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Appendix:Khakas Swadesh list

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

This is a Swadesh list of words in Khakas, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

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For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

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EnglishKhakas
хакас тілі (xakas tìlì)
edit (204)
1I (1sg)мин (min)
2you (2sg)син (sin)
3he, she, it (3sg)ол (ol)
4we (1pl)пiс (pis)
5you (2pl)сiрер (sirer)
6they (3pl)олар (olar)
7thisпу (pu)
8thatол (ol)
9hereмында (mında)
10thereанда (anda)
11whoкем (kem)
12whatниме (nime)
13whereхайда (xayda)
14whenхаӌан (xacan)
15howхайди (xaydi)
16notнимес (nimes), чох (çox)
17allпрай (pray), тикci (tikci), тооза (tooza)
18manyкöп (köp)
19someнинӌе-де (nince-de), кöп нимес (köp nimes) (a few), сала (sala)
20fewас (as)
21otherпасха (pasxa)
22oneпир (pir)
23twoiкi (iki)
24threeӱс (üs)
25fourтöрт (tört)
26fiveпис (pis)
27bigулуғ (uluğ)
28longузун (uzun)
29wideчалбах (çalbax), аллығ (allığ)
30thickхалын (xalın)
31heavyаар (aar)
32smallкiчиӌек (kiçicek)
33shortхысха (xısxa)
34narrowнiске (niske) (not wide), тaр (tar) (tight)
35thinчуғаӌах (çuğacax), чуға (çuğa), niske
36womanипчi кiзi (ipçi kizi)
37man (adult male)ир кiзi (ir kizi)
38man (human being)кiзi (kizi)
39childпала (pala), олған (olğan)
40wifeипчiзi (ipçizi)
41husbandирi (iri)
42motherиӌе (ice), ине (ine)
43fatherаба (aba), ада (ada)
44animalаң () (beast)
45fishпалых (palıx)
46birdхус (xus)
47dogадай (aday) (Tung.?)
48louseпiт (pit)
49snakeчылан (çılan)
50wormхурт (xurt)
51treeағас (ağas)
52forestағас (ağas)
53stickтаях (tayax)
54fruitфрукт (frukt), нимис (nimis)
55seedӱрен (üren)
56leafпӱр (pür)
57rootчилеге (çilege), тазыл (tazıl)
58bark (of a tree)хахпас (xaxpas), хабых (xabıx)
59flowerчахаях (çaxayax), порчо (porço)
60grassот (ot)
61ropeпағ (pağ), арғамӌы (arğamcı)
62skinтеер (teer)
63meatит (it)
64bloodхан (xan)
65boneсööк (söök)
66fat (noun)чағ (çağ), симiс (simis), ӱс (üs)
67eggнымырха (nımırxa)
68hornмӱус (müus)
69tailхузурух (xuzurux)
70featherчӱг (çüg)
71hairсас (sas), хыл (xıl)
72headпас (pas)
73earхулах (xulax)
74eyeхарах (xarax)
75noseпурун (purun), тумзух (tumzux), тунӌух (tuncux)
76mouthаас (aas)
77toothтiс (tis)
78tongue (organ)тiл (til)
79fingernailтырғах (tırğax)
80footазах (azax)
81legазах (azax), бут (but) (thigh)
82kneeтiзек (tizek)
83handхол (xol)
84wingханат (xanat)
85bellyхарын (xarın), icтi (icti)
86gutsiчеге (içege)
87neckмойын (moyın)
88backуча (uça), арға (arğa), пiл (pil)
89breastимжек (imjek)
90heartчӱрек (çürek)
91liverпаар (paar)
92to drinkiзерге (izerge)
93to eatчирге (çirge)
94to biteызырарға (ızırarğa), тударға (tudarğa)
95to suckсорарға (sorarğa), эмерғе (emerğe)
96to spitтӱкӱрерғе (tükürerğe)
97to vomitхузарға (xuzarğa)
98to blowӱрерғе (ürerğe) (wind), ӱбӱрерғе (übürerğe)
99to breatheтынарға (tınarğa)
100to laughхатхырарга (xatxırarga), кӱлерге (külerge)
101to seeкöрерге (körerge)
102to hearистерге (isterge)
103to knowпiлерге (pilerge)
104to thinkсағынарға (sağınarğa)
