User:JoergenB/PIEnounsappendix
Copied 2019-07-31 from an appendix with a RFD. I found no corresponding WT:RFDO item, though, until I searched its history.((The following seems to have happened: The Appendix:List_of_Proto-Indo-European_roots (which I liked) was marked for deletion, "together with its underpages"; this was duly discussed (by few participants; I'm not sure the participants in the former RFD for this appendix (which reportedly was turned down) ever were alerted, but perhaps they've gone inactive or changed their minds); the heavyweight discussion participants decided that a strong majority of reliable editors were for deletion, and the opponents didn't recognise that lists in this project are considered bad in se, since they are hard to maintain; the appendix and some subpages indeed were deleted; and somewhat later, the nomination and its discussion was archived.))
OK; I admit that I've just kept a link to the deleted "roots" appendix, not checked it often, not participated more than marginally to this project, and may have let my irritation over missing this deletion discussion make me summarise what happened a bit unfairly. (The tendecy for deletion in the actual votes was fairly clear.) There was actually just one point where the procedure clearly could have been handled considerably better, and that was in the description of the nomination.
Indeed, that nomination (by User:victar) did not list all pages its nominator intended to let it encompass. The page I copy below (Appendix:List_of_Proto-Indo-European_ nouns) with a high probability was so intended, since victar (as you can see) referred to the discussion for the "roots" appendix; probably, they considered this as one of the "subpages" (in substance, if not in form). The person doing the deletion may not have remember this page, or may have interpreted "subpages" differently.
In a way, I'm happy for the resulting, since it has made it possible for me to create this copy of at least one of the offending lists, before it is completely deleted; but of course, the unclearity of what the discussion was about was not good for the project. Not only did it result in this "orphaned" deletion demand; it also may have influenced the discussion, if all participants had been aware that they also voted about this semasiological appendix. Therefore, I think that in the future the nominators should strive to make it even clearer exactly what they are nominating for deletion, than they did this time.
{{rfd|ine-pro|per [[WT:RFDO#Appendix:List_of_Proto-Indo-European_roots]]}} This is a semasiological index of Proto-Indo-European nominal stems. See Appendix:List of Proto-Indo-European roots for an alphabetical list of roots.
Kinship
[edit]| Root | Meaning | Derivatives |
|---|---|---|
| *mánus | person | Sanskrit manu, Albanian njeri, Avestan Manuščiθra, English mann/man, German man/Mann, Gothic manna, Old Norse maðr, Latin mas, Old Church Slavonic мѫжь (mǫžĭ), Russian муж (muž), Macedonian мaж (maž), Lithuanian žmogus, Kamviri mânša, Polish mąż, Czech muž, Slovak muž, Pashto merrë |
| *h₁nómn̥ | name | Tocharian ñom/ñem, Latin nōmen, French nom, Spanish nombre, Portuguese nome, Umbrian nome, English nama/name, German namo/Name, Old Norse nafn, Gothic namo, Sanskrit nāman, Avestan nąman, Ancient Greek ὄνομα (ónoma), Old Church Slavonic имѧ (imę), Russian имя (imja), Czech jméno, Slovak meno, Macedonian имe (ime), Albanian emër/êmën, Irish ainm/ainm, Welsh anu/enw, Hittite lāman, Kamviri nom, Persian nāma/nām, Old Armenian անուն (anun), Polish imię, Old Prussian emnes, Pashto num, Serbian ime, Kurdish nav |
| *wiHrós | man | Sanskrit vīra, Avestan vīra, Latin vir, Umbrian viru, Lithuanian vyras, Latvian vīrs, Tocharian wir, German wer/Werwolf, Gothic wair, Old Norse verr, English wer/werewolf, Old Prussian wirs, Irish fer/fear, Welsh gŵr, Gaulish uiros, Albanian burrë, Kurdish miro |
| *gʷḗn | woman | Russian жена (žena), Polish żona, Czech žena, Slovak žena, Avestan gənā, Ancient Greek γυνή (gunḗ), English cwēn/queen, Sanskrit gnā;janī, Old Prussian genno, Old Armenian կին (kin), Albanian gru, Irish ben/bean, Welsh benyw, Kashmiri zanānū', Old Church Slavonic жєна (žena), Gaulush bena, Gothic qinō, Old Norse kona, German quena/--, Persian /zan, Phrygian knaik, Tocharian śäṁ/śana, Luwian wanatti-, Pashto šëdza/khëdza, Kurdish jin (žen), Serbian žena |
| *h₂en- | ancestor | Ancient Greek ἀννίς (annís), Latin anus, Illyr. ana, German ano/ahn, Lithuanian anyta, Hittite hannas, Old Armenian հան (han), Russian внук (vnuk), Serbo-Croatian unuk, Slovak vnuk, Old Prussian ane, Pashto nikë, Serbian član(family member) |
