knead, brew; impregnate with; interlard &c. (interpolate) 228; intertwine, interweave &c. 219; associate with; miscegenate^†. be mixed &c.; get among, be entangled with.

instill, imbue; infuse, suffuse, transfuse; infiltrate, dash, tinge, tincture, season, sprinkle, besprinkle, attemper^†, medicate, blend, cross; alloy, amalgamate, compound, adulterate, sophisticate, infect.

Adj. mixed &c. v.; implex^†, composite, half-and-half, linsey- woolsey, chowchow, hybrid, mongrel, heterogeneous; motley &c. (variegated) 440; miscellaneous, promiscuous, indiscriminate; miscible. Adv. among, amongst, amid, amidst; with; in the midst of, in the crowd.

42. Simpleness

[Freedom from mixture.]

N. simpleness &c. adj.; purity, homogeneity.

elimination; sifting &c. v.; purification &c. (cleanness) 652.

V. render simple &c. adj.; simplify.

sift, winnow, bolt, eliminate; exclude, get rid of; clear; purify &c. (clean) 652; disentangle &c. (disjoin) 44.

Adj. simple, uniform, of a piece[Fr], homogeneous, single, pure, sheer, neat.

unmixed, unmingled^†, unblended, uncombined, uncompounded; elementary, undecomposed; unadulterated, unsophisticated, unalloyed, untinged^†, unfortified, pur et simple[Fr]; incomplex^†.

free from, exempt from; exclusive.

Adv. simple &c. adj. only.

43. Junction

N. junction; joining &c. v.; joinder[Law], union connection, conjunction, conjugation; annexion^†, annexation, annexment^†; astriction^†, attachment, compagination^†, vincture^†, ligation, alligation^†; accouplement^†; marriage &c. (wedlock,) 903; infibulation^†, inosculation^†, symphysis[Anat], anastomosis, confluence, communication, concatenation; meeting, reunion; assemblage &c. 72.

coition, copulation;sex, sexual congress,sexual conjunction, sexual intercourse, love-making.

joint, joining, juncture, pivot, hinge, articulation, commissure^†, seam, gore, gusset, suture, stitch; link &c. 45; miter mortise.

closeness, tightness, &c. adj.; coherence &c. 46; combination &c. 48.

annexationist.

V. join, unite; conjoin, connect; associate; put together, lay together, clap together, hang together, lump together, hold together, piece together[Fr], tack together, fix together, bind up together together; embody, reembody^†; roll into one.

attach, fix, affix, saddle on, fasten, bind, secure, clinch, twist, make fast &c. adj.; tie, pinion, string, strap, sew, lace, tat, stitch, tack, knit, button, buckle, hitch, lash, truss, bandage, braid, splice, swathe, gird, tether, moor, picket, harness, chain; fetter &c. (restrain) 751; lock, latch, belay, brace, hook, grapple, leash, couple, accouple^†, link, yoke, bracket; marry &c. (wed) 903; bridge over, span.

braze; pin, nail, bolt, hasp, clasp, clamp, crimp, screw, rivet; impact, solder, set; weld together, fuse together; wedge, rabbet, mortise, miter, jam, dovetail, enchase^†; graft, ingraft^†, inosculate^†; entwine, intwine^†; interlink, interlace, intertwine, intertwist^†, interweave; entangle; twine round, belay; tighten; trice up, screw up.

be joined &c.; hang together, hold together; cohere &c. 46.

Adj. joined &c. v.; joint; conjoint, conjunct; corporate, compact; hand in hand.

firm, fast, close, tight, taut, taught, secure, set, intervolved |; inseparable, indissoluble, insecable^†, severable.

Adv. jointly &c. adj.; in conjunction with &c. (in addition to) 37; fast, firmly, &c. adj.; intimately. Phr. tria juncta in uno[Lat].

44. Disjunction

N. disjunction, disconnection, disunity, disunion, disassociation, disengagement; discontinuity &c. 70; abjunction^†; cataclasm^†; inconnection^†; abstraction, abstractedness; isolation; insularity, insulation; oasis; island; separateness &c. adj.; severalty; disjecta membra[Lat]; dispersion &c. 73; apportionment &c. 786.

separation; parting &c. v.; circumcision; detachment, segregation; divorce, sejunction|, seposition|, diduction^†, diremption^†, discerption^†; elision; caesura, break, fracture, division, subdivision, rupture; compartition |; dismemberment, dislocation; luxation^†; severance, disseverance; scission; rescission, abscission; laceration, dilaceration^†; disruption, abruption^†; avulsion^†, divulsion^†; section, resection, cleavage; fission; partibility^†, separability.

fissure, breach, rent, split, rift, crack, slit, incision.

dissection anatomy; decomposition &c. 49; cutting instrument &c (sharpness) 253; buzzsaw, circular saw, rip saw.

separatist.

V. be disjoined &c.; come off, fall off, come to pieces, fall to pieces; peel off; get loose.

disjoin, disconnect, disengage, disunite, dissociate, dispair^†; divorce, part, dispart^†, detach, separate, cut off, rescind, segregate; set apart, keep apart; insulate,, isolate; throw out of gear; cut adrift; loose; unloose, undo, unbind, unchain, unlock &c. (fix) 43, unpack, unravel; disentangle; set free &c. (liberate) 750.

sunder, divide, subdivide, sever, dissever, abscind^†; circumcise; cut; incide|, incise; saw, snip, nib, nip, cleave, rive, rend, slit, split, splinter, chip, crack, snap, break, tear, burst; rend &c. rend asunder, rend in twain; wrench, rupture, shatter, shiver, cranch^†, crunch, craunch^†, chop; cut up, rip up; hack, hew, slash; whittle; haggle, hackle, discind|, lacerate, scamble^†, mangle, gash, hash, slice.

cut up, carve, dissect, anatomize; dislimb^†; take to pieces, pull to pieces, pick to pieces, tear to pieces; tear to tatters, tear piecemeal, tear limb from limb; divellicate^†; skin &c. 226; disintegrate, dismember, disbranch^†, disband; disperse &c. 73; dislocate, disjoint; break up; mince; comminute &c. (pulverize) 330; apportion &c. 786.

part, part company; separate, leave.

Adj. disjoined &c. v.; discontinuous &c. 70; multipartite^†, abstract; disjunctive; secant; isolated &c. v.; insular, separate, disparate, discrete, apart, asunder, far between, loose, free; unattached, unannexed, unassociated, unconnected; distinct; adrift; straggling; rift, reft^†.

[capable of being cut] scissile[Chem], divisible, discerptible^†, partible, separable.

Adv. separately &c. adj.; one by one, severally, apart; adrift, asunder, in twain; in the abstract, abstractedly.

45. Connection

N. vinculum, link; connective, connection; junction &c. 43; bond of union, copula, hyphen, intermedium^†; bracket; bridge, stepping-stone, isthmus.

bond, tendon, tendril; fiber; cord, cordage; riband, ribbon, rope, guy, cable, line, halser|, hawser, painter, moorings, wire, chain; string &c. (filament) 205.

fastener, fastening, tie; ligament, ligature; strap; tackle, rigging; standing rigging, running rigging; traces, harness; yoke; band ribband, bandage; brace, roller, fillet; inkle^†; with, withe, withy; thong, braid; girder, tiebeam; girth, girdle, cestus^†, garter, halter, noose, lasso, surcingle, knot, running knot; cabestro ^†[U. S.], cinch [U. S.], lariat, legadero^†, oxreim^†; suspenders.

pin, corking pin, nail, brad, tack, skewer, staple, corrugated fastener; clamp, U-clamp, C-clamp; cramp, cramp iron; ratchet, detent, larigo^†, pawl; terret^†, treenail, screw, button, buckle; clasp, hasp, hinge, hank, catch, latch, bolt, latchet^†, tag; tooth; hook, hook and eye; lock, holdfast^†, padlock, rivet; anchor, grappling iron, trennel^†, stake, post.

cement, glue, gum, paste, size, wafer, solder, lute, putty, birdlime, mortar, stucco, plaster, grout; viscum^†.

shackle, rein &c. (means of restraint) 752; prop &c. (support) 215.

V. bridge over, span; connect &c. 43; hang &c. 214.

46. Coherence

N. coherence, adherence, adhesion, adhesiveness; concretion accretion; conglutination, agglutination, agglomeration; aggregation; consolidation, set, cementation; sticking, soldering &c. v.; connection; dependence.

tenacity, toughness; stickiness &c. 352; inseparability, inseparableness; bur, remora.

conglomerate, concrete &c. (density) 321.

V. cohere, adhere, stick, cling, cleave, hold, take hold of, hold fast, close with, clasp, hug; grow together, hang together; twine round &c. (join) 43.

stick like a leech, stick like wax; stick close; cling like ivy, cling like a bur; adhere like a remora, adhere like Dejanira's shirt.

glue; agglutinate, conglutinate^†; cement, lute, paste, gum; solder, weld; cake, consolidate &c. (solidify) 321; agglomerate. Adj. cohesive, adhesive, adhering, cohering &c. v.; tenacious, tough; sticky &c. 352.

united, unseparated, unsessile^†, inseparable, inextricable, infrangible^†; compact &c. (dense) 321.

47. Incoherence

[Want of adhesion, nonadhesion, immiscibility.]

N. nonadhesion^†; immiscibility; incoherence; looseness &c. adj.; laxity; relaxation; loosening &c. v.; freedom; disjunction &c. 44;

rope of sand.V. make loose &c. adj.; loosen, slacken, relax; unglue

&c. 46; detach &c. (disjoin) 44.Adj. nonadhesive, immiscible; incoherent, detached, loose, baggy, slack, lax, relaxed, flapping, streaming; disheveled; segregated, like grains of sand unconsolidated &c. 231, uncombined &c. 48; noncohesive^†.

48. Combination

N. combination; mixture &c. 41; junction &c. 43; union, unification, synthesis, incorporation, amalgamation, embodiment, coalescence, crasis^†, fusion, blending, absorption, centralization.

alloy, compound, amalgam, composition, tertium quid[Lat]; resultant, impregnation.

V. combine, unite, incorporate, amalgamate, embody, absorb, reembody^†, blend, merge, fuse, melt into one, consolidate, coalesce, centralize, impregnate; put together, lump together; cement a union, marry.

Adj. combined &c. v.; impregnated with, ingrained; imbued inoculated.

49. Decomposition

N. decomposition, analysis, dissection, resolution, catalysis, dissolution; corruption &c. (uncleanness) 653; dispersion &c. 73; disjunction &c. 44; disintegration.

V. decompose, decompound; analyze, disembody, dissolve; resolve into its elements, separate into its elements; electrolyze[Chem]; dissect, decentralize, break up; disperse &c. 73; unravel &c. (unroll) 313; crumble into dust.

Adj. decomposed &c. v.; catalytic, analytical; resolvent, separative, solvent.

7. Concrete Quantity

50. Whole

[Principal part.] 

N. whole, totality, integrity; totalness &c. adj^†.; entirety, ensemble, collectiveness^†; unity &c. 87; completeness &c. 52; indivisibility, indiscerptibility^†; integration, embodiment; integer.

all, the whole, total, aggregate, one and all, gross amount, sum, sum total, tout ensemble, length and breadth of, Alpha and Omega, " be all and end all "; complex, complexus ^†; lock stock and barrel.

bulk, mass, lump, tissue, staple, body, compages^†; trunk, torso, bole, hull, hulk, skeleton greater part, major part, best part, principal part, main part; essential part &c. (importance). 642; lion's share, Benjamin's mess; the long and the short; nearly, all, almost all.

V. form a whole, constitute a whole; integrate, embody, amass; aggregate &c. (assemble) 72; amount to, come to.

Adj. whole, total, integral, entire; complete &c. 52; one, individual.

unbroken, intact, uncut, undivided, unsevered^†, unclipped^†, uncropped, unshorn; seamless; undiminished; undemolished, undissolved, undestroyed, unbruised.

indivisible, indissoluble, indissolvable^†, indiscerptible^†.

wholesale, sweeping; comprehensive.

Adv. wholly, altogether; totally &c. (completely) 52; entirely, all, all in all, as a whole, wholesale, in a body, collectively, all put together; in the aggregate, in the lump, in the mass, in the gross, in the main, in the long run; en masse, as a body, on the whole, bodily|!, en bloc, in extenso[Lat], throughout, every inch; substantially.

Phr. tout bien ou rien[Fr].

51. Part

N. part, portion; dose; item, particular; aught, any; division, ward; subdivision, section; chapter, clause, count, paragraph, verse; article, passage; sector, segment; fraction, fragment; cantle, frustum; detachment, parcel.

piece[Fr], lump, bit cut, cutting; chip, chunk, collop^†, slice, scale; lamina &c. 204; small part; morsel, particle &c. (smallness) 32; installment, dividend; share &c. (allotment) 786.

debris, odds and ends, oddments, detritus; excerpta^†; member, limb, lobe, lobule, arm, wing, scion, branch, bough, joint, link, offshoot, ramification, twig, bush, spray, sprig; runner; leaf, leaflet; stump; component part &c. 56; sarmentum^†.

compartment; department &c. (class) 75; county &c. (region) 181.

V. part, divide, break &c. (disjoin) 44; partition &c. (apportion) 786.

Adj. fractional, fragmentary; sectional, aliquot; divided &c. v.; in compartments, multifid^†; disconnected; partial.

Adv. partly, in part, partially; piecemeal, part by part; by by installments,by snatches, by inches, by driblets; bit by bit, inch by inch, foot by foot, drop by drop; in detail, in lots.

52. Completeness

N. completeness &c. adj.; completion &c. 729; integration; allness^†.

entirety; perfection &c. 650; solidity, solidarity; unity; all; ne plus ultra[Lat], ideal, limit.

complement, supplement, make-weight; filling, up &c. v.

impletion^†; saturation, saturity|; high water; high tide, flood tide, spring tide; fill, load, bumper, bellyful^†; brimmer^†; sufficiency &c. 639.

V. be complete &c. adj.; come to a head.

render complete &c. adj.; complete &c. (accomplish) 729; fill, charge, load, replenish; make up, make good; piece out[Fr], eke out; supply deficiencies; fill up, fill in, fill to the brim, fill the measure of; saturate.

go the whole hog, go the whole length; go all lengths.

Adj. complete, entire; whole &c. 50; perfect &c. 650; full, good, absolute, thorough, plenary; solid, undivided; with all its parts; all- sided.

exhaustive, radical, sweeping, thorough-going; dead.

regular, consummate, unmitigated, sheer, unqualified, unconditional, free; abundant &c. (sufficient) 639.

brimming; brimful, topful, topfull; chock full, choke full; as full as an egg is of meat, as full as a vetch; saturated, crammed; replete &c. (redundant) 641; fraught, laden; full-laden, full-fraught, full-charged; heavy laden.

completing &c. v.; supplemental, supplementary; ascititious^†.

Adv. completely &c. adj.; altogether, outright, wholly, totally, in toto, quite; all out; over head and ears; effectually, for good and all, nicely, fully, through thick and thin, head and shoulders; neck and heel, neck and crop; in all respects, in every respect; at all points, out and out, to all intents and purposes; toto coelo[Lat]; utterly; clean, clean as a whistle; to the full, to the utmost, to the backbone; hollow, stark; heart and soul, root and branch, down to the ground.

to the top of one's bent, as far as possible, a outrance^†.

throughout; from first to last, from beginning to end, from end to end, from one end to the other, from Dan to Beersheba, from head to foot, from top to toe, from top to bottom, de fond en comble[Fr]; a fond, a capite ad calcem [Lat], ab ovo usque ad mala[Lat], fore and aft; every, whit, every inch; cap-a-pie, to the end of the chapter; up to the brim, up to the ears, up to the eyes; as . . . as can be.

on all accounts;,sous tous les rapports[Fr]; with a vengeance, with a witness.

Phr. falsus in uno falsus in omnibus [Latin: false in one thing, false in everything]; omnem movere lapidem[Lat]; una scopa nuova spazza bene [Italian].

53. Incompleteness

N. incompleteness &c. adj.; deficiency, short measure; shortcoming &c. 304; insufficiency &c. 640; imperfection &c. 651; immaturity &c. (nonpreparation) 674; half measures.

[part wanting] defect, deficit, defalcation, omission; caret; shortage; interval &c. 198; break &c. (discontinuity) 70; noncompletion &c. 730; missing link.

missing piece, missing part, gap, hole, lacuna.

V. be incomplete &c. adj.; fall short of &c. 304; lack &c. (be insufficient) 640; neglect &c. 460.

Adj. incomplete; imperfect &c. 651; unfinished; uncompleted &c. (see complete &c. 729); defective, deficient, wanting, lacking, failing; in default, in arrear^†; short of; hollow, meager, lame, halfand-half, perfunctory, sketchy; crude &c. (unprepared) 674.

mutilated, garbled, docked, lopped, truncated.

in progress, in hand; going on, proceeding.

Adv. incompletely &c. adj.; by halves.

Phr. caetera desunt[Lat]; caret.

54. Composition

N. composition, constitution, crasis^†; combination &c. 48; inclusion, admission, comprehension, reception; embodiment; formation.

V. be composed of, be made of, be formed of, be made up of; consist of, be resolved into.

include &c. (in a class) 76; contain, hold, comprehend, take in, admit, embrace, embody; involve, implicate; drag into. compose, constitute, form, make; make up, fill up, build up; enter into the composition of &c. (be a component) 56.

Adj. containing, constituting &c.v.

55. Exclusion

N. exclusion, nonadmission, omission, exception, rejection, repudiation; exile &c. (seclusion) 893; noninclusion^†, preclusion, prohibition.

separation, segregation, seposition^†, elimination, expulsion; cofferdam.

V. be excluded from &c.

exclude, bar; leave out, shut out, bar out; reject, repudiate, blackball; lay apart, put apart, set apart, lay aside, put aside; relegate, segregate; throw overboard; strike off, strike out; neglect &c. 460; banish &c. (seclude) 893; separate.&c. (disjoin) 44.

pass over, omit; garble; eliminate, weed, winnow.

Adj. excluding &c. v.; exclusive. excluded &c. v.; unrecounted^†, not included in; inadmissible.

Adv. exclusive of, barring; except; with the exception of; save; bating.

56. Component

N. component; component part, integral part, integrant part^†; element, constituent, ingredient, leaven; part and parcel; contents; appurtenance; feature; member &c. (part) 51; personnel.

V. enter into, enter into the composition of; be a component &c. n; be part of, form part of &c. 51 ; merge in, be merged in; be implicated in; share in &c. (participate) 778; belong to, appertain to; combine, inhere in, unite.

form, make, constitute, compose.

Adj. forming &c. v. inclusive.

57. Extraneousness

N. extraneousness &c. adj.; extrinsicality &c. 6^†; exteriority &c. 220^†; alienage^†, alienism. foreign body, foreign substance, foreign element; alien, stranger, intruder, interloper, foreigner, novus homo[Lat], newcomer, immigrant, emigrant; creole, Africander^†; outsider; Dago*, wop, mick, polak, greaser, slant, Easterner [U.S.], Dutchman, tenderfoot.

Adj. extraneous, foreign, alien, ulterior; tramontane, ultramontane.

excluded &c. 55; inadmissible; exceptional.

Adv. in foreign parts, in foreign lands; abroad, beyond seas; over sea on one's travels.

Section IV. Order

1. Order in General

58. Order

N. order, regularity, uniformity, symmetry, lucidus ordo[Lat]; music of the spheres.

gradation, progression; series &c. (continuity) 69. subordination; course, even tenor, routine; method, disposition, arrangement, array, system, economy, discipline orderliness &c. adj.

rank, place &c. (term) 71.

V. be in order, become in order &c. adj.; form, fall in, draw up; arrange itself, range itself, place itself; fall into one's place, take one's place, take one's rank; rally round.

adjust, methodize, regulate, systematize.

Adj. orderly, regular; in order,in trim, in apple-pie order, in its proper place; neat, tidy, en regle[Fr], well regulated, correct, methodical, uniform, symmetrical, shipshape, businesslike, systematic; unconfused &c. (see confuse &c. 61); arranged &c. 60.

Adv. in order; methodically &c. adj.; in -turn, - its turn; step by step; by regular -steps, -gradations, -stages, -intervals; seriatim, systematically, by clockwork, gradatim[Lat]; at stated periods &c. (periodically) 138.

Phr. natura non facit saltum[Lat]; "order is heaven's first law" [Pope]; "order from disorder sprung" [Paradise Lost]; ordo est parium dispariumque rerum sua loca tribuens dispositio [Lat][St. Augustine].

59. Disorder

[Absence, or want of Order, &c.]

N. disorder; derangement &c. 61; irregularity; anomaly &c. (unconformity) 83; anarchy, anarchism; want of method; untidiness &c. adj.; disunion; discord &c. 24. confusion; confusedness &c. adj.; mishmash, mix; disarray, jumble, huddle, litter, lumber; cahotage^†; farrago; mess, mash, muddle, muss [U. S.], hash, hodgepodge; hotch-potch^†, hotch-pot^†; imbroglio, chaos, omnium gatherum[Lat], medley; mere mixture &c. 41; fortuitous concourse of atoms, disjecta membra[Lat], rudis indigestaque moles [Lat][Ovid].

complexity &c. 59a.

turmoil; ferment &c. (agitation) 315; to-do, trouble, pudder^†, pother, row, rumble, disturbance, hubbub, convulsion, tumult, uproar, revolution, riot, rumpus, stour^†, scramble, brawl, fracas, rhubarb [baseball], fight, free-for-all, row, ruction, rumpus, embroilment, melee, spill and pelt, rough and tumble; whirlwind &c. 349; bear garden, Babel, Saturnalia, donnybrook, Donnybrook Fair, confusion worse confounded, most admired disorder, concordia discors[Lat]; Bedlam, all hell broke loose; bull in a china shop; all the fat in the fire, diable a' quatre[Fr], Devil to pay; pretty kettle of fish; pretty piece of work[Fr], pretty piece of business[Fr].