105to smellчыстанарға (çıstanarğa) (give off smell)
106to fearхорығарға (xorığarğa)
107to sleepузирға (uzirğa)
108to liveчуртирға (çurtirğa)
109to dieöлерге (ölerge)
110to killöдiрерге (ödirerge)
111to fightкӱрезерге (kürezerge), харбазарға (xarbazarğa), чаалазарға (çaalazarğa) (war)
112to huntаңнирға (añnirğa)
113to hitcабарға (cabarğa), теерге (teerge), урунарға (urunarğa)
114to cutкизерге (kizerge)
115to splitчарарға (çararğa), оодарға (oodarğa) (wood)
116to stabсазарға (sazarğa)
117to scratchтырбахтирға (tırbaxtirğa)
118to digхазарға (xazarğa)
119to swimчӱзерге (çüzerge)
120to flyучугарға (uçugarğa)
121to walkпарарға (pararğa), чöрерге (çörerge)
122to comeкилерге (kilerge)
123to lie (as in a bed)чадарға (çadarğa)
124to sitодырарға (odırarğa)
125to standтурарға (turarğa)
126to turn (intransitive)айлан(дыр)арға (aylan(dır)arğa), айландыры бызарға (aylandırı bızarğa)
127to fallтӱзерге (tüzerge)
128to giveпирерге (pirerge)
129to holdтударға (tudarğa)
130to squeezeхызарға (xızarğa)
131to rubчызарға (çızarğa)
132to washчуурға (çuurğa)
133to wipeчызарға (çızarğa)
134to pullсöртирге (sörtirge), тартарға (tartarğa)
135to pushiдерге (iderge), сазарға (sazarğa)
136to throwтастирға (tastirğa), силерге (silerge)
137to tieпалғирға (palğirğa)
138to sewтiгерге (tigerge)
139to countсанирға (sanirğa)
140to sayчоохтирға (çooxtirğa), чохтанарға (çoxtanarğa)
141to singырлирға (ırlirğa), сарнирға (sarnirğa)
142to playойнирға (oynirğa)
143to floatчӱзерге (çüzerge), ағарға (ağarğa)
144to flowағарға (ağarğa)
145to freezeтоорға (toorğa)
146to swellсiзерге (sizerge), кöберге (köberge)
147sunкӱн (kün)
148moonай (ay)
149starчылтыс (çıltıs)
150waterсуғ (suğ)
151rainнаңмыр (nañmır)
152riverсуғ (suğ)
153lakeкöл (köl)
154seaталай (talay) (Mong.)
155saltтус (tus)
156stoneтас (tas)
157sandхум (xum)
158dustтозын (tozın)
159earthтобырах (tobırax), чир (çir)
160cloudпулут (pulut)
161fogтубан (tuban)
162skyтигiр (tigir)
163windчил (çil)
164snowхар (xar)
165iceпус (pus)
166smokeтӱдӱн (tüdün), ыс (ıs)
167fireот (ot)
168ashкӱл (kül)
169to burnкöйерғе (köyerğe)
170roadчол (çol)
171mountainтағ (tağ)
172redхызыл (xızıl)
173green(от) кöк ((ot) kök), ноған (noğan), чазыл (çazıl)
174yellowсарығ (sarığ)
175whiteах (ax)
176blackхара (xara)
177nightтӱн (tün), хараа (xaraa)
178dayкӱн (kün)
179yearчыл (çıl)
180warmчылығ (çılığ)
181coldсоох (soox)
182fullтолдыра (toldıra)
183newнаа (naa)
184oldиргi (irgi), кирі (kirì) (person)
185goodчахсы (çaxsı)
186badхомай (xomay), чабал (çabal)
187rottenчызығ (çızığ), чызаан (çızaan) (fruit), ірік (ìrìk) (wood)
188dirtyкiрлiг (kirlig), пуртах (purtax)
189straightкöнi (köni)
190roundтоғылах (toğılax), тегiлек (tegilek), терпек (terpek)
191sharp (as a knife)чiтiг (çitig)
192dull (as a knife)омас (omas)
193smoothтӱс (tüs)
194wetöл (öl)
195dryхуруғ (xuruğ)
196correctсын (sın), орта (orta)
197nearчағын (çağın)
198farырах (ırax)
199rightоң ()
200leftсол (sol)
201at-да/-де/-та/-те (-da/-de/-ta/-te)
202in-да/-де/-та/-те (-da/-de/-ta/-te)
203with
204andдаа (daa), таа (taa)
205if
206because
207nameат (at)
Swadesh lists
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