| *ph₂tḗr | father | Albanian atë, Latin pater, French père, Spanish padre, Oscan patír, Umbrian pater, Ancient Greek πατήρ (patḗr), Tocharian pācar/pācer, Gaulish ātir, Sanskrit pitṛ, German fater/Vater, Irish athir/athair, English fæder/father, Welsh gwaladr, Kashmiri petū'r, Persian pitā/pedar, Ossetian fyd/, Old Norse faðir, Gothic faðar, Gaulish ater, Pashto plaar, Kurdish bav |
| *méh₂tēr | mother | Old Armenian մայր (mayr), Albanian ëmë, Lithuanian moteris, Latvian māte, Old Prussian mūti, Gaulish mātir, Irish máthir/máthair, Kashmiri mā.j, Latin māter, French mère, Spanish madre, Oscan maatreís, Umbrian matrer, Ancient Greek μήτηρ (mḗtēr), Russian мать (matʹ), Sanskrit mātṛ, Avestan mātar, Tocharian mācar/mācer, German muoter/Mutter, English mōdor/mother, Welsh modryb, Kamviri motr, Old Norse móðir, Persian /mādar, Phrygian mater, Ossetian mad/madæ, Polish matka, Czech matka, Slovak matka, Old Church Slavonic мати (mati), Serb. mater/majka/mati, Macedonian мајка (majka), Pashto mor |
| *bʰréh₂tēr | brother | Albanian vëlla, Old Armenian եղբայր (ełbayr), English brōþor/brother, Kashmiri boy, Latin frāter, French frère, Umbrian fratrom, Ancient Greek φράτηρ (phrátēr), Tocharian pracar/procer, Kamviri bṛo, Russian брат (brat), German bruoder/Bruder, Welsh brawd, Sanskrit bhrātṛ, Bengali bhäi, Irish bráthir/bráthair, Lithuanian brolis, Latvian brālis, Gaulish brātir, Persian brātar/barādar, Phrygian brater, Illyr. bra, Gothic brōþar, Old Norse bróðir, Old Prussian brāti, Old Church Slavonic братръ (bratrŭ), Ossetian ærvad/, Avestan brātar, Oscan fratrúm, Polish brat, Czech bratr, Slovak brat, Kurdish bira, Venetic vhraterei, Lydian brafr-, Pashto wror, Serbian brat |
| *swésōr | sister | Albanian motër, English sweostor/sister, German swester/Schwester, Sanskrit svasṛ, Old Church Slavonic сєстра (sestra), Russian сестра (sestra), Polish siostra, Czech sestra, Slovak sestra, Latin soror, French sœur, Kamviri sus, Irish siur/siur, Old Armenian քոյր (kʻoyr), Tocharian ṣar/ṣer, Ancient Greek eor/--, Welsh chwaer, Gaulish suiior, Old Norse systir, Gothic swistar, Avestan xvaṅhar, Lithuanian sesuo, Old Prussian swestro, Persian /xāhar, Pashto khor, Kurdish xwişk/xwa (khwishk/khwah) |
| *suHnús | son | Sanskrit sūnu, Albanian çun, Avestan hunu, Lithuanian sūnus, Old Prussian sūnus, soūns, English sunu/son, German sunu/Sohn, Gothic sunus, Old Norse sonr, Old Church Slavonic сꙑнъ (synŭ), Russian сын (syn), Polish syn, Czech syn, Slovak syn, Macedonian син (sin), Ancient Greek υἱός (huiós), Tocharian se/soṃśke, Irish suth/suth, Thracian sukis, Pashto zoy, Serbian sin |
| *dʰugh₂tḗr | daughter | Sanskrit duhitṛ, Bengali jhi, Ancient Greek θυγάτηρ (thugátēr), Tocharian ckācar/tkācer, English dohtor/daughter, Russian дочь (dočʹ), Old Armenian դուստր (dustr), German tohter/Tochter, Kamviri jü, Gaulish duxtīr, Persian /doxtar, Lithuanian duktė, Old Prussian duckti, Old Church Slavonic дъщи (dŭšti), Bulgarian дъщеря (dŭshterya), Serbian кћер (kćer), Slovak dcéra, Macedonian ќерка (kjerka), Old Norse dóttir, Gothic daúhtar, Avestan duydar, Luwian tuwatar, duttariyata, Hittite duttariyatiyaš, Pashto lur, Kurdish dot |
| *dayh₂wḗr | husband's brother | Sanskrit devara, Russian деверь (deverʹ), Polish dziewierz, Lithuanian dieveris, Latvian dieveris, Latin lēvir, German zeihhur/--, English tācor/--, Ancient Greek δαήρ (daḗr), Old Armenian տայգր (taygr), Old Church Slavonic dĕverĭ, Serb. dever, Pashto lewar |
| *sweḱrúh₂ | father-/mother-in-law | Russian свекровь (svekrovʹ), Sanskrit śvaśura;śvaśrū, Lithuanian šešuras, German swigur/Schwäher, Welsh chwegr, Old Armenian սկեսուր (skesur), Latin socrus, Spanish suegra, Ancient Greek ἑκυρός (hekurós), Albanian vjehërr, Kamviri č.uč., English swēor/--, Avestan xvasura-, Polish świekra, Czech švagr(m)/švagrová(f), Slovak svokor/svokra, Gothic swaíhrō, Old Norse svǽra, Serb. svekar(m)/svekrva(f), Pashto skhër(m) / khwaašëi/khwaakhëi(f), Kurdish khwazur(m)/khwasuh(f) |
| *snusós | daughter-in-law | Sanskrit snuṣā, Old Church Slavonic snŭxa, English snoru/--, Latin nurus, Spanish nuera, Ancient Greek νυός (nuós), Old Armenian նու (nu), Polish snecha, Czech snacha, Russian сноха (snoxa), Albanian nusa, Crimean Gothic schuos, Old Norse snor, German snur/Schnur, Serb. snaja/snaha/snaša, Macedonian снаа/снајка/снашка (snaa/snajka/snaška), Pashto nžor/ngor |
| *ǵh₂lōw- | brother's wife | Old Church Slavonic zlŭva, Russian золовка (zolovka), Ancient Greek γάλοως (gáloōs), Latin glōs, Phrygian gelaros, Polish zełwa, Serbo-Croatian zaova, Macedonian золва (zolva) |
| *yenh₂ter- | brother-in-law's wife | Latin ianitrīcēs, Ancient Greek einatēr, Lithuanian jentė, Latvian ietere, Russian ятровь (jatrovʹ), Sanskrit yātṛ, Kamviri iâri, Old Armenian ներ (ner), Phrygian ianatera, Polish jątrew, Serb. jetrva, Pashto yor |
