fume
English
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Middle English fume, from Old French fum (“smoke, steam, vapour”), from Latin fūmus (“vapour, smoke”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰuh₂mós (“smoke”), from *dʰewh₂- (“to smoke, raise dust”). Doublet of thymus and thymos. More at dun, dusk, dust.
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]fume (plural fumes)
- A gas or vapour/vapor that is strong-smelling or dangerous to inhale.
- Don't stand around in there breathing the fumes while the adhesive cures.
- 1753, Thomas Warton, Ode:
- the fumes of new-shorn hay
- A material that has been vaporized from the solid or liquid state to the gas state and re-coalesced to the solid state.
- Lead fume is a greyish powder, mainly comprising lead sulfate.
- Rage or excitement which deprives the mind of self-control.
- 1692–1717, Robert South, Twelve Sermons Preached upon Several Occasions, volume (please specify |volume=I to VI), London:
- The Fumes of his Passion do as really intoxicate and confound his judging and discerning Faculty , as the Fumes of Drink discompose and stupify the Brain of a Man over - charged with it.
- 1855 December – 1857 June, Charles Dickens, Little Dorrit, London: Bradbury and Evans, […], published 1857, →OCLC:
- In his execution of this mission, Mr Tinkler perhaps expressed that Mr Dorrit was in a raging fume.
- Anything unsubstantial or airy; idle conceit; vain imagination.
- a. 1627 (date written), Francis [Bacon], “Considerations Touching a VVarre vvith Spaine. […]”, in William Rawley, editor, Certaine Miscellany VVorks of the Right Honourable Francis Lo. Verulam, Viscount S. Alban. […], London: […] I. Hauiland for Humphrey Robinson, […], published 1629, →OCLC:
- a show of fumes and fancies
- The incense of praise; inordinate flattery.
- 1621, Democritus Junior [pseudonym; Robert Burton], The Anatomy of Melancholy, […], Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] John Lichfield and Iames Short, for Henry Cripps, →OCLC:
- to smother him with fumes and eulogies
- (obsolete) A passionate person.
Usage notes
[edit]- In the sense of strong-smelling or dangerous vapor, the noun is typically plural, as in the example.
Derived terms
[edit]Translations
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Verb
[edit]fume (third-person singular simple present fumes, present participle fuming, simple past and past participle fumed)
- (transitive) To expose (something) to fumes; specifically, to expose wood, etc., to ammonia in order to produce dark tints.
- (transitive) To apply or offer incense to.
- 1740, John Dyer, “The Ruins of Rome. A Poem.”, in Poems. [...] Viz. I. Grongar Hill. II. The Ruins of Rome. III. The Fleece, in Four Books, London: Printed by John Hughs, for Messrs. R[obert] and J[ames] Dodsley, […], published 1759, →OCLC, pages 42–43:
- Tyrian garbs, / Neptunian Albion's high teſtaceous food [i.e., oysters], / And flavour'd Chian wines with incenſe fum'd / To ſlake Patrician thirſt: for theſe, their rights / In the vile ſtreets they proſtitute to ſale; / Their ancient rights, their dignities, their laws, / Their native glorious freedom.
- (intransitive) To emit fumes.
- 1667, John Milton, “Book X”, in Paradise Lost. […], London: […] [Samuel Simmons], and are to be sold by Peter Parker […]; [a]nd by Robert Boulter […]; [a]nd Matthias Walker, […], →OCLC; republished as Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:
- where the golden altar fumed
- a. 1686, Earl of Roscommon [i.e., Wentworth Dillon, 4th Earl of Roscommon], Samuel Johnson, “Virgil’s Sixth Eclogue, Silenus”, in The Works of the English Poets. With Prefaces, Biographical and Critical, […], volumes X (The Poems of Rochester, Roscommon, and Yalden), London: […] E. Cox; for C. Bathurst, […], published 1779, page 234, →OCLC:
- Young Chromis and Mnaſylus chanc'd to ſtray / Where (ſleeping in a cave) Silenus lay, / Whoſe conſtant cups fly fuming to his brain, / And always boil in each extended vein; / His truſty flaggon, full of potent juice, / Was hanging by, worn thin with age and uſe; [...]
- (intransitive) To pass off in fumes or vapours.
- 1704, I[saac] N[ewton], “(please specify |book=1 to 3)”, in Opticks: Or, A Treatise of the Reflexions, Refractions, Inflexions and Colours of Light. […], London: […] Sam[uel] Smith, and Benj[amin] Walford, printers to the Royal Society, […], →OCLC:
- whose parts are kept from fuming away, not only by their fixity […]
- (intransitive or reporting verb, figuratively) To express or feel great anger.
- He’s still fuming about the argument they had yesterday.
- 1700, [John] Dryden, “Palamon and Arcite: Or, The Knight’s Tale. In Three Books.”, in Fables Ancient and Modern; […], London: […] Jacob Tonson, […], →OCLC:
- He frets, he fumes, he stares, he stamps the ground.
- 1808 February 22, Walter Scott, “(please specify the introduction or canto number, or chapter name)”, in Marmion; a Tale of Flodden Field, Edinburgh: […] J[ames] Ballantyne and Co. for Archibald Constable and Company, […]; London: William Miller, and John Murray, →OCLC:
- Her mother did fret, and her father did fume.