[legal terms] disorderly person; disorderly persons offence; misdemeanor.

[moral disorder] slattern, slut (libertine) 962.

V. be disorderly &c. adj.; ferment, play at cross-purposes.

put out of order; derange &c. 61; ravel &c. 219; ruffle, rumple.

Adj. disorderly, orderless; out of order, out of place, out of gear; irregular, desultory; anomalous &c. (unconformable) 83; acephalous^†, deranged; aimless; disorganized; straggling; unmethodical, immethodical^†; unsymmetric^†, unsystematic; untidy, slovenly; dislocated; out of sorts; promiscuous, indiscriminate; chaotic, anarchical; unarranged &c. (see arrange &c. 60)^†; confused; deranged &c. 61; topsy-turvy &c. (inverted) 218; shapeless &c. 241; disjointed, out of joint.

troublous^†; riotous &c. (violent) 173.

complex &c. 59a.

Adv. irregularly &c. adj.; by fits, by fits and snatches, by fits and starts; pellmell; higgledy-piggledy; helter-skelter, harum-scarum; in a ferment; at sixes and sevens, at cross-purposes; upside down &c. 218.

Phr. the cart before the horse; <gr hysteron="" proteron="" gr="">[Grk][Grk]; chaos is come again; "the wreck of matter and the crush of worlds " [Addison]. </gr>

59a. Complexity

N. complexity; complexness &c. adj.; complexus^†; complication, implication; intricacy, intrication^†; perplexity; network, labyrinth; wilderness, jungle; involution, raveling, entanglement; coil &c. (convolution) 248; sleave^†, tangled skein, knot, Gordian knot, wheels within wheels; kink, gnarl, knarl^†;

webwork^†.[complexity if a task or action] difficulty &c. 704.V.

complexify^†, complicate.Adj. gnarled, knarled^†. complex, complexed; intricate, complicated, perplexed, involved, raveled, entangled, knotted, tangled, inextricable; irreducible.

60. Arrangement

N. arrangement; plan &c. 626; preparation &c. 673; disposal, disposition; collocation, allocation; distribution; sorting &c. v.; assortment, allotment, apportionment, taxis, taxonomy, syntaxis^†, graduation, organization; grouping; tabulation.

analysis, classification, clustering, division, digestion.

[Result of arrangement] digest; synopsis &c. (compendium) 596; syntagma[Gram], table, atlas; file, database; register. &c. (record) 551; organism, architecture.

[Instrument for sorting] sieve, riddle, screen, sorter.

V. reduce to order, bring into order; introduce order into; rally. arrange, dispose, place, form; put in order, set in order, place in order; set out, collocate, pack, marshal, range, size, rank, group, parcel out, allot, distribute, deal; cast the parts, assign the parts; dispose of, assign places to; assort, sort; sift, riddle; put to rights, set to rights, put into shape, put in trim, put in array; apportion.

class, classify; divide; file, string together, thread; register &c. (record) 551; catalogue, tabulate, index, graduate, digest, grade.

methodize, regulate, systematize, coordinate, organize, settle, fix. unravel, disentangle, ravel, card; disembroil^†; feaze^†.

Adj. arranged &c. v.; embattled, in battle array; cut and dried; methodical, orderly, regular, systematic.

Phr. "In vast cumbrous array" [Churchill].

61. Derangement

[Subversion of Order; bringing into disorder.] 

N. derangement &c. v.; disorder &c. 59; evection^†, discomposure, disturbance; disorganization, deorganization^†; dislocation; perturbation, interruption; shuffling &c. v.; inversion &c. 218; corrugation &c. (fold) 258; involvement.

interchange &c. 148.

V. derange; disarrange, misarrange^†; displace, misplace; mislay, discompose, disorder; deorganize^†, discombobulate, disorganize; embroil, unsettle, disturb, confuse, trouble, perturb, jumble, tumble; shuffle, randomize; huddle, muddle, toss, hustle, fumble, riot; bring into disorder, put into disorder, throw into disorder &c. 59; muss [U.S.]; break the ranks, disconcert, convulse; break in upon.

unhinge, dislocate, put out of joint, throw out of gear.

turn topsy-turvy &c. (invert) 218; bedevil; complicate, involve, perplex, confound; imbrangle^†, embrangle^†, tangle, entangle, ravel, tousle, towzle^†, dishevel, ruffle; rumple &c. (fold) 258.

litter, scatter; mix &c. 41.

rearrange &c. 148.

Adj. deranged &c. v.; syncretic, syncretistic^†; mussy, messy; flaky; random, unordered [U.S.].

2. Consecutive Order

62. Precedence

N. precedence; coming before &c. v.; the lead, le pas; superiority &c. 33; importance &c. 642; antecedence, antecedency^†; anteriority &c. (front) 234^†; precursor &c. 64; priority &c. 116; precession &c. 280; anteposition^†; epacme^†; preference.

V. precede; come before, come first; head, lead, take the lead; lead the way, lead the dance; be in the vanguard; introduce, usher in; have the pas; set the fashion &c. (influence) 175; open the ball; take precedence, have precedence; have the start &c. (get before) 280. place before; prefix; premise, prelude, preface.

Adj. preceding &c. v.; precedent, antecedent; anterior; prior &c. 116; before; former; foregoing; beforementioned^†, abovementioned^†, aforementioned; aforesaid, said; precursory, precursive^†; prevenient^†, preliminary, prefatory, introductory; prelusive, prelusory; proemial^†, preparatory.

Adv. before; in advance &c. (precession) 280.

Phr. seniores priores[Lat]; prior tempore prior jure[Lat].

63. Sequence

N. sequence, coming after; going after &c. (following) 281; consecution, succession; posteriority &c. 117.

continuation; order of succession; successiveness; paracme^†.

secondariness^†; subordinancy &c. (inferiority) 34^†.

afterbirth, afterburden^†; placenta, secundines[Med].

V. succeed; come after, come on, come next; follow, ensue, step into the shoes of; alternate.

place after, suffix, append.

Adj. succeeding &c.v.; sequent^†; subsequent, consequent, sequacious^†, proximate, next; consecutive &c. (continuity) 69; alternate, amoebean^†.

latter; posterior &c. 117.

Adv. after, subsequently; behind &c. (rear) 235.

64. Precursor

N. precursor, antecedent, precedent, predecessor; forerunner, vancourier^†, avant-coureur[Fr], pioneer, prodrome|, prodromos^†, prodromus^†, outrider; leader, bellwether; herald, harbinger; foreboding; dawn; avant-courier, avant-garde, bellmare^†, forelooper^†, foreloper^†, stalking-horse, voorlooper[Afrikaans], voortrekker[Afrikaans].

prelude, preamble, preface, prologue, foreword, avant-propos[Fr], protasis^†, proemium^†, prolusion^†, proem, prolepsis[Gram], prolegomena, prefix, introduction; heading, frontispiece, groundwork; preparation &c. 673; overture, exordium[Lat], symphony; premises.

prefigurement &c. 511; omen &c. 512.

Adj. precursory; prelusive, prelusory, preludious^†; proemial^†, introductory, prefatory, prodromous^†, inaugural, preliminary; precedent &c. (prior) 116.

Phr. "a precedent embalms a principle" [Disraeli].

65. Sequel

N. sequel, suffix, successor; tail, queue, train, wake, trail, rear; retinue, suite; appendix, postscript; epilogue; peroration; codicil; continuation, sequela^†; appendage; tail piece[Fr], heelpiece^†; tag, more last words; colophon. aftercome^†, aftergrowth^†, afterpart^†, afterpiece^†, aftercourse^†, afterthought, aftergame^†; arriere pensee[Fr], second thoughts; outgrowth.

66. Beginning

N. beginning, commencement, opening, outset, incipience, inception, inchoation^†; introduction &c. (precursor) 64; alpha, initial; inauguration, debut, le premier pas, embarcation[Fr], rising of the curtain; maiden speech; outbreak, onset, brunt; initiative, move, first move; narrow end of the wedge, thin end of the wedge; fresh start, new departure.

origin &c. (cause) 153; source, rise; bud, germ &c. 153; egg, rudiment; genesis, primogenesis^†, birth, nativity, cradle, infancy; start, inception, creation, starting point &c. 293; dawn &c. (morning) 125; evolution.

title-page; head, heading; van &c. (front) 234; caption, fatihah^†.

entrance, entry; inlet, orifice, mouth, chops, lips, porch, portal, portico, propylon^†, door; gate, gateway; postern, wicket, threshold, vestibule; propylaeum^†; skirts, border &c. (edge) 231.

first stage, first blush, first glance, first impression, first sight.

rudiments, elements, outlines, grammar, alphabet, ABCE.

V. begin, start, commence; conceive, open, dawn, set in, take its rise, enter upon, enter; set out &c. (depart) 293; embark in; incept^†.

[transitive] initiate, launch, inaugurate.

[intransitive] inchoate, rise, arise, originate.

usher in; lead off, lead the way; take the lead, take the initiative; head; stand at the head, stand first, stand for; lay the foundations &c. (prepare) 673; found &c. (cause) 153; set up, set on foot, agoing^†, set abroach^†, set the ball in motion; apply the match to a train; broach; open up, open the door to.

[intransitive] get underway, set about, get to work, set to work, set to; make a beginning, make a start.

handsel; take the first step, lay the first stone, cut the first turf; break ground, break the ice, break cover; pass the Rubicon, cross the Rubicon; open fire, open the ball; ventilate, air; undertake &c. 676.

come into existence, come into the world; make one's debut, take birth; burst forth, break out; spring up, spring forth, crop up, pop up, appear, materialize.

begin at the beginning, begin ab ovo[Lat].

begin again, begin de novo; start afresh, make a fresh start, take it from the top, shuffle the cards, reshuffle the cards, resume, recommence.

Adj. beginning &c. v.; initial, initiatory, initiative; inceptive, introductory, incipient; proemial^†, inaugural; inchoate, inchoative^†; embryonic, rudimental; primogenial^†; primeval, primitive, primordial &c. (old) 124; aboriginal; natal, nascent.

first, foremost, leading; maiden.

begun &c. v.; just begun &c. v.

Adv. at the beginning, in the beginning, &c. n.; first, in the first place, imprimis[Lat], first and foremost; in limine[Lat]; in the bud, in embryo, in its infancy; from the beginning, from its birth; ab initio[Lat], ab ovo[Lat], ab incunabilis[Lat], ab origine[Lat].

Phr. let's get going! let's get this show on the road! up and at 'em! aller Anfang ist schwer [Ger]; dimidium facti qui coepit habet [Lat][Cicero]; omnium rerum principia parva sunt [Lat][Cicero].

67. End

N. end, close, termination; desinence^†, conclusion, finis, finale, period, term, terminus, endpoint, last, omega; extreme, extremity; gable end, butt end, fag-end; tip, nib, point; tail &c. (rear) 235; verge &c. (edge) 231; tag, peroration; bonne bouche[Fr]; bottom dollar, tail end, rear guard.

consummation, denouement; finish &c. (completion) 729; fate; doom, doomsday; crack of doom, day of Judgment, dies irae, fall of the curtain; goal, destination; limit, determination; expiration, expiry^†, extinction, extermination; death &c. 360; end of all things; finality; eschatology.

break up, commencement de la fin, last stage, turning point; coup de grace, deathblow; knock-out, -blow; sockdolager* ^†[U.S.].

V. end, close, finish, terminate, conclude, be all over; expire; die &c. 360; come-, draw- to a -close &c. n.; have run its course; run out, pass away. bring to an -end &c. n.; put an end to, make an end of; determine; get through; achieve &c. (complete) 729; stop &c. (make to cease) 142; shut up shop; hang up one's fiddle.

Adj. ending &c. v.; final, terminal, definitive; crowning &c. (completing) 729; last, ultimate; hindermost^†; rear &c. 235; caudal; vergent^†.

conterminate^†, conterminous, conterminable^†.

ended &c. v.; at an end; settled, decided, over, played out, set at rest; conclusive. penultimate; last but one, last but two, &c. unbegun, uncommenced^†; fresh.

Adv. finally &c. adj.; in fine; at the last; once for all.

Phr. "as high as Heaven and as deep as hell" [Beaumont & Fletcher]; deficit omne quod nascitur [Lat][Quintilian]; en toute chose il faut considerer la fin[Fr]^†; finem respice[Lat]^†; ultimus Romanorum[Lat].

68. Middle

N. middle, midst, mediety|, mean &c. 29; medium, middle term; center &c. 222, mid-course &c. 628; mezzo termine[It]; juste milieu &c. 628[Fr]; halfway house, nave, navel, omphalos^†; nucleus, nucleolus.

equidistance^†, bisection, half distance; equator, diaphragm, midriff; intermediate &c. 228.

Adj. middle, medial, mesial[Med], mean, mid, median, average; middlemost, midmost; mediate; intermediate &c. (interjacent) 228^†; equidistant; central &c. 222; mediterranean, equatorial; homocentric.

Adv. in the middle; midway, halfway; midships^†, amidships, in medias res.

69. Continuity

N. continuity; consecution, consecutiveness &c. adj.; succession, round, suite, progression, series, train chain; catenation, concatenation; scale; gradation, course; ceaselessness, constant flow, unbroken extent.

procession, column; retinue, cortege, cavalcade, rank and file, line of battle, array.

pedigree, genealogy, lineage, race; ancestry, descent, family, house; line, line of ancestors; strain.

rank, file, line, row, range, tier, string, thread, team; suit; colonnade.

V. follow in a series, form a series &c. n.; fall in.

arrange in a series, collate &c. n.; string together, file, thread, graduate, organize, sort, tabulate.

Adj. continuous, continued; consecutive; progressive, gradual; serial, successive; immediate, unbroken, entire; linear; in a line, in a row &c. n.; uninterrupted, unintermitting^†; unremitting, unrelenting (perseverence) 604a; perennial, evergreen; constant.

Adv. continuously &c. adj.; seriatim; in a line &c. n.; in succession, in turn; running, gradually, step by step, gradatim[Lat], at a stretch; in file, in column, in single file, in Indian file.

70. Discontinuity

N. discontinuity; disjunction &c. 44; anacoluthon^†; interruption, break, fracture, flaw, fault, crack, cut; gap &c. (interval) 198; solution of continuity, caesura; broken thread; parenthesis, episode, rhapsody, patchwork; intermission; alternation &c. (periodicity) 138; dropping fire.

V. be discontinuous &c. adj.; alternate, intermit, sputter, stop and start, hesitate.

discontinue, pause, interrupt; intervene; break, break in upon, break off; interpose &c. 228; break the thread, snap the thread; disconnect &c. (disjoin) 44; dissever.

Adj. discontinuous, unsuccessive^†, broken, interrupted, dicousu[Fr]; disconnected, unconnected; discrete, disjunctive; fitful &c. (irregular) 139; spasmodic, desultory; intermitting, occasional &c. v., intermittent; alternate; recurrent &c. (periodic) 138.

Adv. at intervals; by snatches, by jerks, by skips, by catches, by fits and starts; skippingly^†, per saltum[Lat]; longo intervallo[It].

Phr. like "angel visits few and far between" [Campbell].

71. Term

N. term, rank, station, stage, step; degree &c. 26; scale, remove, grade, link, peg, round of the ladder, status, position, place, point, mark, pas, period, pitch; stand, standing; footing, range. V. hold a place, occupy a place, find a place, fall into a place &c. n.

3. Collective Order

72. Assemblage

N. {opp. 73} assemblage; collection, collocation, colligation^†; compilation, levy, gathering, ingathering, muster, attroupement^†; team; concourse, conflux^†, congregation, contesseration|, convergence &c. 290; meeting, levee, reunion, drawing room, at home; conversazione &c. (social gathering) 892[It]; assembly, congress; convention, conventicle; gemote^†; conclave &c. (council) 696; posse, posse comitatus[Lat]; Noah's ark.

miscellany, collectanea^†; museum, menagerie &c. (store) 636; museology^†.

crowd, throng, group,; flood, rush, deluge; rabble, mob, press, crush, cohue^†, horde, body, tribe; crew, gang, knot, squad, band, party; swarm, shoal, school, covey, flock, herd, drove; atajo^†; bunch, drive, force, mulada ^†[U.S.]; remuda^†; roundup [U.S.]; array, bevy, galaxy; corps, company, troop, troupe, task force; army, regiment &c. (combatants) 726; host &c. (multitude) 102; populousness.

clan, brotherhood, fraternity, sorority, association &c. (party) 712.

volley, shower, storm, cloud.

group, cluster, Pleiades, clump, pencil; set, batch, lot, pack; budget, assortment, bunch; parcel; packet, package; bundle, fascine^†, fasces^†, bale; seron^†, seroon^†; fagot, wisp, truss, tuft; shock, rick, fardel^†, stack, sheaf, haycock^†; fascicle, fascicule^†, fasciculus[Lat], gavel, hattock^†, stook^†.

accumulation &c. (store) 636; congeries, heap, lump, pile, rouleau^†, tissue, mass, pyramid; bing^†; drift; snowball, snowdrift; acervation^†, cumulation; glomeration^†, agglomeration; conglobation^†; conglomeration, conglomerate; coacervate[Chem], coacervation[Chem], coagmentation^†, aggregation, concentration, congestion, omnium gaterum[Lat], spicilegium^†, black hole of Calcutta; quantity &c. (greatness) 31. collector, gatherer; whip, whipper in.

V. assemble[be or come together], collect, muster; meet, unite, join, rejoin; cluster, flock, swarm, surge, stream, herd, crowd, throng, associate; congregate, conglomerate, concentrate; precipitate; center round, rendezvous, resort; come together, flock get together, pig together; forgather; huddle; reassemble.

[get or bring together] assemble, muster; bring together, get together, put together, draw together, scrape together, lump together; collect, collocate, colligate^†; get , whip in; gather; hold a meeting; convene, convoke, convocate^†; rake up, dredge; heap, mass, pile; pack, put up, truss, cram; acervate^†; agglomerate, aggregate; compile; group, aggroup^†, concentrate, unite; collect into a focus, bring into a focus; amass, accumulate &c. (store) 636; collect in a dragnet; heap Ossa upon Pelion.

Adj. assembled &c. v.; closely packed, dense, serried, crowded to suffocation, teeming, swarming, populous; as thick as hops; all of a heap, fasciculated cumulative. Phr. the plot thickens; acervatim[Lat]; tibi seris tibi metis[Lat].

73. Nonassemblage

N. {opp. 72} dispersion; disjunction &c. 44; divergence &c. 291; aspersion; scattering &c. v.; dissemination, diffusion, dissipation, distribution; apportionment &c. 786; spread, respersion^†, circumfusion^†, interspersion, spargefaction^†; affusion^†. waifs and estrays^†, flotsam and jetsam, disjecta membra[Lat], [Hor.]; waveson^†.

V. disperse, scatter, sow, broadcast, disseminate, diffuse, shed, spread, bestrew, overspread, dispense, disband, disembody, dismember, distribute; apportion &c. 786; blow off, let out, dispel, cast forth, draught off; strew, straw, strow^†; ted; spirtle^†, cast, sprinkle; issue, deal out, retail, utter; resperse^†, intersperse; set abroach^†, circumfuse^†.

turn adrift, cast adrift; scatter to the winds;.

spread like wildfire, disperse themselves.

Adj. unassembled &c. (see assemble &c. 72); dispersed &c. v.; sparse, dispread, broadcast, sporadic, widespread; epidemic &c. (general) 78; adrift, stray; disheveled, streaming.

Adv. sparsim^†, here and there, passim.

74. Focus

[Place of meeting.] 

N. focus; point of convergence &c. 290; corradiation^†; center &c. 222; gathering place, resort haunt retreat; venue; rendezvous; rallying point, headquarters, home, club; depot &c. (store) 636; trysting place; place of meeting, place of resort, place of assignation; point de reunion; issue. V. bring to a point, bring to a focus, bring to an issue.

4. Distributive Order

75. Class

N. class, division, category, categorema^†, head, order, section; department, subdepartment, province, domain.

kind, sort, genus, species, variety, family, order, kingdom, race, tribe, caste, sept, clan, breed, type, subtype, kit, sect, set, subset; assortment; feather, kidney; suit; range; gender, sex, kin.

manner, description, denomination, designation, rubric, character, stamp predicament; indication, particularization, selection, specification.

similarity &c. 17.

76. Inclusion

N. {opp. 77} inclusion, admission, comprehension, reception. composition &c. (inclusion in a compound) 54.

V. be included in &c.; come under, fall under, range under; belong to, pertain to; range with; merge in.

include, comprise, comprehend, contain, admit, embrace, receive; inclose &c. (circumscribe) 229; embody, encircle.

reckon among, enumerate among, number among; refer to; place with, arrange with, place under; take into account.

Adj. included, including &c. v.; inclusive; congener, congenerous; of the same class &c. 75; encircling.