| *h₂éwh₂os | grandfather/mother's brother | Latin avus; avunculus, Spanish Abuelo, Gaulish avontīr, Ancient Greek aia, Lithuanian avynas, Old Prussian awis, Welsh ewythr, Old Armenian հաւ (haw), Old Church Slavonic uy, English ēam/--, Irish aue/ó, Gothic awó, German ōheim/Oheim, Russian уй (uj), Slovak ujo, Polish wuj, Serb. ujak, Macedonian вујко (vujko) |
| *népōts | grandson/nephew | Latin nepōs, French neveu, Catalan nebot, Spanish nieto, Sanskrit napāt, Bengali näti, Avestan napāt, Ancient Greek ἀνεψιός (anepsiós), Albanian nip, Russian нестера (nestera), English nefa/neve, Gaulish nei, German nevo/Neffe, Welsh nai, Kamviri nâvo, Persian napā/nave, Lithuanian nepuotis, Irish necht/; níath/, Old Church Slavonic nestera, Polish nieściora, Serb. nećak, Macedonian внук (vnuk) |
| *h₁widʰéwh₂ | widow | Sanskrit vidhavā, Bengali bewä, Albanian ve, Avestan viðavā, Gothic widuwō, Old Prussian widdewu, Russian вдова (vdova), Latin vidua;dīvidō, French veuve, Spanish viuda, Irish fedb/, German wituwa/Witwe, Welsh gweddw, Polish wdowa, English widuwe/widow, Old Church Slavonic въдова (vŭdova), Persian /bēve(h), Ancient Greek eitheos, Umbrian uef, Lithuanian vidus, Latvian vidus, Serb. udova/udovica, Macedonian вдовица (vdovica), Czech vdova, Slovak vdova |
| *gʰóstis | stranger/guest | Russian гость (gostʹ), Latin hostis, French hôte, German gast/Gast, Gothic gasts, Polish gość, Old Church Slavonic гость (gostĭ), English gæst/guest, Old Norse gestr, Luwian gaši, Macedonian гост/гостин (gost/gostin), Serb. gost, Czech host, Slovak hosť |
Body parts
[edit]| Root | Meaning | Derivatives |
|---|---|---|
| *ḱerh₂- | skull, horn | Latin cerĕbrum, Russian череп (čerep), Old Prussian kerpetis, Ancient Greek kare, Avestan sarah, Sanskrit शिरस् (śiras), Old Armenian սար (sar), Breton kern, German hirni/Hirn, Old Norse hjarni, Persian /sar, Tocharian /krāñi, Ossetian sær, Albanian krye, Kurdish sar |
| *kaput- | head | Sanskrit कपुच्छल (kapucchala)/kapäla, Latin caput, English heafod/head, German houbit/Haupt, Old Norse haufuð, Gothic haubiþ, Waziri kaparai |
| *pula- | hair | Sanskrit पूल ("pula", meaning "bundle" or "straw"), Irish ulcha/ulcha, Latin pilus, Ancient Greek puligges/, Kurdish por |
| *h₃bʰrúHs | brow | Sanskrit भ्रू (bhrû), Lithuanian bruvis, Irish bru/bruach, English brū/brow, Russian бровь (brovʹ), Ancient Macedonian abroutes, Ancient Greek ophrus, German /Braue, Tocharian pärwāṃ/pärwāne, Old Prussian wubri, Polish brew, Slovak brva, Old Church Slavonic bruvi, Serbo-Croatian obrve, Old Norse brún, Persian /abru, Pashto wridzëi, Kurdish Brou |
| *h₂ṓws | ear | Hittite istāman, Ancient Greek ous, Sanskrit usi, Russian уши (uši), Gothic auso, Lithuanian ausis, Latvian auss, Gaulish ausia-, Latin auris, Albanian vesh, German ōra/Ohr, Old Church Slavonic ucho, Slovak ucho, Macedonian уво (uvo), Irish au/, Avestan usi, Persian gaušā/guš, Kurdish guh/goh, English éare/ear, Old Norse eyra, Old Armenian ունկն (unkn), ականջ (akanǰ), Old Prussian āusins, Pashto ghwaž/ghwag, Ormuri goi, Serbian uho/uvo |
| *h₃ekʷ- | eye | Russian око (oko), Latin oculus, Tocharian ak/ek, Old Armenian ակն (akn), աչք (ačʻkʻ), Sanskrit अक्षि (akṣi) and अक्षन् (akṣan), Ancient Greek ophthalmos, English ēge/eye, German ouga/Auge, Gothic augo, Albanian sy, Lithuanian akis, Latvian acs, Kamviri âčẽ, Irish enech/oineach, Welsh enep, Old Church Slavonic oko, Old Norse auga, Polish oko, Slovak oko, Old Prussian ackis, Serbian oko |
| *néh₂s- | nose | Sanskrit नास (nāsa)/näsa, Hindi/Bengali näka, Latin nasus, Russian нос (nos), Lithuanian nosis, Latvian nāss or deguns, English nosu/nose, Avestan nah, German nasa/Nase, Kamviri nâsuṛ, Old Prussian nazy, Persian nāham/, Old Church Slavonic nasu, Slovak nos, ä' Macedonian нос (nos), Old Norse nös, Ormuri nene, Serbian nos, Kurdish poz |
| *h₃éh₁os | mouth | Sanskrit आसन् (âsan) and आन (âna), both meaning "mouth", and ओष्ठ (ôśtha) meaning "lip", Avestan aosta, Latin ōs, Lithuanian uosta (modern: uostas), Latvian osta, Russian уста (usta), Slovak ústa, Macedonian уста/усни (usta/usni), Kamviri âša, Old Prussian austo, English ōr/--, Hittite aiš, Old Norse oss, Serbian usta |
| *leb- | lip | Latin labĭum, German /Lippe; lefs/Lefze English lippa/lip, Kurdish lêv, Welsh llefaru, Russian лобзать (lobzatʹ), Persian /lab, Lithuanian lūpa |
| *h₃dónts | tooth | Latin dentis, Ancient Greek odous/donti, Welsh dant, Lithuanian dantis, Sanskrit dantam, Old Armenian ատամն (atamn), English tōþ/tooth, Dutch tand, German zand/Zahn, Gothic tunþus, Russian десна (desna), Slovak ďasno (meaning 'gum'), Kamviri dut, Persian /dandān, Kashmiri dãd, Irish dét/déad, Old Norse tǫnn, Ossetian dændag, Kurdish didan/diran/digan |