- 1995 March 3, The Oregonian, page 21:
- His strong stand has made him a lightning rod for criticism by rail proponents, including some of his own friends. Herb Bridge […] is among Freeman's critics on the rail issue. " […] I think he has an elitist attitude and doesn't want poor people in his mall," fumed Bridge, who operates a store in Freeman's mall.
- (intransitive, figuratively) To be as in a mist; to be dulled and stupefied.
- c. 1606–1607 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Anthonie and Cleopatra”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene i]:
- Keep his brain fuming.
Derived terms
[edit]Translations
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Asturian
[edit]Verb
[edit]fume
- first-person singular present subjunctive of fumar
- third-person singular present subjunctive of fumar
French
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Verb
[edit]fume
- inflection of fumer:
Anagrams
[edit]Galician
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Attested since circa 1300. From Old Galician-Portuguese fumo (13th century, Cantigas de Santa Maria), from Latin fūmus, although the final vowel could imply an Old French borrowing. Cognate with Portuguese fumo and Spanish humo.
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]fume m (plural fumes)
- smoke
- c. 1300, R. Martínez López, editor, General Estoria. Versión gallega del siglo XIV, Oviedo: Publicacións de Archivum, page 209:
- coyda que o bafo et fume daquel fogo que ensuzou et [empoçoou] as agoas et aterra daly
- he thinks that the fumes and the smoke of that fire defiled and poisoned the waters and the soil there
- 1348, J. Méndez Pérez & al. (eds.), El monasterio de San Salvador de Chantada, Santiago de Compostela: I. Padre Sarmiento, page 326:
- a vida deste mundo he asy como a sonbra, et quando ome se deleyta en ella he asy como o fumo' que se vay logo
- the life in this world is like the shadow, and when a man delight in it is like the smoke, which soon goes away
- fume
- (figurative, in the plural) haughtiness
Related terms
[edit]Verb
[edit]fume
- inflection of fumar:
References
[edit]- Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, Ana Isabel Boullón Agrelo (2006–2022) “fume”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios do galego medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
- Xavier Varela Barreiro, Xavier Gómez Guinovart (2006–2018) “fume”, in Corpus Xelmírez - Corpus lingüístico da Galicia medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: ILG
- Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, editor (2006–2013), “fume”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega [Dictionary of Dictionaries of the Galician language] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
- Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, editors (2003–2018), “fume”, in Tesouro informatizado da lingua galega (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
- Rosario Álvarez Blanco, editor (2014–2024), “fume”, in Tesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega, →ISSN
Latin
[edit]Noun
[edit]fūme
Middle English
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Borrowed from Old French fum, from Latin fūmus, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰuh₂mós.
Alternative forms
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]fume (plural fumes)
- Visible gaseous emanations; fumes or smoke.
- Any sort of vapour or gaseous emanation.
- (physiology) Fumes as the supposed cause of feelings.
- (rare) An airborne scent or odour.
Related terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]References
[edit]- “fūme, n.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 2018-09-03.
Etymology 2
[edit]From Old French fumer.
Verb
[edit]fume
- Alternative form of fumen
Norwegian Nynorsk
[edit]Verb
[edit]fume (present tense fumar, past tense fuma, past participle fuma, passive infinitive fumast, present participle fumande, imperative fume/fum)
Portuguese
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]
Verb
[edit]fume
- inflection of fumar:
Spanish
[edit]Verb
[edit]fume
- inflection of fumar:
Tarantino
[edit]Noun
[edit]fume
- English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *dʰewh₂-
- English terms inherited from Middle English
- English terms derived from Middle English
- English terms derived from Old French
- English terms derived from Latin
- English doublets
- English 1-syllable words
- English terms with IPA pronunciation
- English terms with audio pronunciation
- Rhymes:English/uːm
- Rhymes:English/uːm/1 syllable
- English lemmas
- English nouns
- English countable nouns
- English terms with usage examples
- English terms with quotations
- English terms with obsolete senses
- English verbs
- English transitive verbs
- English intransitive verbs
- en:Combustion
- en:Matter
- en:Gases
- Asturian non-lemma forms
- Asturian verb forms
- French 1-syllable words
- French terms with IPA pronunciation
- French terms with homophones
- French non-lemma forms
- French verb forms
- Galician terms inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese
- Galician terms derived from Old Galician-Portuguese
- Galician terms inherited from Latin
- Galician terms derived from Latin
- Galician terms borrowed from Old French
- Galician terms derived from Old French
- Galician terms with IPA pronunciation
- Galician lemmas
- Galician nouns
- Galician countable nouns
- Galician masculine nouns
- Galician terms with quotations
- Galician non-lemma forms
- Galician verb forms
- Latin non-lemma forms
- Latin noun forms
- Middle English terms borrowed from Old French
- Middle English terms derived from Old French
- Middle English terms derived from Latin
- Middle English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Middle English terms with IPA pronunciation
- Middle English lemmas
- Middle English nouns
- enm:Physiology
- Middle English terms with rare senses
- Middle English verbs
- enm:Air
- enm:Emotions
- enm:Matter
- enm:Smell
- Norwegian Nynorsk lemmas
- Norwegian Nynorsk verbs
- Norwegian Nynorsk weak verbs
- Norwegian Nynorsk pre-2012 forms
- Portuguese 2-syllable words
- Portuguese terms with IPA pronunciation
- Portuguese non-lemma forms
- Portuguese verb forms
- Spanish non-lemma forms
- Spanish verb forms
- Tarantino lemmas
- Tarantino nouns