Phr. a maximis ad minima[Lat], et hoc genus omne[Lat], &c., etc.; et coetera[Lat].

77. Exclusion

N. exclusion, nonadmission, omission, exception, rejection, repudiation; exile &c. (seclusion) 893; noninclusion^†, preclusion, prohibition.

separation, segregation, seposition^†, elimination, expulsion; cofferdam.

V. be excluded from &c.

exclude, bar; leave out, shut out, bar out; reject, repudiate, blackball; lay apart, put apart, set apart, lay aside, put aside; relegate, segregate; throw overboard; strike off, strike out; neglect &c. 460; banish &c. (seclude) 893; separate.&c. (disjoin) 44.

pass over, omit; garble; eliminate, weed, winnow.

Adj. excluding &c. v.; exclusive. excluded &c. v.; unrecounted^†, not included in; inadmissible.

Adv. exclusive of, barring; except; with the exception of; save; bating.

78. Generality

N. {opp. 79} generality, generalization; universality; catholicity, catholicism; miscellany, miscellaneousness^†; dragnet; common run; worldwideness^†.

everyone, everybody; all hands, all the world and his wife; anybody, N or M, all sorts.

prevalence, run.

V. be general &c. adj.; prevail, be going about, stalk abroad.

render general &c. adj.; generalize.

Adj. general, generic, collective; broad, comprehensive, sweeping; encyclopedical^†, widespread &c. (dispersed) 73.

universal; catholic, catholical^†; common, worldwide; , ecumenical, oecumenical^†; transcendental; prevalent, prevailing, rife, epidemic, besetting; all over, covered with.

Pan-American, Anglican^†, Pan-Hellenic, Pan-Germanic, slavic; panharmonic^†.

every, all; unspecified, impersonal.

customary &c. (habitual) 613.

Adv. whatever, whatsoever; to a man, one and all.

generally &c. adj.; always, for better for worse; in general, generally speaking; speaking generally; for the most part; in the long run &c. (on an average) 29.

79. Speciality

N. {opp. 78} speciality, specialite^†; individuality, individuity|; particularity, peculiarity; idiocrasy &c. (tendency) 176^†; personality, characteristic, mannerism, idiosyncrasy; specificness &c. adj^†.; singularity &c. (unconformity) 83; reading, version, lection; state; trait; distinctive feature; technicality; differentia.

particulars, details, items, counts; minutiae.

I, self, I myself; myself, himself, herself, itself.

V. specify, particularize, individualize, realize, specialize, designate, determine; denote, indicate, point out, select.

descend to particulars, enter into detail, go into detail, come to the point.

Adj. special, particular, individual, specific, proper, personal, original, private, respective, definite, determinate, especial, certain, esoteric, endemic, partial, party, peculiar, appropriate, several, characteristic, diagnostic, exclusive; singular &c. (exceptional) 83; idiomatic; idiotypical; typical.

this, that; yon, yonder.

Adv. specially, especially, particularly &c. adj.; in particular, in propria persona[Lat]; ad hominem[Lat]; for my part.

each, apiece, one by one, one at a time; severally, respectively, each to each; seriatim, in detail, in great detail, in excruciating detail, in mind-numbing detail; bit by bit; pro hac vice[Lat], pro re nata[Lat].

namely, that is to say, for example, id est, exemplia gratia[Lat], e.g., i.e.,videlicet, viz.; to wit.

Phr. le style est l'homme meme[Fr].

5. Order as Regards Categories

80. Normality

N. normality, normalcy, normalness^†; familiarity, naturalness; commonness (frequency) 136; rule, standard (conformity) 82; customary (habit) 613; standard, pattern (prototype) 22.

V. normalize, standardize.

Adj. normal, natural, unexceptional; common, usual (frequency) 136;

81. Multiformity

N. multiformity, omniformity^†; variety, diversity; multifariousness &c. adj.; varied assortment.

dissimilarity &c. 18.

Adj. polymorphous, multiform, multifold, multifarious, multigenerous^†, multiplex; heterogeneous, diversified, dissimilar, various, varied, variform^†; manifold, many-sided; variegated, motley, mosaic; epicene, indiscriminate, desultory, irregular; mixed, different, assorted, mingled, odd, diverse, divers; all manner of; of every description, of all sorts and kinds; et hoc genus omne[Lat]; and what not? de omnibus rebus et quibusdam aliis [Lat].

jumbled, confused, mixed up, discordant; inharmonious, unmatched, unrelated, nonuniform.

omniform^†, omnigenous^†, omnifarious^†; protean (form) 240.

Phr. "harmoniously confused" [Pope]; " variety's the very spice of life" [Cowper].

82. Conformity

N. {opp. 83} conformity, conformance; observance; habituation. naturalization; conventionality &c. (custom) 613; agreement &c. 23. example, instance, specimen, sample, quotation; exemplification, illustration, case in point; object lesson; elucidation.

standard, model, pattern &c. (prototype) 22.

rule, nature, principle; law; order of things; normal state, natural state, ordinary state, model state, normal condition, natural condition, ordinary condition, model condition; standing dish, standing order; Procrustean law; law of the Medes and Persians; hard and fast rule.

V. conform to, conform to rule; accommodate oneself to, adapt oneself to; rub off corners.

be regular &c. adj.; move in a groove; follow observe the rules, go by the rules, bend to the rules ,obey the rules, obey the precedents; comply with, tally with, chime in with, fall in with; be guided by, be regulated by; fall into a custom,fall into a usage; follow the fashion, follow the crowd, follow the multitude; pass muster, do as others do, hurler avec les loups [Fr]; stand on ceremony; when in Rome do as the Romans do; go with the stream, go with the flow, swim with the stream, swim with the current, swim with the tide, blow with the wind; stick to the beaten track &c. (habit) 613; keep one in countenance.

exemplify, illustrate, cite, quote, quote precedent, quote authority, appeal to authority, put a case; produce an instance &c. n.; elucidate, explain.

Adj. conformable to rule; regular &c. 136; according to regulation, according to rule, according to Hoyle, according to Cocker, according to Gunter; en regle [Fr], selon les regles[Fr], well regulated, orderly; symmetric &c. 242.

conventional &c. (customary) 613; of daily occurrence, of everyday occurrence; in the natural order of things; ordinary, common, habitual, usual, everyday, workaday.

in the order of the day; naturalized.

typical, normal, nominal, formal; canonical, orthodox, sound, strict, rigid, positive, uncompromising, Procrustean.

secundum artem[Lat], shipshape, technical. exempIe[Fr]. illustrative, in point.

Adv. conformably &c. adj.; by rule; agreeably to; in conformity with, in accordance with, in keeping with; according to; consistently with; as usual, ad instar[Lat], instar omnium[Lat]; more solito[Lat], more-majorum. for the sake of conformity; as a matter of course, of course; pro forma[Lat], for form's sake, by the card.

invariably, &c. (uniformly) 16.

for example, exempli gratia[Lat], e. g.; inter alia[Lat], among other things; for instance.

Phr. cela va sans dire[Fr]; ex pede Herculem[Lat]; noscitur a sociis [Lat]; ne e quovis ligno Mercurius fiat [Lat][Erasmus]; "they are happy men whose natures sort with their vocations" [Bacon]. "The nail that sticks up will get hammered down" [Japanese saying]; "Stick your neck out and it may get cut off."

83. Unconformity

N. {opp. 82} nonconformity &c. 82; unconformity, disconformity; unconventionality, informality, abnormity^†, abnormality, anomaly; anomalousness &c. adj^†.; exception, peculiarity; infraction of law, breach, of law, violation of law, violation of custom, violation of usage, infringement of law, infringement of custom, infringement of usage; teratism^†, eccentricity, bizarrerie^†, oddity, je ne sais quoi[Fr], monster, monstrosity, rarity; freak, freak of Nature, weirdo, mutant; rouser, snorter* [U.S.].

individuality, idiosyncrasy, originality, mannerism.

aberration; irregularity; variety; singularity; exemption; salvo &c. (qualification) 469.

nonconformist; nondescript, character, original, nonesuch, nonsuch^†, monster, prodigy, wonder, miracle, curiosity, flying fish, black sheep, black swan, lusus naturae[Lat], rara avis[Lat], queer fish; mongrel, random breed; half-caste, half-blood, half-breed; metis[Lat], crossbreed, hybrid, mule, hinny, mulatto; tertium quid[Lat], hermaphrodite.

[mythical animal] phoenix, chimera, hydra, sphinx, minotaur; griffin, griffon; centaur; saggittary^†; kraken, cockatrice, wyvern, roc, dragon, sea serpent; mermaid, merman, merfolk^†; unicorn; Cyclops, "men whose heads do grow beneath their shoulders" [Othello]; teratology.

[unconformable to the surroundings] fish out of water; neither one thing nor another, neither fish nor fowl, neither fish flesh nor fowl nor good red herring; one in a million, one in a way, one in a thousand; outcast, outlaw; off the beaten track; oasis.

V. be uncomformable &c. adj.; abnormalize^†; leave the beaten track, leave the beaten path; infringe a law, infringe a habit, infringe a usage, infringe a custom, break a law, break a habit, break a usage, break a custom, violate a law, violate a habit, violate a usage, violate a custom; drive a coach and six through; stretch a point; have no business there; baffle all description, beggar all description.

Adj. uncomformable, exceptional; abnormal, abnormous^†; anomalous, anomalistic; out of order, out of place, out of keeping, out of tune, out of one's element; irregular, arbitrary; teratogenic; lawless, informal, aberrant, stray, wandering, wanton; peculiar, exclusive, unnatural, eccentric, egregious; out of the beaten track, off the beaten track, out of the common, out of the common run; beyond the pale of, out of the pale of; misplaced; funny.

unusual, unaccustomed, uncustomary, unwonted, uncommon; rare, curious, odd, extraordinary, out of the ordinary; strange, monstrous; wonderful &c. 870; unexpected, unaccountable; outre[Fr], out of the way, remarkable, noteworthy; queer, quaint, nondescript, none such, sui generis[Lat]; unfashionable; fantastic, grotesque, bizarre; outlandish, exotic, tombe des nues[Fr], preternatural; denaturalized^†.

heterogeneous, heteroclite[Gram], amorphous, mongrel, amphibious, epicene, half blood, hybrid; androgynous, androgynal^†; asymmetric &c. 243; adelomorphous^†, bisexual, hermaphrodite, monoclinous^†.

qualified &c. 469.

singular, unique, one-of-a-kind.

newfangled, novel, non-classical; original, unconventional, unheard of, unfamiliar; undescribed, unprecedented, unparalleled, unexampled.

Adv. unconformably &c. adj.; except, unless, save barring, beside, without, save and except, let alone.

however, yet, but.

once in a blue moon, once in a million years.

Int. what on earth! what in the world! What the devil! Holy cow! Can you top that?; Sacre bleu [Fr].

Phr. never was seen the like, never was heard the like, never was known the like.

I could hardly believe it; I saw it, but I didn't believe it.

Section V. Number

1. Number, in the Abstract

84. Number

N. number, symbol, numeral, figure, cipher, digit, integer; counter; round number; formula; function; series.

sum, difference, complement, subtrahend; product; multiplicand, multiplier, multiplicator^†; coefficient, multiple; dividend, divisor, factor, quotient, submultiple[Math]; fraction, rational number; surd, irrational number; transcendental number; mixed number, complex number, complex conjugate; numerator, denominator; decimal, circulating decimal, repetend; common measure, aliquot part; prime number, prime, relative prime, prime factor, prime pair; reciprocal; totient^†.

binary number, octal number, hexadecimal number[Comp].

permutation, combination, variation; election.

ratio, proportion, comparison &c.464; progression; arithmetical progression, geometrical progression, harmonical progression^†; percentage, permilage.

figurate numbers^†, pyramidal numbers, polygonal numbers.

power, root, exponent, index, logarithm, antilogarithm; modulus, base.

differential, integral, fluxion^†, fluent.

Adj. numeral, complementary, divisible, aliquot, reciprocal, prime, relatively prime, fractional, decimal, figurate^†, incommensurable.

proportional, exponential, logarithmic, logometric^†, differential, fluxional^†, integral, totitive^†.

positive, negative; rational, irrational; surd, radical, real; complex, imaginary; finite; infinite; impossible.

Adv. numerically; modulo.

85. Numeration

N. numeration; numbering &c. v.; pagination; tale, recension^†, enumeration, summation, reckoning, computation, supputation^†; calculation, calculus; algorithm, algorism^†, rhabdology^†, dactylonomy^†; measurement &c. 466; statistics.

arithmetic, analysis, algebra, geometry, analytical geometry, fluxions^†; differential calculus, integral calculus, infinitesimal calculus; calculus of differences.

[Statistics] dead reckoning, muster, poll, census, capitation, roll call, recapitulation; account &c. (list) 86.

[Operations] notation, addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, rule of three, practice, equations, extraction of roots, reduction, involution, evolution, estimation, approximation, interpolation, differentiation, integration.

[Instruments] abacus, logometer^†, slide rule, slipstick[coll.], tallies, Napier's bones, calculating machine, difference engine, suan- pan^†; adding machine; cash register; electronic calculator, calculator, computer;

[people who calculate] arithmetician, calculator, abacist^†, algebraist, mathematician; statistician, geometer; programmer; accountant, auditor.

V. number, count, tally, tell; call over, run over; take an account of, enumerate, muster, poll, recite, recapitulate; sum; sum up, cast up; tell off, score, cipher, compute, calculate, suppute^†, add, subtract, multiply, divide, extract roots. algebraize^†.

check, prove, demonstrate, balance, audit, overhaul, take stock; affix numbers to, page.

amount to, add up to, come to.

Adj. numeral, numerical; arithmetical, analytic, algebraic, statistical, numerable, computable, calculable; commensurable, commensurate; incommensurable, incommensurate, innumerable, unfathomable, infinite.

Adv. quantitatively; arithmetically; measurably; in numbers.

86. List

N. list, catalog, catalogue, inventory; register &c. (record) 551.

account; bill, bill of costs; terrier; tally, listing, itemization; atlas; book, ledger; catalogue raisonne[Fr]; tableau; invoice, bill of lading; prospectus; bill of fare, menu, carte[Fr]; score, census, statistics, returns.

[list of topics in a document] contents, table of contents, outline; synopsis.

[list of topics in a protracted activity (frame)] program, programme[Brit]; syllabus; agenda, schedule, calendar, docket.

[computer-generated list] listing, printout, output.

[written list used as an aid to memory] checklist.

table, chart, database; index, inverted file, word list, concordance.

dictionary, lexicon; vocabulary, glossary; thesaurus.

file, card index, card file, rolodex, address book.

Red book, Blue book, Domesday book; cadastre[Fr]; directory, gazetter^†. almanac; army list, clergy list, civil service list, navy list; Almanach de Gotha^†, cadaster; Lloyd's register, nautical almanac;

who's who; Guiness's Book of World Records.

roll; check roll, checker roll, bead roll; muster roll, muster book; roster, panel, jury list; cartulary, diptych.

V. list, itemize; sort, collate; enumerate, tabulate, catalog, tally.

Adj. cadastral^†.

2. Determinate Number

87. Unity

{opp. 100} 

N. unity; oneness &c. adj.; individuality; solitude &c. (seclusion) 893; isolation &c. (disjunction) 44; unification &c. 48.

one, unit, ace; individual; none else, no other.

V. be one, be alone &c. adj.; dine with Duke Humphrey^†. isolate &c. (disjoin) 44.

render one; unite &c. (join) 43, (combine) 48.

Adj. one, sole, single, solitary, unitary; individual, apart, alone; kithless^†.

unaccompanied, unattended; solus[Lat], single-handed; singular, odd, unique, unrepeated^†, azygous, first and last; isolated &c. (disjoined) 44; insular.

monospermous^†; unific^†, uniflorous^†, unifoliate^†, unigenital^†, uniliteral^†, unijocular^†, unimodal [statistics], unimodular^†.

lone, lonely, lonesome; desolate, dreary. insecable|, inseverable^†, indiscerptible^†; compact, indivisible, atomic, irresolvable^†.

Adv. singly &c. adj.; alone, by itself, per se, only, apart, in the singular number, in the abstract; one by one, one at a time; simply; one and a half, sesqui-^†.

Phr. natura il fece [It], e poi roppe la stampa[It]; du fort au faible ^†[Fr]; "two souls with but a single thought, two hearts that beat as one".

88. Accompaniment

N. accompaniment; adjunct &c. 39; context; appendage, appurtenance.

coexistence, concomitance, company, association, companionship; partnership, copartnership; coefficiency^†.

concomitant, accessory, coefficient; companion, buddy, attendant, fellow, associate, friend, colleague; consort, spouse, mate; partner, co- partner; satellite, hanger on, fellow-traveller, shadow; escort, cortege; attribute.

V. accompany, coexist, attend; hang on, wait on; go hand in hand with; synchronize &c. 120; bear company, keep company; row in the same boat; bring in its train; associate with, couple with.

Adj. accompanying &c. v.; concomitant, fellow, twin, joint; associated with, coupled with; accessory, attendant, obbligato.

Adv. with, withal; together with, along with, in company with; hand in hand, side by side; cheek by jowl, cheek by jole^†; arm in arm; therewith, herewith; and &c. (addition) 37.

together, in a body, collectively.

Phr. noscitur a sociis[Lat]; virtutis fortuna comes[Lat].

89. Duality

N. duality, dualism; duplicity; biplicity^†, biformity^†; polarity. two, deuce, couple, duet, brace, pair, cheeks, twins, Castor and Pollux, gemini, Siamese twins; fellows; yoke, conjugation; dispermy^†, doublets, dyad, span.

V. pair[unite in pairs], couple, bracket, yoke; conduplicate^†; mate, span [U.S.].

Adj. two, twin; dual, dualistic, double; binary, binomial; twin, biparous^†; dyadic[Math]; conduplicate^†; duplex &c. 90; biduous^†, binate^†, diphyletic^†, dispermic^†, unijugate^†; tete-a-tete.

coupled &c. v.; conjugate.

both, both the one and the other.

90. Duplication

N. duplication; doubling &c. v.; gemination, ingemination^†; reduplication; iteration &c. (repetition) 104; renewal.

V. double, redouble, duplicate, reduplicate; geminate; repeat &c. 104; renew &c. 660.

Adj. double; doubled &c. v.; bicipital^†, bicephalous^†, bidental^†, bilabiate, bivalve, bivalvular^†, bifold^†, biform^†, bilateral; bifarious^†, bifacial^†; twofold, two- sided; disomatous^†; duplex; double-faced, double-headed; twin, duplicate, ingeminate^†; second.

Adv. twice, once more; over again &c. (repeatedly) 104; as much again, twofold. secondly, in the second place, again.

91. Bisection

[Division into two parts.]

N. bisection, bipartition; dichotomy, subdichotomy^†; halving &c. v.; dimidiation^†.

bifurcation, forking, branching, ramification, divarication; fork, prong; fold. half, moiety.

V. bisect, halve, divide, split, cut in two, cleave dimidiate^†, dichotomize.

go halves, divide with.

separate, fork, bifurcate; branch off, out; ramify.

Adj. bisected &c. v.; cloven, cleft; bipartite, biconjugate^†, bicuspid, bifid; bifurcous^†, bifurcate, bifurcated; distichous, dichotomous, furcular^†; semi-, demi-, hemi^†.

92. Triality

N. Triality^†, trinity; triunity^†.

three, triad, triplet, trey, trio, ternion^†, leash; shamrock, tierce^†, spike-team [U.S.], trefoil; triangle, trident, triennium^†, trigon^†, trinomial, trionym^†, triplopia^†, tripod, trireme, triseme^†, triskele^†, triskelion, trisula^†.

third power, cube; cube root.

Adj. three ; triform^†, trinal^†, trinomial; tertiary; ternary; triune; triarch, triadie^†; triple &c. 93.

Pref. tri-, tris-.

Phr. tria juncta in uno[Lat].

93. Triplication

N. triplication, triplicity^†; trebleness^†, trine.

V. treble, triple; triplicate, cube.

Adj. treble, triple; tern, ternary; triplicate, threefold, trilogistic^†; third; trinal^†, trine.

Adv. three times, three fold; thrice, in the third place, thirdly; trebly &c. adj.

94. Trisection

[Division into three parts.]

N. trisection, tripartition^†, trichotomy; third, third part.

V. trisect, divide into three parts.

Adj. trifid; trisected &c. v.; tripartite, trichotomous^†, trisulcate^†.

Triadelphous^†, triangular, tricuspid, tricapsular^†, tridental^†, tridentate, tridentiferous^†, trifoliate, trifurcate, trigonal^†, trigrammic^†, trigrammatic^†, tripetalous^†, tripodal, tripodic^†, triquetral^†, triquetrous^†.

95. Four

N. quaternity^†, four, tetrad, quartet, quaternion, square, quarter.

[planar form with four sides] tetract^†, tetragon, quadrangle, rectangle.

[three dimensional object with four surfaces] tetrahedron.

quadrature, quadrifoil, quadriform, quadruplet; quatrefoil.

[object or animal with four legs] tetrapod.

[geographical area with four sides] quadrangle, quad[coll.].

[electromagnetic object] quadrupole.

[four fundamental studies] quadrivium.

V. reduce to a square, square.

Adj. four; quaternary, quaternal^†; quadratic; quartile; tetract^†, tetractic^†, tetractinal^†; tetrad, tetragonal; square, quadrate.