| *dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s | tongue | Albanian giuha, Latin lingua, Irish tenge/teanga, English tunge/tongue, Gothic tuggo, Old Norse tunga, Sanskrit जिह्व (jihvā), Avestan hizvā, Russian язык (jazyk), Slovak jazyk, Lithuanian liežuvis, Old Armenian լեզու (lezu), German zunga/Zunge, Kurdish ziman, Welsh tafod, Kamviri dic, Persian hizbāna/zabān, Old Prussian insuwis, Tocharian käntu/kantwo, Pashto zhëba, Serbian jezik |
| *ǵénus | cheek | Latin gena, Welsh genou, Ancient Greek genos, Gothic kinnus, Sanskrit हनु (hanu, meaning "jaw" and "cheek"), Avestan zanu, Lithuanian žandas, Latvian zods, Phrygian azon, Tocharian śanwem/, Old Armenian ծնաւտ (cnawt), English cin/chin, German chinni/Kinn, Irish gin/gionach, Old Norse kinn, Persian /goune(h), Ancient Macedonian kanadoi, Kurdish gap |
| *ǵebʰ- | jaw | Irish gopchóel/gob, German /Kiefer, English ceafl/jowl, Old Norse keptr, Avestan zafana |
| *smek- | chin | Irish smech/smeach, Lithuanian smakras, Latvian smakrs, Sanskrit श्मश्रु (śmaśru) (meaning "moustache" and "beard"), Hittite zamakur, Old Armenian մաւրուք (mawrukʻ), Albanian mjekër, Latin maxilla |
| *bʰardʰeh₂ | beard | Lithuanian barzda, Latvian bārda, Old Church Slavonic brada, Russian борода (boroda), Slovak brada, Macedonian брада (brada), Latin barba, English beard/beard, German bart/Bart, Welsh barf, Polish broda, Old Norse barðr, Crimean Gothic Bars, Serbian brada |
| *moni | neck | Sanskrit मन्या (manyā), meaning "nape, back of the neck", Latin monīle (necklace, collar), Russian/Old Slavic мони́сто (monísto) (necklase) English manu/mane, German mana/Mähne, Irish muin/muin, Ancient Greek mannon, Welsh mwnwgl, Gaulish maniakēs, Old Norse mǫn, Avestan minu |
| *h₃émōs | shoulder | Ancient Greek ōmos, Sanskrit अंस (aṃsa), Gothic ams, Old Norse ass, Latin umĕrus, Tocharian es/āntse, Old Armenian ուս (us), Pashto uža/uga |
| *ḱub- | shoulder | Albanian sup, German huf/Hüfte, English hype/hip, Ancient Greek kubos, Avestan supti, Latin cubitus, Sanskrit शुप्ति (śupti), Gothic hups, Welsh gogof, Persian /šāne |
| *h₂erm- | arm | Ossetian arm, Old Armenian արմուկն (armukn), Latin armus, Gothic arms, English earm/arm, Sanskrit ईर्म (irma), Old Prussian irmo, Old Church Slavonic ramo, Slovak rameno, German aram/Arm, Old Norse armr, Ancient Greek arthron/ |
| *Heh₃l- | elbow | German Elle (ulna, ell), Gothic 𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰 (aleina) (“cubit”), Ancient Greek ōlenē, Old Armenian ոլոք (olokʻ), Latin ulna (meaning "elbow, arm, cubit, ell"), Lithuanian uolektis, Latvian olekts, Russian локоть (lokotʹ) (meaning "elbow") and ланита (lanita), (meaning "cheek"), Slovak lakeť, Macedonian лакот (lakоt), Sanskrit आणि (āṇi, meaning "nail"), Welsh elin, English eln/ell, Irish uilin/uille, Old Norse aln, Albanian llërë/llânë, Avestan arəθna, Old Prussian woaltis, Old Church Slavonic pakŭtĭ, Polish łokieć, Persian /āran, Serbian lakat, Kurdish anishk |
| *dows- | forearm | Sanskrit दोस् (dos), Avestan daoš, Irish doít/doíd, Lithuanian dilbis, Latvian paduse, Russian пазуха (pazuxa) (meaning "bosom"), Persian دوش (doš, meaning "shoulder") |
| *ǵʰes- | hand | Sanskrit hasta, Avestan zasta, Kurdish dast, Lithuanian žastas, Latin praesto, Hittite kessar, Lycian izre, Luwian iššari-, Ancient Greek kheir, Old Armenian ձեռն (jeṙn), Kamviri düšt, Albanian dorë, Pashto laas |
| *men- | hand | Latin manus, Ancient Greek mane, English mund/--, German munt/Vormund |
| *h₃nogʰ- | nail | Ancient Greek onohos, Sanskrit नख (nakha) (nail) and नखर (nakhara) (finger-nail), Latin unguis, German nagel/Nagel, Russian ноготь (nogotʹ) (finger-nail or toe-nail), Slovak neht, Macedonian нокт (nokt), Lithuanian nagas, Latvian nags, Avestan nakhara, Old Armenian եղունգն (ełungn), Welsh ewin, English nægl/nail, Persian ناخن (nail, fingernail), Old Church Slavonic noguti, Polish nagietek, Irish inga/ionga, Pashto nuk, Ormuri nakhkche, Serbian nokat, Kurdish nanuk |
| *pstḗn | breast | Ancient Greek stēthos, Old Armenian ստին (stin), Sanskrit stana, Avestan fštāna, Lithuanian spenys, Latvian spenis, Old Norse speni, German spunni/Spanferkel, Irish sine/sine, Kurdish sing, Albanian gji, Old Prussian spenis, Persian pestan, English spane |
| *h₁ówHdʰr̥ | udder | Lithuanian ūdroti, English ūder/udder, German ūtir/Euter, Old Norse jūgr, Ancient Greek outhar/, Sanskrit ūdhar, Latin ūber, Russian вымя (vymja), Polish wymię, Slovak vemä, Serbian vime(cow), Kurdish guhan(cow) |
| *perḱ- | rib | Old Church Slavonic прасьць (prasĭcĭ), Lithuanian piršys, Sanskrit parśus, Avestan parəsu, Kurdish parsu, Ossetian fars, Serbian prsa, Russian перси (persi) |
| *pog- | lap | Sanskrit pakṣas, Albanian prehër, Latvian paksis, Latin pectus, Russian пах (pax), Tocharian päśśäṃ/päšcane |
| *h₃nebʰ- | navel | Sanskrit nabhya, Avestan nāba, Kurdish navik, Latvian naba, German nabalo/Nabel, English nafela/navel, Old Norse nafli, Ancient Greek omphalos, Latin umbilīcus, Irish imbliu/imleacán, Kashmiri naf, Old Prussian nabis, Persian /nāf |
| *udero- | belly | Latin uterus; venter, Ancient Greek otheros, Sanskrit udara, Avestan udaras, Lithuanian vėdaras, Latvian vēders, German wanast/Wanst, Pashto nas, Serbo-Croatian utroba, Slovak útroby, Russian утроба (utroba) |
| *pisda | vulva | Russian пизда (pizda), Lithuanian pyzda, Latvian pīzda, Albanian pidh, Macedonian пичка (pička), Slovak piča, Serbian pizda/pička |
| *pes- | penis | Ancient Greek peos, Latin pēnis, German faselt/Fasel, Old Norse fösull, English fæsl/--, Sanskrit पसस् (pasas), Serbian piša(piss), Russian пися (pisja) |
| *h₃erǵʰi- | testicle | Ancient Greek orkhēs, Old Armenian որձիք (orjikʻ), Irish uirge/, Lithuanian aržilas (modern: eržilas), Latvian erzelis, Avestan ərəzi, Albanian herdhe |
| *h₃ers- | arse | Ancient Greek oura, Old Armenian ոռ (oṙ), Hittite arras, English ears/arse, Irish err/earr, German ars/Arsch, Old Norse ars |
| *ḱlowni- | buttock | Latin clūnis, Old Norse hlaun, Kamviri slaunis, Sanskrit श्रोणि (śroṇi), Avestan sraoni, Welsh clun, Lithuanian šlaunis, Pashto kunattai |
| *kroksko- | leg | Albanian këmbë, Lithuanian kirkaliai, Old Church Slavonic krakǔ, Russian окорок (okorok), Sanskrit kiṣku |
| *ǵónu | knee | Albanian Gju, Latin genū, Hittite genu, Palaic ginu-, English cnēo/knee, Ancient Greek gonu, Sanskrit jānu, Illyr. Genusus, German kniu/Knie, Persian /zānu, Old Norse kne, Avestan znum, Tocharian kanweṃ/kenīne, Gothic kniu, Old Armenian ծունր (cunr), ծունկք (cunkkʻ), Kurdish chong,jûnî |
| *kenk- | kneecap | Sanskrit kañkāla, Lithuanian kenklė, Latvian cinksla, English hēla/heel, Old Norse hǽll, Serbian čašica |
| *persna- | heel | Sanskrit pārṣni, Kurdish pani, Latin perna/pernis, Hittite parsina, Gothic fairsna, German fërsana/Ferse, Ancient Greek ptera, English fiersn/-- , Persian /pāšne(h) |
| *pṓds | foot | Lithuanian pėda, Latvian pēda, Latin pēs, Umbrian peři, Sanskrit pāda, English fōt/foot, Old Armenian ոտն (otn), Ancient Greek podi, Albanian putër, Tocharian peṃ/paiyye, Ossetian fad/, German fuoz/Fuß, Old Church Slavonic pĕšĭ, Polish pieszy, Slovak peši (meaning 'walking on feet'), Old Prussian pe'da', Hittite patas, Lycian pede-, Luwian pati-, Avestan pâdha, Old Norse fótr, Kurdish pê, Gothic fotus, Persian /pa, Gaulish candetum, Ancient Macedonian argiopus, Pashto pša/pkha |
Body organs
[edit]| Root | Meaning | Derivatives |
|---|---|---|
| *kʷrep- | body | Sanskrit kṛpā, Avestan kərəfš, Albanian shkrep, German href/, Latin corpus, English hrif/midriff, Ancient Greek prapis, Welsh corff, Irish crí/, Polish krępy |
| *naw- | corpse | Tocharian nut/naut, Gothic naus, Russian навь (navʹ), Welsh newyn, German not/, Old Norse nār, English néo-/--, Old Church Slavonic navi, Old Prussian nowis, Lithuanian novyti, Latvian nāve, Irish núne/ |
| *neḱ- | dead person, death | Sanskrit naśyati, Avestan nasyeiti, Ancient Greek nekros, Lithuanian našlys, Latin nex, Tocharian näk/näk, Irish éc/eug, Welsh angeu, Old Norse Naglfar |
| *pel- | skin | Ancient Greek pelos; pilon, Latin pellis, Russian пелена (pelena), Gothic fill, German fël/Fell, English filmen/film, Lithuanian plėnė, Latvian plēne, Old Prussian pleynis, Old Norse feldr |
| *twakos | skin | Sanskrit tvacas, Hittite tuekkas, Ancient Greek sakos |
| *h₃ésth₁ | bone | Albanian asht, Latin os; costa, Ancient Greek ostoun, Russian кость (kostʹ); остов (ostov), Macedonian коска (koska), Sanskrit अस्थि (asthi), Avestan asti, Hittite ḫastāi, Welsh asgwrn, Kamviri âṭi, Persian استخوان (ostexān), Polish kość, Slovak kosť, Kurdish hestî, Tocharian /ásta, Old Armenian ոսկր (oskr), Luwian ḫāš , Serbian kost |
| *gʷeyH- | sinew | Old Church Slavonic žitsa, Russian жила (žila), Old Armenian ջիլ (ǰil), ջիղ (ǰił), Lithuanian gija, Latvian dzija, Latin fīlum, Welsh giau, Old Church Slavonic žila, Polish żyła, Slovak žila, Serbian žíla |
| *gʷiyeh₂ | sinew | Ancient Greek bios, Sanskrit jyā, Avestan jyā, Kamviri ja |
| *mḗms | flesh | Sanskrit māṃsa, Old Prussian mensā, Gothic mimz, Russian мясо (mjaso), Macedonian месо (meso), Slovak mäso, Albanian mish, Old Armenian միս (mis), Tocharian /mīsa, Latin membrum, Ancient Greek mēnigks, Kashmiri maz, Lithuanian mėsa, Latvian miesa, Irish mír/mír, Serbian meso |
| *krew- | meat | Sanskrit क्रविस् (kravis), Lithuanian kraujas, Latvian krevele, Russian кровь (krovʹ), Latin cruor, Irish cró/creo, Ancient Greek kreas, Old Norse hrár, Avestan xrūva, Welsh crau, Polish krew, Slovak krv, German hrāo/roh, Old Church Slavonic kruvi, Old Prussian crauyo, English hrēaw/raw, Serbian krv(blood) |
| *h₁ésh₂r̥ | blood | Sanskrit असृज् (asṛj), Old Latin aser, Latvian asinis, Hittite ešar, Lycian esêne-, Luwian ašhar-, Tocharian ysār/yasar, Ancient Greek eiar, Old Armenian արիւն (ariwn) |