96. Quadruplication

N. quaternity^†, four, tetrad, quartet, quaternion, square, quarter.

[planar form with four sides] tetract^†, tetragon, quadrangle, rectangle.

[three dimensional object with four surfaces] tetrahedron.

quadrature, quadrifoil, quadriform, quadruplet; quatrefoil.

[object or animal with four legs] tetrapod.

[geographical area with four sides] quadrangle, quad[coll.].

[electromagnetic object] quadrupole.

[four fundamental studies] quadrivium.

V. reduce to a square, square.

Adj. four; quaternary, quaternal^†; quadratic; quartile; tetract^†, tetractic^†, tetractinal^†; tetrad, tetragonal; square, quadrate.

97. Quadrisection

[Division into four parts.]

N. quadrisection, quadripartition^†; quartering &c. v; fourth; quart; quarter, quartern^†; farthing (i.e. fourthing)^†; quadrant.

V. quarter, divide into four parts.

Adj. quartered &c. v.; quadrifid^†, quadripartite.

rectangular.

98. Five

N. five, cinque[Fr], quint, quincux^†; six, half-a-dozen, half dozen; seven; eight; nine, three times three; dicker; ten, decade; eleven; twelve, dozen; thirteen; long dozen, baker's dozen; quintuplet; twenty, score; twenty-four, four and twenty, two dozen; twenty- five, five and twenty, quarter of a hundred; forty, two score; fifty, half a hundred; sixty, three score; seventy, three score and ten; eighty, four score; ninety, fourscore and ten; sestiad^†.

hundred, centenary, hecatomb, century; hundredweight, cwt.; one hundred and forty-four, gross.

thousand, chiliad; millennium, thousand years, grand[coll.]; myriad; ten thousand, ban[Japanese], man[Japanese]; ten thousand years, banzai[Japanese]; lac, one hundred thousand, plum; million; thousand million, milliard, billion, trillion &c.

V. centuriate^†; quintuplicate.

Adj. five, quinary^†, quintuple; fifth; senary^†, sextuple; sixth; seventh; septuple; octuple; eighth; ninefold, ninth; tenfold, decimal, denary^†, decuple^†, tenth; eleventh; duodenary^†, duodenal; twelfth; in one's 'teens, thirteenth.

vicesimal^†, vigesimal; twentieth; twenty-fourth &c. n.; vicenary^†, vicennial^†.

centuple^†, centuplicate^†, centennial, centenary, centurial^†; secular, hundredth; thousandth, &c.

99. Quinquesection

N. division by five &c. 98; quinquesection &c.; decimation; fifth &c.

V. decimate; quinquesect.

Adj. quinquefid, quinquelateral, quinquepartite; quinqevalent, pentavalent; quinquarticular^†; octifid^†; decimal, tenth, tithe; duodecimal, twelfth; sexagesimal^†, sexagenary^†; hundredth, centesimal; millesimal &c.

3. Indeterminate Number

100. Plurality

N. plurality; a number, a certain number; one or two, two or three &c.; a few, several; multitude &c. 102; majority.

[large number] multitude &c. 102.

Adj. plural, more than one, upwards of; some, several, a few; certain; not alone &c. 87.

Adv. et cetera, &c., etc.

among other things, inter alia[Lat].

Phr. non deficit alter [Lat].

100a. Fraction

[Less than one.]

N. fraction, fractional part; part &c. 51.

Adj. fractional, fragmentary, inconsiderable, negligible, infinitesimal.

101. Zero

N. zero, nothing; null, nul, naught, nought, void; cipher, goose egg; none, nobody, no one; nichts[Ger.], nixie*, nix*; zilch, zip, zippo [all slang]; not a soul; ame qui vive[Fr]; absence &c. 187; unsubstantiality &c. 4^†.

Adj. not one, not a one, not any, nary a one [dial.]; not a, never a; not a whit of, not an iota of, not a drop of, not a speck of, not a jot; not a trace of, not a hint of, not a smidgen of, not a suspicion of, not a shadow of, neither hide nor hair of.

102. Multitude

N. multitude; numerous &c. adj.; numerosity, numerality; multiplicity; profusion &c. (plenty) 639; legion, host; great number, large number, round number, enormous number; a quantity, numbers, array, sight, army, sea, galaxy; scores, peck, bushel, shoal, swarm, draught, bevy, cloud, flock, herd, drove, flight, covey, hive, brood, litter, farrow, fry, nest; crowd &c. (assemblage) 72; lots; all in the world and his wife.

[Increase of number] greater number, majority; multiplication, multiple.

V. be numerous &c. adj.; swarm with, teem with, creep with; crowd, swarm, come thick upon; outnumber, multiply; people; swarm like locusts, swarm like bees.

Adj. many, several, sundry, divers, various, not a few; Briarean; a hundred, a thousand, a myriad, a million, a quadrillion, a nonillion, a thousand and one; some ten or a dozen, some forty or fifty &c.; half a dozen, half a hundred &c.; very many, full many, ever so many; numerous; numerose^†; profuse, in profusion; manifold, multiplied, multitudinous, multiple, multinominal, teeming, populous, peopled, crowded, thick, studded; galore.

thick coming, many more, more than one can tell, a world of; no end of, no end to; cum multis aliis[Lat]; thick as hops, thick as hail; plenty as blackberries; numerous as the stars in the firmament, numerous as the sands on the seashore, numerous as the hairs on the head; and what not, and heaven knows what; endless &c. (infinite) 105.

Phr. their name is "legion"; acervatim[Lat]; en foule[Fr]; "many- headed multitude" [Sidney]; "numerous as glittering gems of morning dew" [Young]; vel prece vel pretio[Lat]^†.

103. Fewness

N. fewness &c. adj.; paucity, small number; small quantity &c. 32; rarity; infrequency &c. 137; handful, maniple; minority; exiguity.

[Diminution of number] reduction; weeding &c. v.; elimination, sarculation|, decimation; eradication.

V. be few &c. adj.

render few &c. adj.; reduce, diminish the number, weed, eliminate, cull, thin, decimate.

Adj. few; scant, scanty; thin, rare, scattered, thinly scattered, spotty, few and far between, exiguous; infrequent &c. 137; rari nantes[Latin]; hardly any, scarcely any; to be counted on one's fingers; reduced &c. v.; unrepeated^†.

Adv. rarely, here and there.

104. Repetition

N. repetition, iteration, reiteration, harping, recurrence, succession, run; battology, tautology; monotony, tautophony; rhythm &c. 138; diffuseness, pleonasm, redundancy.

chimes, repetend, echo, ritornello^†, burden of a song, refrain; rehearsal; rechauffe[Fr], rifacimento[It], recapitulation.

cuckoo &c. (imitation) 19; reverberation &c. 408; drumming &c. (roll) 407; renewal &c. (restoration) 660.

twice-told tale; old story, old song; second edition, new edition; reappearance, reproduction, recursion [Comp]; periodicity &c. 138.

V. repeat, iterate, reiterate, reproduce, echo, reecho, drum, harp upon, battologize^†, hammer, redouble.

recur, revert, return, reappear, recurse [Comp]; renew &c. (restore) 660.

rehearse; do over again, say over again; ring the changes on; harp on the same string; din in the ear, drum in the ear; conjugate in all its moods tenses and inflexions^†, begin again, go over the same ground, go the same round, never hear the last of; resume, return to, recapitulate, reword.

Adj. repeated &c. v.; repetitional^†, repetitionary^†; recurrent, recurring; ever recurring, thick coming; frequent, incessant; redundant, pleonastic.

monotonous, harping, iterative, recursive [Math, Comp], unvaried; mocking, chiming; retold; aforesaid, aforenamed^†; above-mentioned, above-said; habitual &c. 613; another.

Adv. repeatedly, often, again, anew, over again, afresh, once more; ding-dong, ditto, encore, de novo, bis^†, da capo[It].

again and again; over and over, over and over again; recursively [Comp]; many times over; time and again, time after time; year after year; day by day &c.; many times, several times, a number of times; many a time, full many a time; frequently &c. 136.

Phr. ecce iterum Crispinus[Lat]; toujours perdrix[Fr]; "cut and come again" [Crabbe]; "tomorrow and tomorrow and tomorrow" [Macbeth]; cantilenam eandem canis [Lat][Terence]; nullum est jam dictum quod non dictum sit prius [Lat][Terence].

105. Infinity

N. infinity, infinitude, infiniteness &c. adj.; perpetuity &c. 112; boundlessness. V. be infinite &c. adj.; know no limits, have no limits, know no bounds,have no bounds; go on for ever.

Adj. infinite; immense; numberless, countless, sumless^†, measureless; innumerable, immeasurable, incalculable, illimitable, inexhaustible, interminable, unfathomable, unapproachable; exhaustless, indefinite; without number, without measure, without limit, without end; incomprehensible; limitless, endless, boundless, termless^†; untold, unnumbered, unmeasured, unbounded, unlimited; illimited^†; perpetual &c. 112.

Adv. infinitely &c. adj.; ad infinitum.

Phr. "as boundless as the sea" [Romeo and Juliet].

Section VI. Time

1. Absolute Time

106. Time

N. time, duration; period, term, stage, space, span, spell, season; the whole time, the whole period; space-time; course &c. 109; snap.

intermediate time, while, interim, interval, pendency^†; intervention, intermission, intermittence, interregnum, interlude; respite.

era, epoch; time of life, age, year, date; decade &c. (period) 108; moment, &c. (instant) 113.

glass of time, sands of time, march of time, Father Time, ravages of time; arrow of time; river of time, whirligig of time, noiseless foot of time; scythe.

V. continue last endure, go on, remain, persist; intervene; elapse &c. 109; hold out.

take time, take up time, fill time, occupy time.

pass time, pass away time, spend time, while away time, consume time, talk against time; tide over; use time, employ time; seize an opportunity &c. 134; waste time &c. (be inactive) 683.

Adj. continuing &c. v.; on foot; permanent &c. (durable) 110.

Adv. while, whilst, during, pending; during the time, during the interval; in the course of, at that point, at that point in time; for the time being, day by day; in the time of, when; meantime, meanwhile; in the meantime, in the interim; ad interim, pendente lite[Lat]; de die in diem[Lat]; from day to day, from hour to hour &c.; hourly, always; for a time, for a season;

till, until, up to, yet, as far as, by that time, so far, hereunto, heretofore, prior to this, up to this point.

the whole time, all the time; all along; throughout &c. (completely) 52; for good &c. (diuturnity)^† 110.

hereupon, thereupon, whereupon; then; anno Domini; A.D.; ante Christum; A.C.; before Christ; B.C.; anno urbis conditae[Lat]; A.U.C.; anno regni[Lat]; A.R.; once upon a time, one fine morning, one fine day, one day, once.

Phr. time flies, tempus fugit [Lat.]; time runs out, time runs against, race against time, racing the clock, time marches on, time is of the essence, "time and tide wait for no man".

ad calendas Groecas[Lat]; "panting Time toileth after him in vain" [Johnson]; "'gainst the tooth of time and razure of oblivion " [Measure for Measure]; " rich with the spoils of time" [Gray]; tempus edax rerum [Lat][Horace]; "the long hours come and go" [C.G. Rossetti]; "the time is out of joint" [Hamlet]; "Time rolls his ceaseless course" [Scott]; "Time the foe of man's dominion" [Peacock]; "time wasted is existence, used is life" [Young]; truditur dies die [Lat][Horace]; volat hora per orbem [Lat][Lucretius]; carpe diem[Lat].

107. Neverness

N. "neverness"; absence of time, no time; dies non; Tib's eve; Greek Kalends, a blue moon. Adv. never, ne'er[contr]; at no time, at no period; on the second Tuesday of the week, when Hell freezes over; on no occasion, never in all one's born days, nevermore, sine die; in no degree.

108. Period

[Definite duration, or portion of time.]

N. period, age, era; second, minute, hour, day, week, month, quarter, year, decade, decenniumm lustrum^†, quinquennium, lifetime, generation; epoch, ghurry^†, lunation^†, moon.

century, millennium; annus magnus[Lat].

Adj. horary^†; hourly, annual &c. (periodical) 138.

108a. Contingent

[ contigent duration ]

Adv. during pleasure, during good behavior; quamdiu se bene gesserit[Latin].

109. Course

[Indefinite duration.]

N. corridors of time, sweep of time, vesta of time^†, course of time, progress of time, process of time, succession of time, lapse of time, flow of time, flux of time, stream of time, tract of time, current of time, tide of time, march of time, step of time, flight of time; duration &c. 106.

[Indefinite time] aorist^†.

V. elapse, lapse, flow, run, proceed, advance, pass; roll on, wear on, press on; flit, fly, slip, slide, glide; run its course.

run out, expire; go by, pass by; be -past &c. 122.

Adj. elapsing &c. v.; aoristic^†; progressive. -

Adv. in due time, in due season; in in due course, in due process, in the fullness of time; in time.

Phr. labitur et labetur [Lat][Horace]; truditur dies die [Lat][Horace]; fugaces labuntur anni [Lat][Horace]; "tomorrow and tomorrow and tomorrow creeps in this petty pace from day to day" [Macbeth].

110. Diuturnity

[Long duration.]

N. diuturnity^†; a long time, a length of time; an age, a century, an eternity; slowness &c. 275; perpetuity &c. 112; blue moon, coon's age [U.S.], dog's age.

durableness, durability; persistence, endlessness, lastingness &c. adj^†.; continuance, standing; permanence &c. (stability) 150 survival, survivance^†; longevity &c. (age) 128; distance of time.

protraction of time, prolongation of time, extension of time; delay &c. (lateness) 133.

V. last, endure, stand, remain, abide, continue, brave a thousand years.

tarry &c. (be late) 133; drag on, drag its slow length along, drag a lengthening chain; protract, prolong; spin out, eke out, draw out, lengthen out; temporize; gain time, make time, talk against time.

outlast, outlive; survive; live to fight again.

Adj. durable; lasting &c. v.; of long duration, of long-standing; permanent, endless, chronic, long-standing; intransient^†, intransitive; intransmutable^†, persistent; lifelong, livelong; longeval^†, long-lived, macrobiotic, diuturnal^†, evergreen, perennial; sempervirent^†, sempervirid^†; unrelenting, unintermitting^†, unremitting; perpetual &c. 112.

lingering, protracted, prolonged, spun out &c. v. long-pending, long- winded; slow &c. 275.

Adv. long; for a long time, for an age, for ages, for ever so long, for many a long day; long ago &c. (in a past time) 122; longo intervallo[It].

all the day long, all the year round; the livelong day, as the day is long, morning noon and night; hour after hour, day after day, &c.; for good; permanently &c. adj.

111. Transientness

[Short duration.] 

N. transience, transientness &c. adj^†.; evanescence, impermanence, fugacity[Chem], caducity^†, mortality, span; nine days' wonder, bubble, Mayfly; spurt; flash in the pan; temporary arrangement, interregnum.

velocity &c. 274; suddenness &c. 113; changeableness &c. 149.

transient, transient boarder, transient guest [U.S.].

V. be transient &c. adj.; flit, pass away, fly, gallop, vanish, fade, evaporate; pass away like a cloud, pass away like a summer cloud, pass away like a shadow, pass away like a dream.

Adj. transient, transitory, transitive; passing, evanescent, fleeting, cursory, short-lived, ephemeral; flying &c. v.; fugacious, fugitive; shifting, slippery; spasmodic; instantaneous, momentaneous^†.

temporal, temporary; provisional, provisory; deciduous; perishable, mortal, precarious, unstable, insecure; impermanent.

brief, quick, brisk, extemporaneous, summary; pressed for time &c. (haste) 684; sudden, momentary &c. (instantaneous) 113.

Adv. temporarily &c. adj.; pro tempore[Lat]; for the moment, for a time; awhile, en passant[Fr], in transitu[Lat]; in a short time; soon &c. (early) 132; briefly &c. adj.; at short notice; on the point of, on the eve of; in articulo; between cup and lip.

Phr. one's days are numbered; the time is up; here today and gone tomorrow; non semper erit aestas[Lat]^†; eheu! fugaces labuntur anni[Lat]; sic transit gloria mundi[Lat]; a schoolboy's tale, the wonder of the hour! [Byron]; dum loquimur fugerit invidia aetas[Lat]^†; fugit hora[Lat]; all that is transitory is but an illusion [Goethe].

112. Perpetuity

[Endless duration.]

N. perpetuity, eternity, everness^†, aye, sempiternity^†, immortality, athanasia^†; interminability^†, agelessness^†, everlastingness &c. adj.; perpetuation; continued existence, uninterrupted existence; perennity^†; permanence (durability) 110.

V. last forever, endure forever, go on forever; have no end.

eternize, perpetuate.

Adj. perpetual, eternal; everduring^†, everlasting, ever-living, ever-flowing; continual, sempiternal^†; coeternal; endless, unending; ceaseless, incessant, uninterrupted, indesinent^†, unceasing; endless, unending, interminable, having no end; unfading^†, evergreen, amaranthine; neverending^†, never-dying, never-fading; deathless, immortal, undying, imperishable.

Adv. perpetually &c. adj.; always, ever, evermore, aye; for ever, for aye, till the end of the universe, forevermore, forever and a day, for ever and ever; in all ages, from age to age; without end; world without end, time without end; in secula seculorum[Lat]; to the end of time, to the crack of doom, to the "last syllable of recorded time" [Macbeth]; till doomsday; constantly &c. (very frequently) 136.

Phr. esto perpetuum[Lat]; labitur et labetur in omne volubilis oevum [Lat][Horace]; "but thou shall flourish in immortal youth" [Addison]; "Eternity! thou pleasing, dreadful thought" [Addison]; "her immortal part with angels lives" [Romeo & Juliet]; ohne Rast [Ger][Goethe's motto]; ora e sempre[It].

113. Instantaneity

[Point of time]

N. instantaneity, instantaneousness, immediacy; suddenness, abruptness.

moment, instant, second, minute; twinkling, trice, flash, breath, crack, jiffy, coup, burst, flash of lightning, stroke of time.

epoch, time; time of day, time of night; hour, minute; very minute &c., very time, very hour; present time, right time, true time, exact correct time.

V. be instantaneous &c. adj.; twinkle, flash.

Adj. instantaneous, momentary, sudden, immediate, instant, abrupt, discontinuous, precipitous, precipitant, precipitate; subitaneous^†, hasty;quick as thought, quick as lightning, quick as a flash; rapid as electricity.

speedy, quick, fast, fleet, swift ,lively, blitz; rapid (velocity) 274.

Adv. instantaneously &c. adj.; in no time, in less than no time; presto, subito^†, instanter, suddenly, at a stroke, like a shot; in a moment &c. n. in the blink of an eye, in the twinkling of an eye, in a trice; in one's tracks; right away; toute a l'heure[Fr]; at one jump, in the same breath, per saltum[Lat], uno saltu[Lat]; at once, all at once; plump, slap; "at one fell swoop"; at the same instant &c. n.; immediately &c. (early) 132; extempore, on the moment, on the spot, on the spur of the moment; no sooner said than done; just then; slap-dash &c. (haste) 684.

Phr. touch and go; no sooner said than done.

114. Chronometry

[Estimation, measurement, and record of time.]

N. chronometry, horometry^†, horology; date, epoch; style, era.

almanac, calendar, ephemeris; register, registry; chronicle, annals, journal, diary, chronogram. [Instruments for the measurement of time]; clock, wall clock, pendulum clock, grandfather's clock, cuckoo clock, alarm clock, clock radio; watch, wristwatch, pocket watch, stopwatch, Swiss watch; atomic clock, digital clock, analog clock, quartz watch, water clock; chronometer, chronoscope^†, chronograph; repeater; timekeeper, timepiece; dial, sundial, gnomon, horologe, pendulum, hourglass, clepsydra^†; ghurry^†.

chronographer^†, chronologer, chronologist, timekeeper; annalist.

calendar year, leap year, Julian calendar, Gregorian calendar, Chinese calendar, Jewish calendar, perpetual calendar, Farmer's almanac, fiscal year.

V. fix the time, mark the time; date, register, chronicle; measure time, beat time, mark time; bear date; synchronize watches.

Adj. chronological, chronometrical^†, chronogrammatical^†; cinquecento[Fr], quattrocento^†, trecento^†.

Adv. o'clock.

115. Anachronism

[False estimate of time.]

N. anachronism, metachronism, parachronism, prochronism; prolepsis, misdate; anticipation, antichronism.

disregard of time, neglect of time, oblivion of time.

intempestivity &c. 135^†.

V. misdate, antedate, postdate, backdate, overdate^†; anticipate; take no note of time, lose track of time; anachronize^†.

Adj. misdated &c. v.; undated; overdue, past due; out of date.

2. Relative Time

3. Time with Reference to Succession

116. Priority

N. priority, antecedence, anteriority, precedence, pre-existence; precession &c. 280; precursor &c. 64; the past &c. 122; premises.

V. precede, come before; forerun; go before &c. (lead) 280; preexist; dawn; presage &c. 511; herald, usher in.

be beforehand &c. (be early) 132; steal a march upon, anticipate, forestall; have the start, gain the start.

Adj. prior, previous; preceding, precedent; anterior, antecedent; pre- existing, pre-existent; former, foregoing; aforementioned, before- mentioned, abovementioned; aforesaid, said; introductory &c. (precursory) 64.