| *mosgo | brain | Russian мозг (mozg), Macedonian мозок (mozok), Avestan mazga, Kurdish maži, Sanskrit मज्जन् (majjan) (meaning "bone-marrow"), Kashmiri massunt, Old Prussian musgeno, German marag//Mark, Persian /maġz, Polish mózg, Slovak mozog, Czech mozek, Tocharian mäśśunt/, Lithuanian smagenės (modern: smegenys), Latvian smadzenis, English mearg/marrow, Old Norse mergr, Pashto maazghë, Serbian mozak |
| *gʷʰeleǵʰ- | gland | Old Armenian գեղձ (gełj), Lithuanian geležuones, Russian железа (železa), Polish zołza, Slovak žľaza, Macedonian жлезда (žlezda), Serbian žlezda |
| *engʷ- | gland | Albanian angërr, Ancient Greek adēn, Latin inguen, Old Norse ökkvinn |
| *rewsmen- | throat | Sanskrit rōmantha, Welsh rhumen, Latin rūmen, Lithuanian raumuo, Latvian raumins |
| *pléwmō | lung | Ancient Greek pleumōn, Sanskrit क्लोमन् (kloman), Lithuanian plaučiai, Latvian plaušas, Old East Slavic плюче (pljuče), Russian лёгкое (ljóxkoje), Old Prussian plauti, Latin pulmō, Serbo-Croatian pluća, Slovenian pljuča, Slovak pľúca, Czech plíce, Kurdish pishik |
| *ḱḗr | heart | Sanskrit hṛdaya, Avestan zərədā, Hittite karts, Lycian kride, Palaic kart-, Latin cor, Ancient Greek καρδία (kardía) (kardia) English heorte/heart, Russian сердце (serdce), Lithuanian širdis, Latvian sirds, Old Prussian seyr, Old Armenian սիրտ (sirt), Welsh craidd, Kamviri zâra, Irish cride/croidhe, Polish serce, Slovak srdce, German herza/Herz, Gothic hairto, Old Norse hjarta, Old Church Slavonic srĭdĭce, Macedonian срце (srce), Ossetian zærdæ, Pashto zrrë, Ormuri zli, Serbian srce |
| *Hyékʷr̥ | liver | sa|यकृत्}}, Lithuanian jeknos, Latvian aknas, Avestan yākarə, Latin iecur, Irish iuchair/iuchair, Ancient Greek ήπαρ (hēpar), Russian икра (ikra), Kamviri iâñi, Persian /jegar, Pashto dzigar, Macedonian џигер (džiger), Serbian jetra |
| *splenǵʰ- | spleen | Ancient Greek σπλήν (splēn), Irish selg/sealg, Old Church Slavonic slĕzena, Macedonian слезина (slezina), Latin lien, Avestan sparazan, Sanskrit plīhan, Lithuanian blužnis, Old Prussian blusne, Kamviri pṛu, Old Armenian փայծաղն (pʻaycałn), Russian селезёнка (selezjónka), Polish śledziona, Slovak slezina, Breton felc'h, Serbian slezina |
| *lendʰ- | kidney | German lenti/Lende, English lenden/--, Old Norse lend, Polish lędźwia, Czech ledvina, Russian лядвея (ljadveja), Latin {l|la|lumbus}}, Slovenian ledvica, Serbian bubreg/ledja(loin) |
| *gʷelbʰ- | womb | English wamb/womb, German wamba/Wamme, Gothic wamba, Old Norse vomb, Sanskrit garbhas, Ancient Greek delphus, Lithuanian gimda |
| *gwrebʰ- | womb | Ancient Greek brephos, Irish brommach/, Old Church Slavonic žrĕbę, Russian жеребёнок (žerebjónok), Polish źrebię, Slovak žriebä (meaning 'young horse'), Italian grembo, Serbian drob |
| *ǵʰer- | bowels | Latin hernia, Sanskrit hira, Ancient Greek khordē, Old Norse gǫrn, German garn/Garn, English gearn/yarn, Old Armenian ձառ (jaṙ), Lithuanian žarna, Latvian zarna, Albanian zorrë, Hittite karat, Serbian creva |
| *eh₁ter- | intestines | Ancient Greek ētor/, Irish inathar/, Latin uterus, Macedonian утроба (utroba), Slovak útroby, Old Norse ǽðr, English ǣdder/, German ādra/Ader, Serbian utroba |
| *kakka | excrement | Russian какать (kakatʹ), Slovak kakať (meaning 'to defecate'), Ancient Greek kakkaō, Latin cacō, Old Armenian քակոր (kʻakor), Irish cacc/cac, German /Kacke, Welsh cach, Lithuanian kaka, Persian keke, Serbian kaka |
Human feelings and qualities
[edit]| Root | Meaning | Derivatives |
|---|---|---|
| *ters- | dry | Sanskrit tṛṣyati, Avestan taršu, Old Armenian թառամիմ (tʻaṙamim), Ancient Greek tersomai/, Albanian ter, Latin terra;torrēre;torreō, English þurst/thirst, Dutch dor/dorst, German durri/dürr, Gothic þaursus, Old Norse þurr, Eastern Baltic trōkšti, Lithuanian trokšti, Irish tírim/tirim, Kashmiri treśiho.t |
| *dáḱru- | tear | Ancient Greek dakru, Latin lacrĭma, German zahar/Zähre, English tēar/tear, Sanskrit aśru, Lithuanian ašara, Latvian asara, Welsh deigryn, Irish dér/déar, Tocharian ākär/akrūna, Gothic tagr, Old Norse tár, Old Armenian արտաւսր (artawsr), Avestan asrūazan, Polish drzeć, (roz)dzierać (=to tear (apart)), |
| *ḱeh₂d- | hate | English hete/hate, German haz/haß, Gothic hatis, Old Norse hatr, Sanskrit riśadas, Avestan sādra/, Ancient Greek kēdos, Oscan cadeis amnud, Irish caiss/cais, Welsh câs, Latin odi |
| *ǵews- | taste | Latin gustus; dēgūnō, Gothic kiusan, German kiosan/kiesen, Sanskrit joṣati, Avestan zaošō, Albanian dashur, English ceosan/choose, Persian dauš/, Irish asagussim/--, Ancient Greek geusis |
| *gʰers- | horror | Sanskrit ghṛṇ, Hindi ghin, Old Norse gersta, Lithuanian grasa, grėsti, Latvian grasāt, Old Armenian գարշիմ (garšim), Avestan grəəhma, German gerstī/, Latin fastus, Tocharian krās/krās, Polish groza/groźny (= awe/threatening), |
| *gʰowros | fear | Sanskrit ghora, Gothic gaurs, German gōrag/, Russian журить (žuritʹ), English gyrn/, Old Norse gaurr |
| *sweyd- | sweat | Sanskrit sveda, Old Armenian քիրտն (kʻirtn), Albanian djersë, English swǣtan/sweat, Lithuanian saldus, Latvian sviedri, Sanskrit svedate, Latin sūdor; sīdus, Ancient Greek hidros; sidēros, German sweiz/Schweiss, Welsh chwys, Old Norse sveiti, Avestan xvaēda, Pashto khwala |
| *swep- | sleep | Latvian sapnis, Lithuanian sapnas, Sanskrit svapnas, Latin somnus, Old Norse svefn, Tocharian ṣpäṃ/ṣpane, Ancient Greek hupnos, Avestan xvafna, Irish suán/suan, Russian сон (son), Old Armenian քուն (kʻun), Albanian gjumë, Welsh hun, English swefan/sweven, Old Church Slavonic sunu, Persian /xāb, Pashto khob |
| *h₂egos- | fault, sin | Sanskrit āgas, Ancient Greek agos, English acan/ache |
| *h₂enh₁- | breathe | Sanskrit ānas, Gothic uzanan; andi, Irish anál/anál, Latin animus, Ancient Greek anemos, Russian вонь (vonʹ), Welsh anadl, Old Church Slavonic vonja, Polish woń, Old Norse anda; ǫnd, English eðian/--; ōþian/--, Welsh eneid, Avestan åntya, Lithuanian anuoti, Old Armenian հով (hov), Albanian ajë/âj, Oscan anamum, Tocharian āñcäm/āñme |
| *h₂eym- | copy | Hittite ḫimma, Latin aemulus; imāgō |
| *h₂eyw- | vital force | Sanskrit āyu, Avestan āyū, Tocharian āym/, Latin aevum, Dutch eeuw, English æfre/ever, German īo/je; êwig/ewig, Gothic aiws, Old Norse ei, Ancient Greek aiōn, Albanian eshë |
| *men- | mind | Latin mēns, Ancient Greek menos, Sanskrit manas, Avestan manah, English gemynd/mind, Gothic muns, Old Norse minni; man, German minna/Minne, Lithuanian mintis, Latvian minēt, Old Prussian mēntimai Old Church Slavonic mineti, Russian мнить (mnitʹ), Slovak mieniť, Polish (zapo)mnieć (=forget), (wspo)mnieć (=mention), Polish mądry (=wise), Old Armenian միտ (mit), Albanian mund, Persian mainyāhay/, Tocharian mnu/mañu, Irish dermet/dearmad, Welsh cof |
Celestial terms
[edit]| Root | Meaning | Derivatives |
|---|---|---|
| *telp- | space | Sanskrit talpa, Lithuanian tilpti; telpu, Latvian telpa, Russian толпа (tolpa), Tocharian tsälp/tälp, Irish -tella/ |
| *h₂stḗr | star | Ancient Greek astēr, German sterro/Stern, English steorra/star, Old Norse stjarna, Gaulish stir-, Gothic stairno, Latin stella, Kurdish stêr, Old Armenian աստղ (astł), Sanskrit tāras;stṛbhis, Welsh seren, Tocharian śre/śćirye, Kamviri ṛâšto, Persian /setāre, axtar, Ossetian sthaly/, Hittite ḫašterz(a), Pashto storai, Serbian zvezda |
| *sóh₂wl̥ | sun | Lithuanian saulė, Latvian saule, Latin sōl, Welsh haul, Ancient Greek hēlios, Albanian (h)yll, English sigel/--; sunne/sun, Russian солнце (solnce), Sanskrit sūras, Avestan hvarə, Gaulish sunno-, German sunna/Sonne, Old Norse sól; sunna, Gothic sauil; sunno, Welsh haul, Irish súil/súil, Tocharian swāñce/swāñco, Kamviri su, Polish słońce, Slovak slnce, Old Church Slavonic slunice, Protoslavonic slnъ, Old Prussian saule, Persian -farnah-/ , Serbian sunce |
| *mḗh₁n̥s | moon/month | Hittite armas, Ancient Greek mēn, Tocharian mañ/meñe, Latin mēnsis, English mōna/moon, Old Church Slavonic meseci, Russian месяц (mesjac), Slovak mesiac, Czech měsíc, Sanskrit māsa, Old Armenian ամիս (amis), Avestan maoṅh, Irish mí/mí, Old Norse mani, German mano/Mond, Gothic mena, Albanian muaj, Lithuanian mėnuo, Latvian meness, Welsh mis, Kamviri mos, Persian /māh, Ossetian mæj, Old Prussian menig, Pashto myaasht, Ormuri mail, Serbian mesec |
| *nébʰos | sky/cloud | Russian небо (nebo), Slovak nebo, Latin nebŭlō, Sanskrit nabhas, Ancient Greek nephos, Hittite nepiš, Lycian tabahaza, Luwian tappaš-, German nebul/Nebel, English nifol/--, Welsh nef, Kamviri niru, Polish niebo, Old Church Slavonic nebo, Lithuanian debesis, Latvian debess, Avestan nabah, Irish nem/neamh, Old Norse niflhel, Serbian nebo |
| *lewk- | light/bright | Avestan raočant, Ancient Greek leukos, English lēoht/light, Latin lūx, Gaulish leucos, German lioht/licht, Kamviri luka, Gothic liuhaþ, Old Norse leygr, Russian луч (luč), Sanskrit rocate, Tocharian luk, Oscan Lúvkis, Umbrian Vuvçis, Welsh llug, Irish loscaim/loiscim, Kamviri ṛuč, Lithuanian lauka, Latvian lauks, Hittite lalukkes, Lycian luga, Luwian luha-, Old Armenian լոյս (loys), Old Church Slavonic luci, Polish łuczywo, Slovak lúč, Serbian svetlo/luča(torch) |
| *perk- | lighting/strike | Baltic Perkun (god of sky), Greek keranós (lighting), Hittite perunaš (rock), Latin quercus (oak), Old Slavonic Perun (god of sky), Polish piorun |
Times of day
[edit]| Root | Meaning | Derivatives |
|---|---|---|
| *deyn- | day | Old Armenian տիւ (tiw), Russian день (denʹ), Irish denus/, Lithuanian diena, Latvian diena, Sanskrit dinam, Latin diēs, Albanian ditë, Welsh dydd, Polish dzień, Slovak deň, Czech den, Irish día/dia, Gothic sintīns, Old Prussian deinan, English lencten/lent, German lenzo/Lenz, Breton deiz, Serbian dan |