Adv. before, prior to; earlier; previously &c. adj.; afore^†, aforehand^†, beforehand, ere, theretofore, erewhile^†; ere then, ere now, before then, before now; erewhile^†, already, yet, beforehand; on the eve of.

Phr. prior tempore prior jure[Lat].

117. Posteriority

N. posteriority; succession, sequence; following &c. 281.; subsequence, supervention; futurity &c. 121; successor; sequel &c. 65; remainder, reversion.

V. follow &c. 281 after, come after, go after; succeed, supervene; ensue, occur; step into the shoes of.

Adj. subsequent, posterior, following, after, later, succeeding, postliminious^†, postnate^†; postdiluvial^†, postdiluvian^†; puisne|!; posthumous; future &c. 121; afterdinner, postprandial.

Adv. subsequently, after, afterwards, since, later; at a subsequent, at a later period, at a later date; next, in the sequel, close upon, thereafter, thereupon, upon which, eftsoons|; from that time, from that moment; after a while, after a time; in process of time.

118. The present time

N. the present, the present time, the present day, the present moment, the present juncture, the present occasion; the times, the existing time, the time being; today, these days, nowadays, our times, modern times, the twentieth century; nonce, crisis, epoch, day, hour. age, time of life.

Adj. present, actual, instant, current, existing, extant, that is; present-day, up-to-date, up-to-the-moment.

Adv. at this time, at this moment &c. 113; at the present time &c. n.; now, at present; at hand.

at this time of day, today, nowadays; already; even now, but now, just now; on the present occasion; for the time being, for the nonce; pro hac vice[Lat].; on the nail, on the spot; on the spur of the moment, until now; to this day, to the present day.

Phr. "the present hour alone is man's " [Johnson].

119. Different time

[Time different from the present.]

N. different time, other time.

[Indefinite time] aorist.

Adj. aoristic; indefinite.

Adv. at that time, at which time, at that moment, at that instant; then, on that occasion, upon; not now, some other time.

when; whenever, whensoever; upon which, on which occasion; at another, at a different, at some other, at any- time; at various times; some one of these days, one of these days, one fine morning; eventually, some day, by and by, sooner or later; some time or other; once upon a time.

120. Synchronism

N. synchronism; coexistence, coincidence; simultaneousness, simultaneity &c. adj.; concurrence, concomitance, unity of time, interim.

[Having equal times] isochronism^†.

contemporary, coetanian^†.

V. coexist, concur, accompany, go hand in hand, keep pace with; synchronize.

Adj. synchronous, synchronal^†, synchronic, synchronical, synchronistical^†; simultaneous, coexisting, coincident, concomitant, concurrent; coeval, coevous^†; contemporary, contemporaneous; coetaneous^†; coeternal; isochronous.

Adv. at the same time; simultaneously &c. adj.; together, in concert, during the same time; in the same breath; pari passu[Lat]; in the interim; as one.

at the very moment &c. 113; just as, as soon as; meanwhile &c. (while) 106.

121. Futurity

[Prospective time.]

N. futurity, futurition; future, hereafter, time to come; approaching time, coming time, subsequent time, after time, approaching age, coming age, subsequent age, after age, approaching days, coming days, subsequent days, after days, approaching hours, coming hours, subsequent hours, after hours, approaching ages, coming ages, subsequent ages, after ages, approaching life, coming life, subsequent life, after life, approaching years, coming years, subsequent years, after years; morrow; millennium, doomsday, day of judgment, crack of doom, remote future.

approach of time advent, time drawing on, womb of time; destiny &c. 152; eventuality.

heritage, heirs posterity.

prospect &c. (expectation) 507; foresight &c. 510.

V. look forwards; anticipate &c. (expect) 507, (foresee) 510; forestall &c. (be early) 132.

come on, draw on; draw near; approach, await, threaten; impend &c. (be destined) 152.

Adj. future, to come; coming &c. (impending) 152; next, near; close at hand; eventual, ulterior; in prospect &c. (expectation) 507.

Adv. prospectively, hereafter, in future; kal^†, tomorrow, the day after tomorrow; in course of time, in process of time, in the fullness of time; eventually, ultimately, sooner or later; proximo[Lat]; paulo post futurum[Lat]; in after time; one of these days; after a time, after a while.

from this time; henceforth, henceforwards^†; thence; thenceforth, thenceforward; whereupon, upon which.

soon &c. (early) 132; on the eve of, on the point of, on the brink of; about to; close upon.

Phr. quid sit futurum cras fuge quaerere [Latin][Horace].

122. Past

[Retrospective time.]

N. the past, past time; days of yore, times of yore, days of old, times of old, days past, times past, days gone by, times gone by; bygone days; old times, ancient times, former times; fore time; the good old days, the olden time, good old time; auld lang syne^†; eld|.

antiquity, antiqueness^†, status quo; time immemorial; distance of time; remote age, remote time; remote past; rust of antiquity

[study of the past] paleontology, paleography, paleology^†; paleozoology; palaetiology^†, archaeology; paleogeography; paleoecology; paleobotany; paleoclimatoogy; archaism, antiquarianism, medievalism, Pre-Raphaelitism; paleography.

retrospect, retrospection, looking back, memory &c. 505.

laudator temporis acti[Lat]; medievalist, Pre-Raphaelite; antiquary, antiquarian; archmologist &c.^†; Oldbuck, Dryasdust.

ancestry &c. (paternity) 166.

V. be past &c. adj.; have expired &c. adj., have run its course, have had its day; pass; pass by, go by , pass away, go away , pass off, go off; lapse, blow over.

look back, trace back, cast the eyes back; exhume.

Adj. past, gone, gone by, over, passed away, bygone, foregone; elapsed, lapsed, preterlapsed^†, expired, no more, run out, blown over, has-been, that has been, extinct, antediluvian, antebellum, never to return, gone with the wind, exploded, forgotten, irrecoverable; obsolete &c. (old) 124.

former, pristine, quondam, ci-devant[Fr], late; ancestral.

foregoing; last, latter; recent, over night; preterperfect^†, preterpluperfect^†.

looking back &c. v.; retrospective, retroactive; archaeological &c. n.

Adv. paleo-; archaeo-; formerly; of old, of yore; erst[Ger], whilom, erewhile^†, time was, ago, over; in the olden time &c. n.; anciently, long ago, long since; a long while, a long time ago; years ago, yesteryear, ages ago; some time ago, some time since, some time back.

yesterday, the day before yesterday; last year, ultimo; lately &c. (newly) 123.

retrospectively; ere now, before now, till now; hitherto, heretofore; no longer; once, once upon a time; from time immemorial, from prehistoric times; in the memory of man; time out of mind; already, yet, up to this time; ex post facto.

Phr. time was; the time has been, the time hath been; you can't go home again; fuimus Troes [Lat][Vergil]; fruit Ilium [Vergil]; hoc erat in more majorum[Lat]; "O call back yesterday, bid time return" [Richard II]; tempi passati[It]; "the eternal landscape of the past" [Tennyson]; ultimus Romanorum[Lat]; "what's past is prologue" [Tempest]; "whose yesterdays look backward with a smile" [Young].

4. Time with Reference to a Particular Period

123. Newness

N. newness &c. adj.; novelty, recency; immaturity; youth &c. 127; gloss of novelty.

innovation; renovation &c. (restoration) 660.

modernism; mushroom, parvenu; latest fashion.

V. renew &c. (restore) 660; modernize.

Adj. new, novel, recent, fresh, green; young &c. 127; evergreen; raw, immature, unsettled, yeasty; virgin; untried, unhandseled^†, untrodden, untrod, unbeaten; fire-new, span-new.

late, modern, neoteric, hypermodern, nouveau; new-born, nascent, neonatal[med.], new-fashioned, new-fangled, new-fledged; of yesterday; just out, brand-new, up to date, up to the minute, with it, fashionable, in fashion; in, hip [coll.]; vernal, renovated, sempervirent^†, sempervirid^†.

fresh as a rose, fresh as a daisy, fresh as paint; spick and span.

Adv. newly &c. adj.; afresh, anew, lately, just now, only yesterday, the other day; latterly, of late. not long ago, a short time ago.

Phr. di novello tutto par bello[It]; nullum est jam dictum quod non dictum est prius[Lat]; una scopa nuova spazza bene[It].

124. Oldness

N. oldness &c. adj^†.; age, antiquity; cobwebs of antiquity. maturity; decline, decay; senility &c. 128.

seniority, eldership, primogeniture. archaism &c. (the past) 122; thing of the past, relic of the past; megatherium^†; Sanskrit.

tradition, prescription, custom, immemorial usage, common law.

V. be old &c. adj.; have had its day, have seen its day; become old &c. adj.; age, fade, senesce.

Adj. old, ancient, antique; of long standing, time-honored, venerable; elder, eldest; firstborn.

prime; primitive, primeval, primigenous^†; paleolontological, paleontologic, paleoanthropological, paleoanthropic^†, paleolithic, ; primordial, primordinate^†; aboriginal &c. (beginning) 66; diluvian^†, antediluvian; protohistoric^†; prehistoric; antebellum, colonial, precolumbian; patriarchal, preadamite^†; paleocrystic^†; fossil, paleozoolical, paleozoic, preglacial^†, antemundane^†; archaic, classic, medieval, Pre-Raphaelite, ancestral, black-letter.

immemorial, traditional, prescriptive, customary, whereof the memory of man runneth not to the contrary; inveterate, rooted.

antiquated, of other times, rococo, of the old school, after-age, obsolete; out of date, out of fashion, out of it; stale, old-fashioned, behind the age; old-world; exploded; gone out, gone by; passe, run out; senile &c. 128; time worn; crumbling &c. (deteriorated) 659; secondhand.

old as the hills, old as Methuselah, old as Adam^†, old as history.

[geological eras (list, starting at given number of years bp)] Archeozoic[5,000,000,000], Proterozoic[1,500,000,000], Paleozoic[600,000,000], Mesozoic[220,000,000], Cenozoic[70,000,000].

[geological periods (list)] Precambrian, Cambrian[600,000,000], Ordovician[500,000,000], Silurian[440,000,000], Devonian[400,000,000], Mississippian[350,000,000], Pennsylvanian[300,000,000], Permian[270,000,000], Triassic[220,000,000], Jurassic[180,000,000], Cretaceous[135,000,000]; Tertiary[70,000,000], Paleogene[70,000,000], Neocene[25,0000,000]; Quaternary[1,000,000].

[geological epochs (list, starting at 70,000,000 years bp)] Paleocene, Eocene, Oligocene, Miocene, Pliocene, Pleistocene, Recent.

Adv. since the world was made, since the year one, since the days of Methuselah.

Phr. vetera extollimus recentium incuriosi [Lat][Tacitus].

125. Morning

[Noon.] 

N. morning, morn, forenoon, a.m., prime, dawn, daybreak; dayspring^†, foreday^†, sunup; peep of day, break of day; aurora; first blush of the morning, first flush of the morning, prime of the morning; twilight, crepuscule, sunrise; cockcrow, cockcrowing^†; the small hours, the wee hours of the morning.

spring; vernal equinox, first point of Aries.

noon; midday, noonday; noontide, meridian, prime; nooning, noontime. summer, midsummer.

Adj. matin, matutinal^†; vernal.

Adv. at sunrise &c. n.; with the sun, with the lark, "when the morning dawns".

Phr. "at shut of evening flowers" [Paradise Lost]; entre chien et loup[Fr]; "flames in the forehead of the morning sky" [Milton]; "the breezy call of incense-breathing morn" [Gray].

126. Evening

[Midnight.]

N. evening, eve; decline of day, fall of day, close of day; candlelight, candlelighting^†; eventide, nightfall, curfew, dusk, twilight, eleventh hour; sunset, sundown; going down of the sun, cock- shut, dewy eve, gloaming, bedtime.

afternoon, postmeridian, p.m.

autumn; fall, fall of the leaf; autumnal equinox; Indian summer, St. Luke's summer, St. Martin's summer.

midnight; dead of night, witching hour, witching hour of night, witching time of night; winter; killing time.

Adj. vespertine, autumnal, nocturnal.

Phr. "midnight, the outpost of advancing day" [Longfellow]; "sable- vested Night" [Milton]; "this gorgeous arch with golden worlds inlay'd" [Young].

127. Youth

N. youth; juvenility, juvenescence^†; juniority^†; infancy; babyhood, childhood, boyhood, girlhood, youthhood^†; incunabula; minority, nonage, teens, tender age, bloom.

cradle, nursery, leading strings, pupilage, puberty, pucelage^†.

prime of life, flower of life, springtide of life^†, seedtime of life, golden season of life; heyday of youth, school days; rising generation.

Adj. young, youthful, juvenile, green, callow, budding, sappy, puisne, beardless, under age, in one's teens; in statu pupillari[Lat]; younger, junior; hebetic^†, unfledged.

Phr. "youth on the prow and pleasure at the helm" [Gray]; " youth . . . the glad season of life" [Carlyle].

128. Age

N. age; oldness^† &c. adj.; old age, advanced age, golden years; senility, senescence; years, anility^†, gray hairs, climacteric, grand climacteric, declining years, decrepitude, hoary age, caducity^†, superannuation; second childhood, second childishness; dotage; vale of years, decline of life, "sear and yellow leaf" [Macbeth]; threescore years and ten; green old age, ripe age; longevity; time of life.

seniority, eldership; elders &c. (veteran) 130; firstling; doyen, father; primogeniture.

[Science of old age.] geriatrics, nostology|.

V. be aged &c. adj.; grow old, get old &c. adj.; age; decline, wane, dodder; senesce.

Adj. aged; old &c. 124; elderly, geriatric, senile; matronly, anile|; in years; ripe, mellow, run to seed, declining, waning, past one's prime; gray, gray-headed; hoar, hoary; venerable, time-worn, antiquated, passe, effete, decrepit, superannuated; advanced in life, advanced in years; stricken in years; wrinkled, marked withthe crow's foot; having one foot in the grave; doting &c. (imbecile) 499; like the last of pea time.

older, elder, eldest; senior; firstborn.

turned of, years old; of a certain age, no chicken, old as Methuselah; ancestral, patriarchal, &c. (ancient) 124; gerontic.

Phr. "give me a staff of honor for my age" [Titus Andronicus]; bis pueri senes [Lat]; peu de gens savent elre vieux[Fr]; plenus annis abiit plenus honoribus [Lat][Pliny the Younger]; "old age is creeping on apace" [Byron]; "slow-consuming age"' [Gray]; "the hoary head is a crown of glory" [Proverbs xvi, 31]; "the silver livery of advised age" [II Henry VI]; to grow old gracefully; "to vanish in the chinks that Time has made" [Rogers].

129. Infant

N. infant, babe, baby, babe in arms; nurseling, suckling, yearling, weanling; papoose, bambino; kid; vagitus.

child, bairn, little one, brat, chit, pickaninny, urchin; bantling, bratling^†; elf. youth, boy, lad, stripling, youngster, youngun, younker^†, callant^†, whipster^†, whippersnapper, whiffet ^†[U.S.], schoolboy, hobbledehoy, hopeful, cadet, minor, master. scion; sap, seedling; tendril, olive branch, nestling, chicken, larva, chrysalis, tadpole, whelp, cub, pullet, fry, callow; codlin ,codling; foetus, calf, colt, pup, foal, kitten; lamb, lambkin^†; aurelia^†, caterpillar, cocoon, nymph, nympha^†, orphan, pupa, staddle^†.

girl; lass, lassie; wench, miss, damsel, demoiselle; maid, maiden; virgin; hoyden.

Adj. infantine^†, infantile; puerile; boyish, girlish, childish, babyish, kittenish; baby; newborn, unfledged, new-fledged, callow.

in the cradle, in swaddling clothes, in long clothes, in arms, in leading strings; at the breast; in one's teens.

130. Veteran

N. veteran, old man, seer, patriarch, graybeard; grandfather, grandsire; grandam; gaffer, gammer; crone; pantaloon; sexagenarian, octogenarian, nonagenarian, centenarian; old stager; dotard &c. 501.

preadamite^†, Methuselah, Nestor, old Parr; elders; forefathers &c. (paternity) 166.

Phr. "superfluous lags the veteran on the stage" [Johnson].

131. Adolescence

N. adolescence, pubescence, majority; adultism; adultness &c. adj.; manhood, virility, maturity full age, ripe age; flower of age; prime of life, meridian of life, spring of life. man &c. 373; woman &c. 374; adult, no chicken.

V. come of age, come to man's estate, come to years of discretion; attain majority, assume the toga virilis[Lat]; have cut one's eyeteeth, have sown one's mild oats.

Adj. adolescent, pubescent, of age; of full age, of ripe age; out of one's teens, grown up, mature, full grown, in one's prime, middle-aged, manly, virile, adult; womanly, matronly; marriageable, nubile.

3. Time with reference to an Effect or Purpose

5. Time with Reference to an Effect or Purpose

132. Earliness

N. {ant. 133} earliness &c. adj.; morning &c. 125.

punctuality; promptitude &c. (activity) 682; haste &c. (velocity) 274; suddenness &c. (instantaneity) 113.

prematurity, precocity, precipitation, anticipation; a stitch in time.

V. be early &c. adj., be beforehand &c. adv.; keep time, take time by the forelock, anticipate, forestall; have the start, gain the start; steal a march upon; gain time, draw on futurity; bespeak, secure, engage, preengage^†.

accelerate; expedite &c. (quicken) 274; make haste &c. (hurry) 684.

Adj. early, prime, forward; prompt &c. (active) 682; summary.

premature, precipitate, precocious; prevenient^†, anticipatory; rath^†.

sudden &c. (instantaneous) 113; unexpected &c. 508; near, near at hand; immediate.

Adv. early, soon, anon, betimes, rath^†; eft, eftsoons; ere long, before long, shortly; .

beforehand; prematurely &c. adj.; precipitately &c. (hastily) 684; too soon; before its time, before one's time; in anticipation; unexpectedly &c. 508.

suddenly &c. (instantaneously) 113; before one can say "Jack Robinson", at short notice, extempore; on the spur of the moment, on the spur of the occasion [Bacon]; at once; on the spot, on the instant; at sight; offhand, out of hand; a' vue d'oeil[Fr]; straight, straightway, straightforth^†; forthwith, incontinently, summarily, immediately, briefly, shortly, quickly, speedily, apace, before the ink is dry, almost immediately, presently at the first opportunity, in no long time, by and by, in a while, directly.

Phr. no sooner said than done, immediately, if not sooner; tout vient a temps pour qui sait attendre[Fr].

132a. Punctuality

N. punctuality, promptness, immediateness.V. be prompt, be on time, be

in time; arrive on time; be in the nick of time.Adj. timely,

seasonable, in time, punctual, prompt.Adv. on time, punctually, at the deadline, precisely, exactly; right on time, to the minute; in time; in good time, in military time, in pudding time|, in due time; time enough;

with no time to spare, by a hair's breadth.Phr. touch and go, not a minute too soon, in the nick of time, just under the wire, get on board before the train leaves the station.

133. Lateness

N. {ant. 132} lateness &c. adj.; tardiness &c. (slowness) 275.

delay, delation; cunctation, procrastination; deferring, deferral &c. v.; postponement, adjournment, prorogation, retardation, respite, pause, reprieve, stay of execution; protraction, prolongation; Fabian policy, medecine expectante[Fr], chancery suit, federal case; leeway; high time; moratorium, holdover.

V. be late &c. adj.; tarry, wait, stay, bide, take time; dawdle &c. (be inactive) 683; linger, loiter; bide one's time, take one's time; gain time; hang fire; stand over, lie over.

put off, defer, delay, lay over, suspend; table [parliamentary]; shift off, stave off; waive, retard, remand, postpone, adjourn; procrastinate; dally; prolong, protract; spin out, draw out, lengthen out, stretch out; prorogue; keep back; tide over; push to the last, drive to the last; let the matter stand over; reserve &c. (store) 636; temporize; consult one's pillow, sleep on it.

lose an opportunity &c. 135; be kept waiting, dance attendance; kick one's heels, cool one's heels; faire antichambre[Fr]^†; wait impatiently; await &c. (expect) 507; sit up, sit up at night.

Adj. late, tardy, slow, behindhand, serotine^†, belated, postliminious^†, posthumous, backward, unpunctual, untimely; delayed, postponed; dilatory &c. (slow) 275; delayed &c. v.; in abeyance.

Adv. late; lateward^†, backward; late in the day; at sunset, at the eleventh hour, at length, at last; ultimately; after time, behind time, after the deadline; too late; too late for &c. 135.

slowly, leisurely, deliberately, at one's leisure; ex post facto; sine die [parl.].

Phr. nonum prematur in annum [Lat][Horace]; "against the sunbeams serotine and lucent" [Longfellow]; ie meglio tardi che mai[It]; deliberando saepe perit occasio [Lat][Syrus].

134. Occasion

N. {ant. 135} timeliness, occasion, opportunity, opening, room; event (eventuality) 151; suitable season, proper season , suitable time, proper time; high time; opportuneness &c. adj.; tempestivity^†.

crisis, turn, juncture, conjuncture; crisis, turning point, given time.

nick of time; golden opportunity, well timed opportunity, fine opportunity, favorable opportunity, opening; clear stage, fair field; mollia tempora[Lat]^†; fata Morgana[Lat]; spare time &c. (leisure) 685.

V. seize &c. (take) 789 an opportunity, use &c. 677 an opportunity, give &c. 784 an opportunity, use an occasion; improve the occasion.

suit the occasion &c. (be expedient) 646.

seize the occasion, strike while the iron is hot, battre le fer sur l'enclume[Fr], make hay while the sun shines, seize the present hour, take time by the forelock, prendre la balle au bond[Fr].

Adj. opportune, timely, well-timed, timeful^†, seasonable.

providential, lucky, fortunate, happy, favorable, propitious, auspicious, critical; suitable &c. 23; obiter dicta.

Adv. opportunely &c. adj.; in proper course, in due course, in proper season, in due season, in proper time, in due time; for the nonce; in the nick of time, in the fullness of time; all in good time; just in time, at the eleventh hour, now or never.

by the way, by the by; en passant[Fr], a propos[Fr]; pro re nata[Lat], pro hac vice[Lat]; par parenthese[Fr], parenthetically, by way of parenthesis, incidentally; while speaking of, while on the subject; extempore; on the spur of the moment, on the spur of the occasion; on the spot &c. (early) 132.

Phr. carpe diem[Lat], [Horace]; occasionem cognosce[Lat]; one's hour is come, the time is up; that reminds me, now that you mention it, come to think of it; bien perdu bien connu[Fr]; e sempre l'ora[It]; ex quovis ligno non fit Mercurius[Lat]; nosce tempus[Lat]; nunc aut nunquam[Lat].

135. Untimeliness

N. {ant. 134} untimeliness, intempestivity^†, unseasonableness, inexpedience; unsuitable time, improper time; unreasonableness &c. adj; evil hour; contretemps; intrusion; anachronism &c. 115.

bad time, wrong time, inappropriate time, not the right occasion, unsuitable time, inopportune time, poor timing.

V. be ill timed &c. adj.; mistime, intrude, come amiss, break in upon; have other fish to fry; be busy, be occupied.

lose an opportunity, throw away an opportunity, waste an opportunity, neglect &c. 460 an opportunity; allow the opportunity to pass, suffer the opportunity to pass, allow the opportunity to slip, suffer the opportunity to slip, allow the opportunity to go by, suffer the opportunity to go by, allow the opportunity to escape, suffer the opportunity to escape, allow the opportunity to lapse, suffer the opportunity to lapse, allow the occasion to pass, allow the occasion to slip by; waste time &c. (be inactive) 683; let slip through the fingers, lock the barn door after the horse is stolen.

Adj. ill-timed, mistimed; ill-fated, ill-omened, ill-starred; untimely, unseasonable; out of date, out of season; inopportune, timeless, intrusive, untoward, mal a propos[Fr], unlucky, inauspicious, infelicitous, unbefitting, unpropitious, unfortunate, unfavorable; unsuited &c. 24; inexpedient &c. 647.

unpunctual &c. (late) 133; too late for; premature &c. (early) 132; too soon for; wise after the event, monday morning quarterbacking, twenty- twenty hindsight.

Adv. inopportunely &c. adj.; as ill luck would have it, in an evil hour, the time having gone by, a day after the fair.

Phr. after death the doctor, after meat mustard.

6. Recurrent Time

136. Frequency

N. frequency, oftness^†, oftenness^†, commonness; repetition &c. 104; normality &c. 80; example (conformity) 82; routine, custom (habit) 613.

regularity, uniformity, constancy, clock-work precision; punctuality &c. (exactness) 494; even tenor; system; routine &c. (custom) 613; formula; rule &c. (form, regulation) 697; keynote, standard, model; precedent &c. (prototype) 22; conformity &c. 82.

V. recur &c. 104; do nothing but; keep, keep on.

Adj. frequent, many times, not rare, thickcoming^†, incessant, perpetual, continual, steady, constant, thick; uniform; repeated &c. 104; customary &c. 613 (habit) 613; regular (normal) 80; according to rule &c. (conformable) 82.

common, everyday, usual, ordinary, familiar.

old-hat, boring, well-known, trivial.

Adv. often, oft; ofttimes^†, oftentimes; frequently; repeatedly &c. 104; unseldom^†, not unfrequently^†; in quick succession, in rapid succession; many a time and oft; daily, hourly &c.; every day, every hour, every moment &c.

perpetually, continually, constantly, incessantly, without ceasing, at all times, daily and hourly, night and day, day and night, day after day, morning noon and night, ever anon, invariably (habit) 613 .

most often; commonly &c. (habitually) 613.

sometimes, occasionally, at times, now and then, from time to time, there being times when, toties quoties[Lat]^†, often enough, when the mood strikes, again and again.

137. Infrequency

N. infrequency, rareness, rarity; fewness &c. 103; seldomness^†; uncommonness.

V. be rare &c. adj.

Adj. unfrequent^†, infrequent; rare, rare as a blue diamond; few &c. 103; scarce; almost unheard of, unprecedented, which has not occurred within the memory of the oldest inhabitant, not within one's previous experience; not since Adam^†.

scarce as hen's teeth; one in a million; few and far between.

Adv. seldom, rarely, scarcely, hardly; not often, not much, infrequently, unfrequently^†, unoften^†; scarcely, scarcely ever, hardly ever; once in a blue moon.

once; once in a blue moon; once in a million years; once for all, once in a way; pro hac vice[Lat].

Phr. ein mal kein mal[German].

138. Periodicity

Regularity of recurrence.

N. periodicity, intermittence; beat; oscillation &c. 314; pulse, pulsation; rhythm; alternation, alternateness, alternativeness, alternity^†.

bout, round, revolution, rotation, turn, say.

anniversary, jubilee, centenary.

catamenia^†;, courses, menses, menstrual flux.

[Regularity of return] rota, cycle, period, stated time, routine; days of the week; Sunday, Monday &c.; months of the year; January &c.; feast, fast &c.; Christmas, Easter, New Year's day &c.

Allhallows^†, Allhallowmas^†, All Saints' Day; All Souls', All Souls' Day; Ash Wednesday, bicentennial, birthday, bissextile^†, Candlemas^†, Dewali, groundhog day [U.S.], Halloween, Hallowmas^†, Lady day, leap year, Midsummer day, Muharram, woodchuck day [U.S.], St. Swithin's day, natal day; yearbook; yuletide.

punctuality, regularity, steadiness.

V. recur in regular order, recur in regular succession; return, revolve; come again, come in its turn; come round, come round again; beat, pulsate; alternate; intermit.

Adj. periodic, periodical; serial, recurrent, cyclical, rhythmical; recurring &c. v.; intermittent, remittent; alternate, every other.

hourly; diurnal, daily; quotidian, tertian, weekly; hebdomadal|, hebdomadary|; biweekly, fortnightly; bimonthly; catamenial|; monthly, menstrual; yearly, annual; biennial, triennial, &c.; centennial, secular; paschal, lenten, &c.

regular, steady, punctual, regular as clockwork.

Adv. periodically &c. adj.; at regular intervals, at stated times; at fixed established , at established periods; punctually &c. adj. de die in diem[Lat]; from day to day, day by day.

by turns; in turn, in rotation; alternately, every other day, off and on, ride and tie, round and round.

139. Irregularity

N. irregularity, uncertainty, unpunctuality; fitfulness &c. adj.; capriciousness, ecrhythmus|.

Adj. irregular, uncertain, unpunctual, capricious, desultory, fitful, flickering; rambling, rhapsodical; spasmodic; immethodical^†, unmethodical, variable.

Adv. irregularly &c. adj.; by fits and starts &c. (discontinuously) 70.

Section VII. Change

1. Simple Change

140. Change

 [Difference at different times.]

N. change, alteration, mutation, permutation, variation, modification, modulation, inflexion, mood, qualification, innovation, metastasis, deviation, turn, evolution, revolution; diversion; break.

transformation, transfiguration; metamorphosis; transmutation; deoxidization[Chem]; transubstantiation; mutagenesis[Genet], transanimation^†, transmigration, metempsychosis|; avatar; alterative.

conversion &c. (gradual change) 144; revolution &c. (sudden or radical change) 146 inversion &c. (reversal) 218; displacement &c. 185; transference &c. 270.

changeableness &c. 149; tergiversation &c. (change of mind) 607.

V. change, alter, vary, wax and wane; modulate, diversify, qualify, tamper with; turn, shift, veer, tack, chop, shuffle, swerve, warp, deviate, turn aside, evert, intervert^†; pass to, take a turn, turn the corner, resume.

work a change, modify, vamp, superinduce; transform, transfigure, transmute, transmogrify, transume^†; metamorphose, ring the changes.

innovate, introduce new blood, shuffle the cards; give a turn to, give a color to; influence, turn the scale; shift the scene, turn over a new leaf.

recast &c. 146; reverse &c. 218; disturb &c. 61; convert into &c. 144.

Adj. changed &c. v.; newfangled; changeable &c. 149; transitional; modifiable; alterative.

Adv. mutatis mutandis[Lat].

Int. quantum mutatus[Lat]!

Phr. "a change came o'er the spirit of my dream" [Byron]; nous avons change tout cela [Fr][Moliere]; tempora mutantur nos et mutamur in illis[Lat]^†; non sum qualis eram [Lat][Horace]; casaque tourner[Fr]; corpora lente augescent cito extinguuntur [Lat]^†[Tacitus]; in statu quo ante bellum[Lat]; "still ending and beginning still" [Cowper]; vox audita perit littera scripta manet[Lat].

141. Permanence

[Absence of change.]

N. stability &c. 150; quiescence &c. 265; obstinacy &c. 606.

permanence, persistence, endurance; durability; standing, status quo; maintenance, preservation, conservation; conservation; law of the Medes and Persians; standing dish.

V. let alone, let be, let it be; persist, remain, stay, tarry, rest; stet [copy editing]; hold, hold on; last, endure, bide, abide, aby^†, dwell, maintain, keep; stand, stand still, stand fast; subsist, live, outlive, survive; hold one's ground, keep one's ground, hold one's footing, keep one's footing; hold good.

Adj. stable &c. 150; persisting &c. v.; permanent; established; unchanged &c. (change &c. 140); renewed; intact, inviolate; persistent; monotonous, uncheckered^†; unfailing.

undestroyed, unrepealed, unsuppressed^†; conservative, qualis ab incepto[Lat]; prescriptive &c. (old) 124; stationary &c. 265.

Adv. in statu quo[Lat]; for good, finally; at a stand, at a standstill; uti possidetis[Lat]; without a shadow of turning.

Phr. esto perpetua[Lat]; nolumus leges Angliae mutari[Lat]^†; j'y suis et j'y ereste[Fr].

142. Cessation

[Change from action to rest.]

N. cessation, discontinuance, desistance, desinence^†.

intermission, remission; suspense, suspension; interruption; stop; stopping &c. v.; closure, stoppage, halt; arrival &c. 292. pause, rest, lull, respite, truce, drop; interregnum, abeyance; cloture [U.S. congress].

dead stop, dead stand, dead lock; finis, cerrado[Sp]; blowout, burnout, meltdown, disintegration; comma, colon, semicolon, period, full stop; end &c. 67; death &c. 360.

V. cease, discontinue, desist, stay, halt; break off, leave off; hold, stop, pull up, stop short; stick, hang fire; halt; pause, rest; burn out, blow out, melt down.

have done with, give over, surcease, shut up shop; give up &c. (relinquish) 624.

hold one's hand, stay one's hand; rest on one's oars repose on one's laurels.

come to a stand, come to a standstill; come to a deadlock, come to a full stop; arrive &c. 292; go out, die away; wear away, wear off; pass away &c. (be past) 122; be at an end; disintegrate, self-destruct.

intromit, interrupt, suspend, interpel^†; intermit, remit; put an end to, put a stop to, put a period to; derail; turn off, switch off, power down, deactivate, disconnect; bring to a stand, bring to a standstill; stop, cut short, arrest, stem the tide, stem the torrent; pull the check- string, pull the plug on.

Int. hold! stop! enough! avast! have done! a truce to! soft! leave off! tenez[Fr]!

Phr. "I pause for a reply" [Julius Caesar].

143. Continuance

N. continuance, continuation; run; perpetuation, prolongation; persistence &c. (perseverance) 604a; repetition &c. 104.

V. continue, persist; go on, jog on, keep on, run on, hold on; abide, keep, pursue, stick to its course, take its course, maintain its course; carry on, keep up.

sustain, uphold, hold up, keep on foot; follow up, perpetuate; maintain; preserve &c. 604a; harp upon &c. (repeat) 104.

keep going, keep alive, keep the pot boiling, keep up the ball, keep up the good work; die in harness, die with one's boots on; hold on the even tenor of one's way, pursue the even tenor of one's way.

let be; stare super antiquas vias[Lat]^†; quieta non movere[Lat]; let things take their course; stare decisis [Lat][Jurisprudence].

Adj. continuing &c. v.; uninterrupted, unintermitting^†, unvarying, unshifting^†; unreversed^†, unstopped, unrevoked, unvaried; sustained; undying &c. (perpetual) 112; inconvertible.

Int. keep it up! go to it! right away! right on! attaboy!

Phr. nolumus leges Angliae mutari[Lat]^†; vestigia nulla retrorsum [Lat][Horace]; labitur et albetur [Lat]^†[Horace].

144. Conversion

N. conversion, reduction, transmutation, resolution, assimilation; evolution, sea change; change of state; assumption; naturalization; transportation; development [biol.], developing [photography].

[conversion of currency] conversion of currency, exchange of currency; exchange rate; bureau de change.

chemistry, alchemy; progress, growth, lapse, flux.

passage; transit, transition; transmigration, shifting &c. v.; phase; conjugation; convertibility.

crucible, alembic, caldron, retort.

convert, pervert, renegade, apostate.

V. be converted into; become, get, wax; come to, turn to, turn into, evolve into, develop into; turn out, lapse, shift; run into, fall into, pass into, slide into, glide into, grow into, ripen into, open into, resolve itself into, settle into, merge into, emerge as; melt, grow, come round to, mature, mellow; assume the form of, assume the shape of, assume the state of, assume the nature of, assume the character of; illapse|; begin a new phase, assume a new phase, undergo a change.

convert into, resolve into; make, render; mold, form &c. 240; remodel, new model, refound^†, reform, reorganize; assimilate to, bring to, reduce to.

Adj. converted into &c. v.; convertible, resolvable into; transitional; naturalized.

Adv. gradually, &c. (slowly) 275 in transitu &c. (transference) 270[Lat].

145. Reversion

N. reversion, return; revulsion.

turning point, turn of the tide; status quo ante bellum; calm before a storm. alternation &c. (periodicity) 138; inversion &c. 219; recoil &c. 277; retreat, regression, retrogression &c. 283; restoration &c. 660; relapse, recidivism &c. 661; atavism; vicinism^†;

V. revert, turn back, regress; relapse &c. 661; recoil &c. 277; retreat &c. 283; restore &c. 660; undo, unmake; turn the tide, roll back the tide, turn the scale, tip the scale.

Adj. reverting &c. v.; regressive, revulsive, reactionary; retrorse^†.

Adv. a rebours[Fr].

146. Revolution

[Sudden or violent change.]

N. revolution, bouleversement, subversion, break up; destruction &c. 162; sudden change, radical change, sweeping organic change; change of state, phase change; quantum leap, quantum jump; clean sweep, coup d'etat[Fr], counter revolution.

jump, leap, plunge, jerk, start, transilience|; explosion; spasm, convulsion, throe, revulsion; storm, earthquake, cataclysm.

legerdemain &c. (trick) 545.

V. revolutionize; new model, remodel, recast; strike out something new, break with the past; change the face of, unsex.

Adj. unrecognizable; revolutionary.

147. Substitution

[Change of one thing for another.]

N. substitution, commutation; supplanting &c. v.; metaphor, metonymy &c. (figure of speech) 521.

[Thing substituted] substitute, ersatz, makeshift, temporary expedient, replacement, succedaneum; shift, pis aller[Fr], stopgap, jury rigging, jury mast, locum tenens, warming pan, dummy, scapegoat; double; changeling; quid pro quo, alternative.

representative &c. (deputy) 759; palimpsest.

price, purchase money, consideration, equivalent.

V. substitute, put in the place of, change for; make way for, give place to; supply the place of, take the place of; supplant, supersede, replace, cut out, serve as a substitute; step into stand in the shoes of; jury rig, make a shift with, put up with; borrow from Peter to pay Paul, take money out of one pocket and put it in another, cannibalize; commute, redeem, compound for.

Adj. substituted &c.; ersatz; phony; vicarious, subdititious^†.

Adv. instead; in place of, in lieu of, in the stead of, in the room of; faute de mieux[Fr].

148. Interchange

[Double or mutual change.]

N. interchange, exchange; commutation, permutation, intermutation; reciprocation, transposition, rearrangement; shuffling; alternation, reciprocity; castling [at chess]; hocus-pocus.

interchangeableness^†, interchangeability.

recombination; combination 48[ref], 84..

barter &c. 794; tit for tat &c. (retaliation) 718; cross fire, battledore and shuttlecock; quid pro quo.

V. interchange, exchange, counterchange^†; bandy, transpose, shuffle, change bands, swap, permute, reciprocate, commute; give and take, return the compliment; play at puss in the corner, play at battledore and shuttlecock; retaliate &c. 718; requite.

rearrange, recombine.

Adj. interchanged &c. v.; reciprocal, mutual, commutative, interchangeable, intercurrent^†.

combinatorial[Math, Statistics].

recombinant[Biology, Genetics].

Adv. in exchange, vice versa, mutatis mutandis[Lat], backwards and forwards, by turns, turn and turn about; each in his turn, everyone in his turn.

Adj. substituted &c. v.; vicarious, subdititious^†.

Adv. instead; in place of, in lieu of, in the stead of, in the room of; faute de mieux[Fr].

2. Complex Change

149. Changeableness

N. changeableness &c. adj.; mutability, inconstancy; versatility, mobility; instability, unstable equilibrium; vacillation &c. (irresolution) 605; fluctuation, vicissitude; alternation &c. (oscillation) 314. restlessness &x. adj. fidgets, disquiet; disquietude, inquietude; unrest; agitation &c. 315.

moon, Proteus, chameleon, quicksilver, shifting sands, weathercock, harlequin, Cynthia of the minute, April showers^†; wheel of Fortune; transientness &c. 111^†.

V. fluctuate, vary, waver, flounder, flicker, flitter, flit, flutter, shift, shuffle, shake, totter, tremble, vacillate, wamble^†, turn and turn about, ring the changes; sway to and fro, shift to and fro; change and change about; waffle, blow with the wind (irresolute) 605; oscillate &c. 314; vibrate between, two extremes, oscillate between, two extremes; alternate; have as man phases as the moon.

Adj. changeable, changeful; changing &c. 140; mutable, variable, checkered, ever changing; protean, proteiform|; versatile.

unstaid^†, inconstant; unsteady, unstable, unfixed, unsettled; fluctuating &c. v.; restless; agitated &c. 315; erratic, fickle; irresolute &c. 605; capricious &c. 608; touch and go; inconsonant, fitful, spasmodic; vibratory; vagrant, wayward; desultory; afloat; alternating; alterable, plastic, mobile; transient &c. 111; wavering.

Adv. seesaw &c. (oscillation) 314; off and on. Phr. "a rolling stone gathers no moss"; pictra mossa non fa muschis[It]; honores mutant mores[Lat]; varium et mutabile semper femina [Lat][Vergil].

150. Stability

N. stability; immutability &c. adj.; unchangeability, &c. adj.; unchangeableness|!; constancy; stable equilibrium, immobility, soundness, vitality, stabiliment^†, stiffness, ankylosis^†, solidity, aplomb.

establishment, fixture; rock, pillar, tower, foundation, leopard's spots, Ethiopia's skin.

permanence &c. 141; obstinacy &c. 606.

V. be firm &c. adj.; stick fast; stand firm, keep firm, remain firm; weather the storm, stay the course, stick to the course, keep the faith, don't give in, don't buckle under.

settle, establish, stablish^†, ascertain, fix, set, stabilitate^†; retain, keep hold; make good, make sure; fasten &c. (join) 43; set on its legs, float; perpetuate.

settle down; strike roots, put down roots, take root; take up one's abode &c. 184; build one's house on a rock.

Adj. unchangeable, immutable; unaltered, unalterable; not to be changed, constant; permanent &c. 141; invariable, undeviating; stable, durable; perennial &c. (diuturnal) 110^†.

fixed, steadfast, firm, fast, steady, balanced; confirmed, valid; fiducial^†; immovable, irremovable, riveted, rooted; settled, established &c. v.; vested; incontrovertible, stereotyped, indeclinable.

tethered, anchored, moored, at anchor, on a rock, rock solid, firm as a rock; firmly seated, firmly established &c. v.; deep-rooted, ineradicable; inveterate; obstinate &c. 606.

transfixed, stuck fast, aground, high and dry, stranded.

[movable object rendered unmovable] stuck, jammed; unremovable; quiescent &c. 265; deterioration &c. 659.

indefeasible, irretrievable, intransmutable^†, incommutable^†, irresoluble^†, irrevocable, irreversible, reverseless^†, inextinguishable, irreducible; indissoluble, indissolvable^†; indestructible, undying, imperishable, incorruptible, indelible, indeciduous^†; insusceptible, insusceptible of change.

Int. stet.

Phr. littera scripta manet[Lat].

151. Eventuality

N. eventuality, event, occurrence, incident, affair, matter, thing, episode, happening, proceeding, contingency, juncture, experience, fact; matter of fact; naked fact, bare facts, just the facts; phenomenon; advent.

business, concern, transaction, dealing, proceeding; circumstance, particular, casualty, accident, adventure, passage, crisis, pass, emergency, contingency, consequence; opportunity (occasion) 143.

the world, life, things, doings, affairs in general; things in general, affairs in general; the times, state of affairs, order of the day; course of things, tide of things, stream of things, current of things, run of things, march of things, course of events; ups and downs of life, vicissitudes of life; chapter of accidents &c. (chance) 156; situation &c. (circumstances) 8.

V. happen, occur; take place, take effect; come, become of; come off, comeabout^†, come round, come into existence, come forth, come to pass, come on; pass, present itself; fall; fall out, turn out; run, be on foot, fall in; befall, betide, bechance^†; prove, eventuate, draw on; turn up, crop up, spring up, pop up, arise, show up, show its face, appear, come forth, cast up; supervene, survene^†; issue, arrive, ensue, arise, start, hold, take its course; pass off &c. (be past) 122.

meet with; experience, enjoy, encounter, undergo, suffer, pass through, go through, be subjected to, be exposed to; fall to the lot of; be one's chance, be one's fortune, be one's lot; find; ; endure &c. (feel) 821.

Adj. happening &c. v; going on, doing, current; in the wind, in the air, afloat; on foot, afoot, on the tapis^†; at issue, in question; incidental.

eventful, stirring, bustling, full of incident; memorable, momentous, signal.

Adv. eventually; in the event of, in case, just in case; in the course of things; as things, times go; as the world goes, wags; as the tree falls, cat jumps; as it may turn out, happen.

Phr. that's the way the ball bounces, that's the way the cookie crumbles; you never know what may turn up, you never know what the future will bring; the plot thickens; "breasts the blows of circumstance" [Tennyson]; "so runs round of life from hour to hour" "sprinkled along the waste of years" [Tennyson][Keble].

152. Destiny

N. destiny &c. (necessity) 601; future existence, post existence; hereafter; future state, next world, world to come, after life; futurity &c. 121; everlasting life, everlasting death; life beyond the grave, world beyond the grave; prospect &c. (expectation) 507.

V. impend; hang over, lie over; threaten, loom, await, come on, approach, stare one in the face; foreordain, preordain; predestine, doom, have in store for.

Adj. impending &c. v.; destined; about to be, happen; coming, in store, to come, going to happen, instant, at hand, near; near, close at hand; over hanging, hanging over one's head, imminent; brewing, preparing, forthcoming; int he wind, on the cards, in reserve; that will, is to be; in prospect &c. (expected) 507; looming in the distance, horizon, future; unborn, in embryo; int he womb of time, futurity; pregnant &c. (producing) 161.

Adv. in time, the long run; all in good time; eventually &c. 151; whatever may happen &c. (certainly) 474; as chance &c. 156 would have it.

Section VIII. Causation

1. Constancy of Sequence in Events

153. Cause

[Constant antecedent]

N. cause, origin, source, principle, element; occasioner^†, prime mover, primum mobile[Lat]; vera causa[Lat]; author &c. (producer) 164; mainspring; agent; leaven; groundwork, foundation &c. (support) 215.

spring, fountain, well, font; fountainhead, spring head, wellhead; fons et origo[Lat], genesis; descent &c. (paternity) 166; remote cause; influence.

pivot, hinge, turning point, lever, crux, fulcrum; key; proximate cause, causa causans[Lat]; straw that breaks the camel's back.

ground; reason, reason why; why and wherefore, rationale, occasion, derivation; final cause &c. (intention) 620; les dessous des cartes[Fr]; undercurrents.

rudiment. egg, germ, embryo, bud, root, radix radical, etymon, nucleus, seed, stem, stock, stirps, trunk, tap-root, gemmule^†, radicle, semen, sperm.

nest, cradle, nursery, womb, nidus, birthplace, hotbed.

causality, causation; origination; production &c. 161.

V. be the cause &c. n of; originate; give origin to, give rise, to, give occasion to; cause, occasion, sow the seeds of, kindle, suscitate^†; bring on, bring to bring pass, bring about; produce; create &c. 161; set up, set afloat, set on foot; found, broach, institute, lay the foundation of; lie at the root of.

procure, induce, draw down, open the door to, superinduce, evoke, entail, operate; elicit, provoke.

conduce to &c. (tend to) 176; contribute; have a hand in the pie, have a finger in the pie; determine, decide, turn the scale; have a common origin; derive its origin &c. (effect) 154.

Adj. caused &c. v; causal, original; primary, primitive, primordial; aboriginal; protogenal^†; radical; embryonic, embryotic^†; in embryo, in ovo[Lat]; seminal, germinal; at the bottom of; connate, having a common origin.

Adv. because &c. 155; behind the scenes.

Phr. causa latet vis est notissima [Lat][Ovid]; felix qui potuit rerum cognoscere causas [Lat][Vergil].

154. Effect

[Constant sequent.]

N. effect, consequence; aftergrowth^†, aftercome^†; derivative, derivation; result; resultant, resultance^†; upshot, issue, denouement; end &c. 67; development, outgrowth, fruit, crop, harvest, product, bud.

production, produce, work, handiwork, fabric, performance; creature, creation; offspring, offshoot; firstfruits^†, firstlings; heredity, telegony^†; premices premises^†.

V. be the effect of &c. n. ; be due to,be owing to; originate in, originate from; rise -, arise, take its rise spring from, proceed from, emanate from, come from, grow from, bud from, sprout from, germinate from, issue from, flow from ,result from , follow from, derive its origin from, accrue from; come to, come of, come out of; depend upon, hang upon, hinge upon, turn upon.

take the consequences, sow the wind and reap the whirlwind.

Adj. owing to; resulting from &c. v.; derivable from; due to; caused by &c. 153; ; dependent upon; derived from, evolved from; derivative; hereditary; telegonous^†.

Adv. of course, it follows that, naturally, consequently; as a consequence, in consequence; through, all along of, necessarily, eventually.

Phr. cela va sans dire[Fr], "thereby hangs a tale" [Taming of the Shrew].

155. Attribution

[Assignment of cause]

N. attribution, theory, etiology, ascription, reference to, rationale; accounting for &c. v,; palaetiology1, imputation, derivation from.

filiation^†, affiliation; pedigree &c. (paternity) 166.

explanation &c. (interpretation) 522; reason why &c. (cause) 153.

V. attribute to, ascribe to, impute to, refer to, lay to, point to, trace to, bring home to; put down to, set down to, blame; charge on, ground on; invest with, assign as cause, lay at, the door of, father upon; account for, derive from, point out the reason &c. 153; theorize; tell how it comes; put the saddle on the right horse.

Adj. attributed &c. v.; attributable &c. v.; referable to, referrible to^†, due to, derivable from; owing to &c. (effect) 154; putative; ecbatic^†.

Adv. hence, thence, therefore, for, since, on account of, because, owing to; on that account; from this cause, from that cause; thanks to, forasmuch as; whence, propter hoc[Lat].

why? wherefore? whence? how comes it, how is it, how happens it? how does it happen?

in some way, in some such way; somehow, somehow or other.

Phr. that is why; hinc illae lachrymae [Lat][Horace].

156. Chance

[Absence of assignable cause.]

N. chance, indetermination, accident, fortune, hazard, hap, haphazard, chance medley, random, luck, raccroc^†, casualty, contingence, adventure, hit; fate &c. (necessity) 601; equal chance; lottery; tombola^†; toss up &c. 621; turn of the table, turn of the cards; hazard of the die, chapter of accidents, fickle finger of fate; cast of the dice, throw of the dice; heads or tails, flip of a coin, wheel of Fortune; sortes^†, sortes Virgilianae^†.

probability, possibility, odds; long odds, run of luck; accidentalness; main chance, odds on, favorable odds.

contingency, dependence (uncertainty) 475; situation (circumstance) 8.

statistics, theory of Probabilities, theory of Chances; bookmaking; assurance; speculation, gaming &c. 621.

V. chance, hap, turn up; fall to one's lot; be one's -fate &c. 601; stumble on light upon; take one's chance &c. 621.

Adj. casual, fortuitous, accidental, adventitious, causeless, incidental, contingent, uncaused, undetermined, indeterminate; random, statistical; possible &c. 470; unintentional &c. 621.

Adv. by chance, accidentally, by accident; casually; perchance &c. (possibly) 470; for aught one knows; as good would have it, as bad would have it, as luck would have it, as ill-luck would have it, as chance would have it; as it may be, as it may chance, as it may turn up, as it may happen; as the case may be.

Phr. " grasps the skirts of happy chance " [Tennyson]; " the accident of an accident " [Lord Thurlow]. "There but for the grace of God go I."

2. Connection between Cause and Effect

157. Power

N. power; potency, potentiality; jiva^†; puissance, might, force, energy &c. 171; dint; right hand, right arm; ascendency^†, sway, control; prepotency, prepollence|; almightiness, omnipotence; authority &c. 737; strength &c. 159.

ability; ableness &c. adj^†.; competency; efficacy; efficiency, productivity, expertise (skill) 698 ; validity, cogency; enablement^†; vantage ground; influence &c. 175.

pressure; conductivity; elasticity; gravity, electricity, magnetism, galvanism, voltaic electricity, voltaism, electromagnetism; atomic power, nuclear power, thermonuclear power; fuel cell; hydraulic power, water power, hydroelectric power; solar power, solar energy, solar panels; tidal power; wind power; attraction; vis inertiae[Lat], vis mortua[Lat], vis viva [Latin]; potential energy, dynamic energy; dynamic friction, dynamic suction; live circuit, live rail, live wire.

capability, capacity; quid valeant humeri quid ferre recusent ^†[Latin]; faculty, quality, attribute, endowment, virtue, gift, property, qualification, susceptibility.

V. be powerful &c. adj.; gain power &c. n.

belong to, pertain to; lie in one's power, be in one's power; can, be able.

give power, confer power, exercise power &c. n.; empower, enable, invest; indue^†, endue; endow, arm; strengthen &c. 159; compel &c. 744.

Adj. powerful, puissant; potential; capable, able; equal to, up to; cogent, valid; efficient, productive; effective, effectual, efficacious, adequate, competent; multipotent^†, plenipotent^†, omnipotent; almighty.

forcible &c. adj. (energetic) 171; influential &c. 175; productive &c. 168.

Adv. powerfully &c. adj.; by virtue of, by dint of.

Phr. a toute force[Fr]; <gr dos="" moi="" pou="" sto="" kai="" kino="" ten="" gen="" gr="">[Sp][Grk][Grk][Grk][Grk][Grk]; eripuit coelo fulmen sceptrumque tyrannis [Latin]; fortis cadere cedere non potest [Latin]. </gr>

158. Impotence

N. impotence; inability, disability; disablement, impuissance, imbecility; incapacity, incapability; inaptitude, ineptitude, incompetence, unproductivity^†; indocility^†; invalidity, disqualification; inefficiency, wastefulness.

telum imbelle[Lat], brutum fulmen[Lat], blank, blank cartridge, flash in the pan, vox et proeterea nihil[Lat], dead letter, bit of waste paper, dummy; paper tiger; Quaker gun.

inefficacy &c. (inutility) 645^†; failure &c. 732.

helplessness &c. adj.; prostration, paralysis, palsy, apoplexy, syncope, sideration|, deliquium|[Lat], collapse, exhaustion, softening of the brain, inanition; emasculation, orchiotomy [Med], orchotomy[Med].

cripple, old woman, muff, powder puff, creampuff, pussycat, wimp, mollycoddle; eunuch.

V. be impotent &c. adj.; not have a leg to stand on.

vouloir rompre l'anguille au genou [French], vouloir prendre la lune avec les dents [French].

collapse, faint, swoon, fall into a swoon, drop; go by the board, go by the wayside; go up in smoke, end in smoke &c. (fail) 732.

render powerless &c. adj.; deprive of power; disable, disenable^†; disarm, incapacitate, disqualify, unfit, invalidate, deaden, cramp, tie the hands; double up, prostrate, paralyze, muzzle, cripple, becripple^†, maim, lame, hamstring, draw the teeth of; throttle, strangle, garrotte, garrote; ratten^†, silence, sprain, clip the wings of, put hors de combat[Fr], spike the guns; take the wind out of one's sails, scotch the snake, put a spoke in one's wheel; break the neck, break the back; unhinge, unfit; put out of gear.

unman, unnerve, enervate; emasculate, castrate, geld, alter, neuter, sterilize, fix.

shatter, exhaust, weaken &c. 160.

Adj. powerless, impotent, unable, incapable, incompetent; inefficient, ineffective; inept; unfit, unfitted; unqualified, disqualified; unendowed; inapt, unapt; crippled, disabled &c. v.; armless^†.

harmless, unarmed, weaponless, defenseless, sine ictu[Lat], unfortified, indefensible, vincible, pregnable, untenable.

paralytic, paralyzed; palsied, imbecile; nerveless, sinewless^†, marrowless^†, pithless^†, lustless^†; emasculate, disjointed; out of joint, out of gear; unnerved, unhinged; water-logged, on one's beam ends, rudderless; laid on one's back; done up, dead beat, exhausted, shattered, demoralized; graveled &c. (in difficulty) 704; helpless, unfriended^†, fatherless; without a leg to stand on, hors de combat[Fr], laid on the shelf.

null and void, nugatory, inoperative, good for nothing; ineffectual &c. (failing) 732; inadequate &c. 640; inefficacious &c. (useless) 645.

Phr. der kranke Mann[Ger]; "desirous still but impotent to rise" [Shenstone]; the spirit is willing but the flesh is weak.

159. Strength

N. strength; power &c. 157; energy &c. 171; vigor, force; main force, physical force, brute force; spring, elasticity, tone, tension, tonicity.

stoutness &c. adj.; lustihood^†, stamina, nerve, muscle, sinew, thews and sinews, physique; pith, pithiness; virtility, vitality.

athletics, athleticism^†; gymnastics, feats of strength.

adamant, steel, iron, oak, heart of oak; iron grip; grit, bone.

athlete, gymnast, acrobat; superman, Atlas, Hercules, Antaeus^†, Samson, Cyclops, Goliath; tower of strength; giant refreshed.

strengthening &c. v.; invigoration, refreshment, refocillation^†.

[Science of forces] dynamics, statics.

V. be strong &c. adj., be stronger; overmatch.

render strong &c. adj.; give strength &c. n.; strengthen, invigorate, brace, nerve, fortify, sustain, harden, case harden, steel, gird; screw up, wind up, set up; gird up one's loins, brace up one's loins; recruit, set on one's legs; vivify; refresh &c. 689; refect^†; reinforce, reenforce &c. (restore) 660.

Adj. strong, mighty, vigorous, forcible, hard, adamantine, stout, robust, sturdy, hardy, powerful, potent, puissant, valid.

resistless, irresistible, invincible, proof against, impregnable, unconquerable, indomitable, dominating, inextinguishable, unquenchable; incontestable; more than a match for; overpowering, overwhelming; all powerful, all sufficient; sovereign.

able-bodied; athletic; Herculean, Cyclopean, Atlantean^†; muscular, brawny, wiry, well-knit, broad-shouldered, sinewy, strapping, stalwart, gigantic.

manly, man-like, manful; masculine, male, virile.

unweakened^†, unallayed, unwithered^†, unshaken, unworn, unexhausted^†; in full force, in full swing; in the plenitude of power.

stubborn, thick-ribbed, made of iron, deep-rooted; strong as a lion, strong as a horse, strong as an ox, strong as brandy; sound as a roach; in fine feather, in high feather; built like a brick shithouse; like a giant refreshed.

Adv. strongly &c. adj.; by force &c. n.; by main force &c. (by compulsion) 744.

Phr. "our withers are unwrung" [Hamlet].

Blut und Eisen[Ger]; coelitus mihi vires[Lat]; du fort au diable[Fr]; en habiles gens[Lat]; ex vi termini; flecti non frangi[Lat]; "he that wrestles with us strengthens our nerves and sharpens our skill" [Burke]; "inflexible in faith invincible in arms" [Beattie].

160. Weakness

N. weakness &c. adj.; debility, atony^†, relaxation, languor, enervation; impotence &c. 158; infirmity; effeminacy, feminality^†; fragility, flaccidity; inactivity &c. 683.

anaemia, bloodlessness, deficiency of blood, poverty of blood.

declension of strength, loss of strength, failure of strength; delicacy, invalidation, decrepitude, asthenia^†, adynamy^†, cachexy^†, cachexia[Med], sprain, strain.

reed, thread, rope of sand, house of cards.

softling^†, weakling; infant &c. 129; youth &c. 127.

V. be weak &c. adj.; drop, crumble, give way, totter, tremble, shake, halt, limp, fade, languish, decline, flag, fail, have one leg in the grave.

render weak &c. adj.; weaken, enfeeble, debilitate, shake, deprive of strength, relax, enervate, eviscerate; unbrace, unnerve; cripple, unman &c. (render powerless) 158; cramp, reduce, sprain, strain, blunt the edge of; dilute, impoverish; decimate; extenuate; reduce in strength, reduce the strength of; mettre de l'eau dans son vin[Fr].

Adj. weak, feeble, debile|; impotent &c. 158; relaxed, unnerved, &c. v.; sapless, strengthless^†, powerless; weakly, unstrung, flaccid, adynamic^†, asthenic^†; nervous.

soft, effeminate, feminate^†, womanly.

frail, fragile, shattery^†; flimsy, unsubstantial, insubstantial, gimcrack, gingerbread; rickety, creaky, creaking, cranky; craichy^†; drooping, tottering &c. v..

broken, lame, withered, shattered, shaken, crazy, shaky; palsied &c. 158; decrepit.

languid, poor, infirm; faint, faintish^†; sickly &c. (disease) 655; dull, slack, evanid|, spent, short-winded, effete; weather-beaten; decayed, rotten, worn, seedy, languishing, wasted, washy, laid low, pulled down, the worse for wear.

unstrengthened &c. 159^†, unsupported, unaided, unassisted; aidless^†, defenseless &c. 158; cantilevered (support) 215.

on its last legs; weak as a child, weak as a baby, weak as a chicken, weak as a cat, weak as a rat; weak as water, weak as water gruel, weak as gingerbread, weak as milk and water; colorless &c. 429.

Phr. non sum qualis eram[Lat].

3. Power in Operation

161. Production

N. {ant. 162, 158} production, creation, construction, formation, fabrication, manufacture; building, architecture, erection, edification; coinage; diaster^†; organization; nisus formativus[Lat]; putting together &c. v.; establishment; workmanship, performance; achievement &c. (completion) 729. flowering, fructification; inflorescence.

bringing forth &c. v.: parturition, birth, birth-throe, childbirth, delivery, confinement, accouchement, travail, labor, midwifery, obstetrics; geniture^†; gestation &c. (maturation) 673; assimilation; evolution, development, growth; entelechy[Phil]; fertilization, gemination, germination, heterogamy[Biol], genesis, generation, epigenesis^†, procreation, progeneration^†, propagation; fecundation, impregnation; albumen &c. 357.

spontaneous generation; archegenesis^†, archebiosis^†; biogenesis, abiogenesis^†, digenesis^†, dysmerogenesis^†, eumerogenesis^†, heterogenesis^†, oogenesis, merogenesis^†, metogenesis^†, monogenesis^†, parthenogenesis, homogenesis^†, xenogenesis1^†; authorship, publication; works, opus, oeuvre.

biogeny^†, dissogeny^†, xenogeny^†; tocogony^†, vacuolization.

edifice, building, structure, fabric, erection, pile, tower, flower, fruit.

V. produce, perform, operate, do, make, gar, form, construct, fabricate, frame, contrive, manufacture; weave, forge, coin, carve, chisel; build, raise, edify, rear, erect, put together, set up, run up; establish, constitute, compose, organize, institute; achieve, accomplish &c. (complete) 729.

flower, bear fruit, fructify, teem, ean^†, yean^†, farrow, drop, pup, kitten, kindle; bear, lay, whelp, bring forth, give birth to, lie in, be brought to bed of, evolve, pullulate, usher into the world.

make productive &c. 168; create; beget, get, generate, fecundate, impregnate; procreate, progenerate^†, propagate; engender; bring into being, call into being, bring into existence; breed, hatch, develop, bring up.

induce, superinduce; suscitate|; cause &c. 153; acquire &c. 775.

Adj. produced, producing &c. v.; productive of; prolific &c. 168; creative; formative, genetic, genial, genital; pregnant; enceinte, big with, fraught with; in the family way, teeming, parturient, in the straw, brought to bed of; puerperal, puerperous^†.

digenetic^†, heterogenetic^†, oogenetic, xenogenetic^†; ectogenous^†, gamic^†, haematobious^†, sporogenous[Biol], sporophorous[Biol].

architectonic.

Phr. ex nihilo nihil[Lat]; fiat lux[Lat]; materiam superabat opus [Lat][Ovid]; nemo dat quod non habet [Latin].

162. Destruction

[Nonproduction]

N. {ant. 161} destruction; waste, dissolution, breaking up; diruption^†, disruption; consumption; disorganization.

fall, downfall, devastation, ruin, perdition, crash; eboulement[French], smash, havoc, delabrement[French], debacle; break down, break up, fall apart; prostration; desolation, bouleversement[Fr], wreck, wrack, shipwreck, cataclysm; washout.

extinction, annihilation; destruction of life &c. 361; knock-down blow; doom, crack of doom.

destroying &c. v.; demolition, demolishment; overthrow, subversion, suppression; abolition &c. (abrogation) 756; biblioclasm^†; sacrifice; ravage, razzia^†; inactivation; incendiarism; revolution &c. 146; extirpation &c. (extraction) 301; beginning of the end, commencement de la fin[French], road to ruin; dilapidation &c. (deterioration) 659; sabotage.

V. be destroyed &c.; perish; fall to the ground; tumble, topple; go to pieces, fall to pieces; break up; crumble to dust; go to the dogs, go to the wall, go to smash, go to shivers, go to wreck, go to pot, go to wrack and ruin; go by the board, go all to smash; be all over, be all up, be all with; totter to its fall.

destroy; do away with, make away with; nullify; annual &c. 756; sacrifice, demolish; tear up; overturn, overthrow, overwhelm; upset, subvert, put an end to; seal the doom of, do in, do for, dish*, undo; break up, cut up; break down, cut down, pull down, mow down, blow down, beat down; suppress, quash, put down, do a job on; cut short, take off, blot out; dispel, dissipate, dissolve; consume.

smash, crash, quell, squash, squelch, crumple up, shatter, shiver; batter to pieces, tear to pieces, crush to pieces, cut to pieces, shake to pieces, pull to pieces, pick to pieces; laniate^†; nip; tear to rags, tear to tatters; crush to atoms, knock to atoms; ruin; strike out; throw over, knock down over; fell, sink, swamp, scuttle, wreck, shipwreck, engulf, ingulf^†, submerge; lay in ashes, lay in ruins; sweep away, erase, wipe out, expunge, raze; level with the dust, level with the ground; waste; atomize, vaporize.

deal destruction, desolate, devastate, lay waste, ravage gut; disorganize; dismantle &c. (render useless) 645; devour, swallow up, sap, mine, blast, bomb, blow to smithereens, drop the big one, confound; exterminate, extinguish, quench, annihilate; snuff out, put out, stamp out, trample out; lay in the dust, trample in the dust; prostrate; tread under foot; crush under foot, trample under foot; lay the ax to the root of; make short work of, make clean sweep of, make mincemeat of; cut up root and branch, chop into pieces, cut into ribbons; fling to the winds, scatter to the winds; throw overboard; strike at the root of, sap the foundations of, spring a mine, blow up, ravage with fire and sword; cast to the dogs; eradicate &c. 301.

Adj. destroyed &c. v.; perishing &c. v.; trembling to its fall, nodding to its fall, tottering to its fall; in course of destruction &c. n.; extinct.

all-destroying, all-devouring, all-engulfing.

destructive, subversive, ruinous, devastating; incendiary, deletory|; destroying &c. n. suicidal; deadly &c. (killing) 361.

Adv. with crushing effect, with a sledge hammer.

Phr. delenda est Carthago[Lat]; dum Roma deliberat Saguntum perit[Lat]; ecrasez l'infame [Fr][Voltaire].

163. Reproduction

N. reproduction, renovation; restoration &c. 660; renewal; new edition, reprint, revival, regeneration, palingenesis^†, revivification; apotheosis; resuscitation, reanimation, resurrection, reappearance; regrowth; Phoenix.

generation &c. (production) 161; multiplication.

V. reproduce; restore &c. 660; revive, renovate, renew, regenerate, revivify, resuscitate, reanimate; remake, refashion, stir the embers, put into the crucible; multiply, repeat; resurge^†.

crop up, spring up like mushrooms.

Adj. reproduced &c. v.; renascent, reappearing; reproductive; suigenetic^†.

164. Producer

N. producer, originator, inventor, author, founder, generator, mover, architect, creator, prime mover; maker &c. (agent) 690; prime mover.

165. Destroyer

N. destroyer &c. (destroy &c. 162); cankerworm &c. (bane) 663; assassin &c. (killer) 361; executioner &c. (punish) 975; biblioclast^†, eidoloclast^†, iconoclast, idoloclast^†; nihilist.

166. Paternity

N. paternity; parentage; consanguinity &c. 11.

parent; father, sire, dad, papa, paterfamilias, abba^†; genitor, progenitor, procreator; ancestor; grandsire^†, grandfather; great- grandfather; fathership^†, fatherhood; mabap^†.

house, stem, trunk, tree, stock, stirps, pedigree, lineage, line, family, tribe, sept, race, clan; genealogy, descent, extraction, birth, ancestry; forefathers, forbears, patriarchs.

motherhood, maternity; mother, dam, mamma, materfamilias[Lat], grandmother.

Adj. paternal, parental; maternal; family, ancestral, linear, patriarchal.

Phr. avi numerantur avorum[Lat]; "happy he with such a mother" [Tennyson]; hombre bueno no le busquen abolengo[Sp]^†; philosophia stemma non inspicit [Lat][Seneca].

167. Posterity

N. posterity, progeny, breed, issue, offspring, brood, litter, seed, farrow, spawn, spat; family, grandchildren, heirs; great-grandchild.

child, son, daughter; butcha^†; bantling, scion; acrospire^†, plumule^†, shoot, sprout, olive-branch, sprit^†, branch; off-shoot, off-set; ramification; descendant; heir, heiress; heir-apparent, heir- presumptive; chip off the old block; heredity; rising generation.

straight descent, sonship^†, line, lineage, filiation^†, primogeniture.

Adj. filial; diphyletic^†.

Phr. "the child is father of the man" [Wordsworth]; "the fruit doesn't fall far from the tree", "like father, like son".

168. Productiveness

N. productiveness &c. adj.; fecundity, fertility, luxuriance, uberty|.

pregnancy, pullulation, fructification, multiplication, propagation, procreation; superfetation.

milch cow, rabbit, hydra, warren, seed plot, land flowing with milk and honey; second crop, aftermath; aftercrop, aftergrowth^†; arrish^†, eddish^†, rowen^†; protoplasm; fertilization.

V. make -productive &c. adj.; fructify; procreate, generate, fertilize, spermative^†, impregnate; fecundate, fecundify^†; teem, multiply; produce &c. 161; conceive.

Adj. productive, prolific; teeming, teemful^†; fertile, fruitful, frugiferous^†, fruit-bearing; fecund, luxuriant; pregnant, uberous^†.

procreant^†, procreative; generative, life-giving, spermatic; multiparous; omnific^†, propagable.

parturient &c. (producing) 161; profitable &c. (useful) 644.

169. Unproductiveness

N. unproductiveness &c. adj.; infertility, sterility, infecundity^†; masturbation; impotence &c. 158; unprofitableness &c. (inutility) 645.

waste, desert, Sahara, wild, wilderness, howling wilderness.

V. be - unproductive &c. adj.; hang fire, flash in the pan, come to nothing.

[make unproductive] sterilize, addle; disable, inactivate.

Adj. unproductive, acarpous^†, inoperative, barren, addled, infertile, unfertile, unprolific^†, arid, sterile, unfruitful, infecund^†; sine prole; fallow; teemless^†, issueless^†, fruitless; unprofitable &c. (useless) 645; null and void, of no effect.

170. Agency

N. agency, operation, force, working, strain, function, office, maintenance, exercise, work, swing, play; interworking^†, interaction; procurement.

causation &c. 153; instrumentality &c. 631; influence &c. 175; action &c. (voluntary) 680; modus operandi &c. 627.

quickening power, maintaining power, sustaining power; home stroke.

V. be -in action &c. adj.; operate, work; act, act upon; perform, play, support, sustain, strain, maintain, take effect, quicken, strike.

come play, come bring into operation; have play, have free play; bring to bear upon.

Adj. operative, efficient, efficacious, practical, effectual.

at work, on foot; acting &c. (doing) 680; in operation, in force, in action, in play, in exercise; acted upon, wrought upon.

Adv. by the -agency &c. n.- of; through &c. (instrumentality) 631; by means of &c. 632.

Phr. "I myself must mix with action lest I wither by despair" [Tennyson].

171. Physical energy

N. energy, physical energy, force, power &c. 157; keenness &c. adj.; intensity, vigor, strength, elasticity; go; high pressure; fire; rush.

acrimony, acritude^†; causiticity^†, virulence; poignancy; harshness &c. adj.; severity, edge, point; pungency &c. 392.

cantharides; seasoning &c. (condiment) 393.

activity, agitation, effervescence; ferment, fermentation; ebullition, splutter, perturbation, stir, bustle; voluntary energy &c. 682; quicksilver.

resolution &c. (mental energy) 604; exertion &c. (effort) 686; excitation &c. (mental) 824.

V. give -energy &c. n.; energize, stimulate, kindle, excite, exert; sharpen, intensify; inflame &c. (render violent) 173; wind up &c. (strengthen) 159.

strike home, into home, hard home; make an impression.

Adj. strong, energetic, forcible, active; intense, deep-dyed, severe, keen, vivid, sharp, acute, incisive, trenchant, brisk.

rousing, irritation; poignant; virulent, caustic, corrosive, mordant, harsh, stringent; double-edged, double-shotted^†, double-distilled; drastic, escharotic|; racy &c. (pungent) 392.

potent &c. (powerful) 157; radioactive.

Adv. strongly &c. adj.; fortiter in re[Lat]; with telling effect.

Phr. the steam is up; vires acquirit eundo[Lat]; "the race by vigor not by vaunts is won" [Pope].

172. Physical inertness

N. energy, physical energy, force, power &c. 157; keenness &c. adj.; intensity, vigor, strength, elasticity; go; high pressure; fire; rush.

acrimony, acritude^†; causiticity^†, virulence; poignancy; harshness &c. adj.; severity, edge, point; pungency &c. 392.

cantharides; seasoning &c. (condiment) 393.

activity, agitation, effervescence; ferment, fermentation; ebullition, splutter, perturbation, stir, bustle; voluntary energy &c. 682; quicksilver.

resolution &c. (mental energy) 604; exertion &c. (effort) 686; excitation &c. (mental) 824.

V. give -energy &c. n.; energize, stimulate, kindle, excite, exert; sharpen, intensify; inflame &c. (render violent) 173; wind up &c. (strengthen) 159.

strike home, into home, hard home; make an impression.

Adj. strong, energetic, forcible, active; intense, deep-dyed, severe, keen, vivid, sharp, acute, incisive, trenchant, brisk.

rousing, irritation; poignant; virulent, caustic, corrosive, mordant, harsh, stringent; double-edged, double-shotted^†, double-distilled; drastic, escharotic|; racy &c. (pungent) 392.

potent &c. (powerful) 157; radioactive.

Adv. strongly &c. adj.; fortiter in re[Lat]; with telling effect.

Phr. the steam is up; vires acquirit eundo[Lat]; "the race by vigor not by vaunts is won" [Pope].

173. Violence

N. violence, inclemency, vehemence, might, impetuosity; boisterousness &c. adj.; effervescence, ebullition; turbulence, bluster; uproar, callithump ^†[U. S.], riot, row, rumpus, le diable a quatre[Fr], devil to pay, all the fat in the fire.

severity &c. 739; ferocity, rage, fury; exacerbation, exasperation, malignity; fit, paroxysm; orgasm, climax, aphrodisia^†; force, brute force; outrage; coup de main; strain, shock, shog^†; spasm, convulsion, throe; hysterics, passion &c. (state of excitability) 825.

outbreak, outburst; debacle; burst, bounce, dissilience^†, discharge, volley, explosion, blow up, blast, detonation, rush, eruption, displosion|, torrent.

turmoil &c. (disorder) 59; ferment &c. (agitation) 315; storm, tempest, rough weather; squall &c. (wind) 349; earthquake, volcano, thunderstorm.

berserk, berserker; fury, dragon, demon, tiger, beldame, Tisiphone^†, Megaera, Alecto^†, madcap, wild beast; fire eater &c. (blusterer) 887.

V. be -violent &c. adj.; run high; ferment, effervesce; romp, rampage, go on a rampage; run wild, run amuck, run riot; break the peace; rush, tear; rush headlong, rush foremost; raise a storm, make a riot; rough house*; riot, storm; wreak, bear down, ride roughshod, out Herod, Herod; spread like wildfire.

[(person) shout or act in anger at something] explode, make a row, kick up a row; boil, boil over; fume, foam, come on like a lion, bluster, rage, roar, fly off the handle, go bananas, go ape, blow one's top, blow one's cool, flip one's lid, hit the ceiling, hit the roof; fly into a rage (anger) 900..

break out, fly out, burst out; bounce, explode, go off, displode|, fly, detonate, thunder, blow up, crump^†, flash, flare, burst; shock, strain; break open, force open, prize open.

render violent &c. adj.; sharpen, stir up, quicken, excite, incite, annoy, urge, lash, stimulate, turn on; irritate, inflame, kindle, suscitate|, foment; accelerate, aggravate, exasperate, exacerbate, convulse, infuriate, madden, lash into fury; fan the flame; add fuel to the flame, pour oil on the fire, oleum addere camino[Lat].

explode; let fly, fly off; discharge, detonate, set off, detonize^†, fulminate.

Adj. violent, vehement; warm; acute, sharp; rough, rude, ungentle, bluff, boisterous, wild; brusque, abrupt, waspish; impetuous; rampant.

turbulent; disorderly; blustering, raging &c. v.; troublous^†, riotous; tumultuary^†, tumultuous; obstreperous, uproarious; extravagant; unmitigated; ravening, inextinguishable, tameless; frenzied &c. (insane) 503. desperate &c. (rash) 863; infuriate, furious, outrageous, frantic, hysteric, in hysterics.

fiery, flaming, scorching, hot, red-hot, ebullient.

savage, fierce, ferocious, fierce as a tiger.

excited &c. v.; unquelled^†, unquenched, unextinguished^†, unrepressed, unbridled, unruly; headstrong, ungovernable, unappeasable, immitigable, unmitigable^†; uncontrollable, incontrollable^†; insuppressible, irrepressible; orgastic, orgasmatic, orgasmic.

spasmodic, convulsive, explosive; detonating &c. v.; volcanic, meteoric; stormy &c. (wind) 349.

Adv. violently &c. adj.; amain^†; by storm, by force, by main force; with might and main; tooth and nail, vi et armis[Lat], at the point of the sword, at the point of the bayonet; at one fell swoop; with a high hand, through thick and thin; in desperation, with a vengeance; a outrance^†, a toute outrance[Fr]^†; headlong, head foremost.

Phr. furor arma ministrat[Lat]; "blown with restless violence round about the pendent world" [Measure for Measure].

174. Moderation

N. moderation, lenity &c. 740; temperateness, gentleness &c. adj.; sobriety; quiet; mental calmness &c. (inexcitability) 826^†.

moderating &c. v.; anaphrodisia^†; relaxation, remission, mitigation, tranquilization^†, assuagement, contemporation^†, pacification.

measure, juste milieu[Fr], golden mean, <gr ariston="" metron="" gr="">[Grk]. moderator; lullaby, sedative, lenitive, demulcent, antispasmodic, carminative, laudanum; rose water, balm, poppy, opiate, anodyne, milk, opium, "poppy or mandragora"; wet blanket; palliative.

V. be -moderate &c. adj.; keep within bounds, keep within compass; sober down, settle down; keep the peace, remit, relent, take in sail.

moderate, soften, mitigate, temper, accoy|; attemper^†, contemper^†; mollify, lenify^†, dulcify^†, dull, take off the edge, blunt, obtund^†, sheathe, subdue, chasten; sober down, tone down, smooth down; weaken &c. 160; lessen &c. (decrease) 36; check palliate.

tranquilize, pacify, assuage, appease, swag, lull, soothe, compose, still, calm, calm down, cool, quiet, hush, quell, sober, pacify, tame, damp, lay, allay, rebate, slacken, smooth, alleviate, rock to sleep, deaden, smooth, throw cold water on, throw a wet blanket over, turn off; slake; curb &c. (restrain) 751; tame &c. (subjugate) 749; smooth over; pour oil on the waves, pour oil on the troubled waters; pour balm into, mattre de l'eau dans son vin[Fr].

go out like a lamb, "roar you as gently as any sucking dove," [Midsummer-Night's Dream].

Adj. moderate; lenient &c. 740; gentle, mild, mellow; cool, sober, temperate, reasonable, measured; tempered &c. v.; calm, unruffled, quiet, tranquil, still; slow, smooth, untroubled; tame; peaceful, peaceable; pacific, halcyon.

unexciting, unirritating^†; soft, bland, oily, demulcent, lenitive, anodyne; hypnotic &c. 683; sedative; antiorgastic^†, anaphrodisiac^†.

mild as mother's milk; milk and water.

Adv. moderately &c. adj.; gingerly; piano; under easy sail, at half speed; within bounds, within compass; in reason.

Phr. est modue in rebus^†; pour oil on troubled waters.</gr>

4. Indirect Power

175. Influence

N. influence; importance &c. 642; weight, pressure, preponderance, prevalence, sway; predominance, predominancy^†; ascendency^†; dominance, reign; control, domination, pull*; authority &c.737; capability &c. (power) 157; effect &c. 154; interest.

synergy (cooperation) 709.

footing; purchase &c. (support) 215; play, leverage, vantage ground.

tower of strength, host in himself; protection, patronage, auspices.

V. have -influence &c. n.; be -influential &c. adj.; carry weight, weigh, tell; have a hold upon, magnetize, bear upon, gain a footing, work upon; take root, take hold; strike root in.

run through, pervade; prevail, dominate, predominate; out weigh, over weigh; over-ride, over-bear; gain head; rage; be -rife &c. adj.; spread like wildfire; have the upper hand, get the upper hand, gain the upper hand, have full play, get full play, gain full play.

be recognized, be listened to; make one's voice heard, gain a hearing; play a part, play a leading part, play a leading part in; take the lead, pull the strings; turn the scale, throw one's weight into the scale; set the fashion, lead the dance.

Adj. influential, effective; important &c. 642; weighty; prevailing &c. v.; prevalent, rife, rampant, dominant, regnant, predominant, in the ascendant, hegemonical^†.

Adv. with telling effect.

Phr. tel maure tel valet[Fr].

175a. Absence Of Influence

N. impotence &c. 158; powerlessness; inertness &c. 172;

irrelevancy &c. 10.V. have no -influence &c. 175.Adj. uninfluential^†, ineffective; inconsequential, nugatory; unconducing, unconducive, unconducting to^†; powerless &c. 158; irrelevant &c. 10.

176. Tendency

N. tendency; aptness, aptitude; proneness, proclivity, bent, turn, tone, bias, set, leaning to, predisposition, inclination, propensity, susceptibility; conatus[Lat], nisus[Lat]; liability &c. 177; quality, nature, temperament; idiocrasy^†, idiosyncrasy; cast, vein, grain; humor, mood; drift &c. (direction) 278; conduciveness, conducement^†; applicability &c. (utility) 644; subservience &c. (instrumentality) 631.

V. tend, contribute, conduce, lead, dispose, incline, verge, bend to, trend, affect, carry, redound to, bid fair to, gravitate towards; promote &c. (aid) 707.

Adj. tending &c. v.; conducive, working towards, in a fair way to, calculated to; liable &c. 177; subservient &c. (instrumental) 631; useful &c. 644; subsidiary &c. (helping) 707.

Adv. for, whither.

177. Liability

N. liability, liableness^†; possibility, contingency; susceptivity^†, susceptibility, exposure.

V. be -liable &c. adj.; incur, lay oneself open to; run the chance, stand a chance; lie under, expose oneself to, open a door to.

Adj. liable, subject; in danger &c. 665; open to, exposed to, obnoxious to; answerable; unexempt from^†; apt to; dependent on; incident to.

contingent, incidental, possible, on the cards, within range of, at the mercy of.

5. Combinations of Causes

178. Concurrence

N. concurrence, cooperation, coagency^†; union; agreement &c. 23; consilience^†; consent, coincidence &c. (assent) 488; alliance; concert, additivity, synergy &c. 709; partnership &c. 712.

common cause.

V. concur, conduce, conspire, contribute; agree, unite; hang together, pull together, join forces, make common cause. &c. (cooperate) 709; help to &c. (aid) 707.

keep pace with, run parallel; go with, go along with, go hand in hand with, coincide.

Adj. concurring &c. v.; concurrent, in alliance with, banded together, of one mind, at one with, coinciding.

Adv. with one consent.

179. Counteraction

N. counteraction, opposition; contrariety &c. 14; antagonism, polarity; clashing &c. v.; collision, interference, inhibition, resistance, renitency, friction; reaction; retroaction &c. (recoil) 277; counterblast^†; neutralization &c. (compensation) 30; vis inertiae[Lat]; check &c. (hindrance) 706.

voluntary opposition &c. 708, voluntary resistance &c. 719; repression &c. (restraint) 751.

opposites, action and reaction, yang and yin, yang-yin (contrariety) 14.

V. counteract; run counter, clash, cross; interfere with, conflict with; contravene; jostle; go against, run against, beat against, militate against; stultify; antagonize, block, oppose &c. 708; traverse; withstand &c. (resist) 719; hinder &c. 706; repress &c. (restrain) 751; react &c. (recoil) 277.

undo, neutralize; counterpoise &c. (compensate) 30; overpoise^†.

Adj. counteracting &c. v.; antagonistic, conflicting, retroactive, renitent, reactionary; contrary &c. 14.

Adv. although &c. 30; in spite of &c. 708; against.

Phr. "for every action there is a reaction, equal in force and opposite in direction" [Newton].