| *dʰǵʰ(y)es- | yesterday | English geostran/yesterday, Albanian dje, Sanskrit hyas, Avestan zyō, Kurdish duh, Persian diyaka/dīg/diruz/dine, Ancient Greek khthes, Latin herī, Welsh ddoe, Irish indhé/an(d)é, Gothic gistradagis, Old Norse í gǽr, German gesteron/gestern, Serbian juče |
| *h₂eǵʰ- | day | Sanskrit ahar, Avestan azan, English dæg/day, German tag/Tag, Gothic dags, Old Norse dagr, Albanian ditë |
| *h₂ews- | dawn | Lithuanian aušra, Latvian ausma, German ōstra/Osten, Sanskrit उषस् (uṣas), Russian утро (utro), English ēast/east, Ancient Greek hēos, Latin aurōra, Old Norse austr, Avestan ušastara, Irish fáir/, Welsh gwawr, Serbian zora |
| *nókʷts | night | Ancient Greek nuks, Bulgarian нощ /nošt, Lithuanian naktis, Latvian nakts, German naht/Nacht, Sanskrit nakti, Hittite nekuz, Latin nox, Russian ночь (nočʹ), Albanian natë, Irish innocht/anochd, Tocharian nakcu/nekcīye, Welsh nos, English niht/night, Polish noc, Slovak noc, Old Prussian naktin, Gothic nahts, Old Norse nótt, Old Church Slavonic noštь, Serbian noć, Gaulish noxt- |
| *wek(ʷ)speros | evening | Old Armenian գիշեր, Latin vespera, Ancient Greek hesperos, Lithuanian vakaras, Latvian vakars, Irish fescor/feascar, Russian вечер (večer), Gothic veig, Welsh ucher, Polish wieczór, Slovak večer, Serbian veče-r |
Seasons
[edit]| Root | Meaning | Derivatives |
|---|---|---|
| *yeh₁- | year | Gothic jēr, English gēar/year, Avestan yārə, Old Church Slavonic jara, Ancient Greek ōra, Latin hōrnus, German jar/Jahr, Old Norse ár, Persian dušiyaram/, Lithuanian jorė, Russian яровой (jarovoj), Old Polish jar/Slovak jar (meaning 'spring') |
| *wet- | year | Latin vetus, Ancient Greek etos, Sanskrit vatsa, English weðer/wether, German widar/Widder, Gothic wiþrus, Old Norse veðr, Hittite witt, Albanian vjet, Irish fethim/feithim, Cornish guis, Lithuanian vetuša, Old Church Slavonic vetŭxŭ, Russian ветхий (vetxij), Polish wiotki, Slovak vetchý (meaning 'old, fragile'), Oscan Vezkeí |
| *wésr̥ | spring | Russian весна (vesna), Sanskrit वसन्त vasanta, Lithuanian vasara, Latvian vasara, Old Norse vár, Latin vēr, Avestan vaṅri, Old Armenian գարուն (garun), Kamviri vâsut, Persian /bahār, Polish wiosna, Ancient Greek ear, Old Church Slavonic vesna, Irish errach/, Welsh gwanwyn, Serbian proleće/Vesna(goddes of spring) |
| *sem- | summer | Sanskrit samā, English sumor/summer, Avestan ham, Old Armenian ամառն (amaṙn), German sumar/Sommer, Old Norse sumar, Welsh haf, Irish samrad/samhradh, Tocharian ṣme/ṣmāye |
| *h₃esen- | harvest | Russian осень (osenʹ), Old Prussian assanis, English earnian/earn, Gothic asans, German aran/Ernte, Old Norse ǫnn, Ancient Greek opōra, Polish jesień, Slovak jeseň, Latin annōna, Serbian jesen |
| *ǵʰey- | winter | Sanskrit हिमा himA/hemanta, Latin hiems, Ancient Greek kheima, Gaulish Giamillus, Old Church Slavonic zima, Russian зима (zima), Polish zima, Slovak zima, Lithuanian žiema, Latvian ziemas, Old Prussian semo, Avestan zimo, Old Armenian ձմեռն (jmeṙn), Albanian dimër/dimën, Kamviri zẽ, Persian /zemestān, Tocharian śärme/śimpriye, Welsh gaeaf, Irish gaimred/geimhreadh, Hittite gima, Old Norse gói, Persian /dai, Pashto zhëmai, Serbian zima |
Atmosphere
[edit]| Root | Meaning | Derivatives |
|---|---|---|
| *ḱewero- | northwind | Russian север (sever), Slovak sever, Lithuanian šiaurys, Latin caurus, Old Armenian ցուրտ (cʻurt), English scūr/shower, German scūr/Schauer, Gothic skura, Old Norse skúr, Old Church Slavonic severu, Serbian sever |
| *sneygʷʰ- | snow | Lithuanian sniegas, Latvian sniegs, Old Prussian snaygis, Russian снег (sneg), Irish snechta/sneachta, Sanskrit snēha, English snāw/snow, Latin nix, Ancient Greek nipha, German sneo/Schnee, Old Norse snjór, Gothic snaiws, Polish śnieg, Slovak sneh, Czech sníh, Welsh nyf, Old Church Slavonic snegu, Avestan snaēža, Tocharian /śiñcatstse, Serbian sneg |
| *grad- | hail | Russian град (grad), Lithuanian gruodas, Latin grandō, Old Armenian կարկուտ (karkut), Polish grad, Old Church Slavonic gradŭ, Serbian grad(ice balls) |
| *yeǵ- | ice | Hittite ekan, English gicel/icicle, Old Norse jaki, German ichil/gicht, Irish aig/oighear, Welsh ia, Lithuanian ižas, Latvian ieze, Russian икра (ikra), Persian yakh, Polish kra |
| *snewdʰ- | mist | Avestan snaoða, Welsh nudd, Ancient Greek nuthon, Latin nūbēs, Welsh nudd |
| *meldʰ- | lightning | Old Prussian mealde, Lithuanian milna, Russian молния (molnija), Serbian munja |
| *tónr̥ | thunder | Gaulish Taranis, Irish torand/toran, Welsh tarann, English þunor/thunder, Dutch donder, Old Norse þórr, German Donar/Donner, Hittite Tarx.u, Lycian Trqqñt, Luwian Tarhunt-, Pashto taṇā/tandar, Kashubian taro.n, Latin tonāre, Silesian Dunder, Sanskrit tányati, Persian /tundar |
Wholeness
[edit]| Root | Meaning | Derivatives |
|---|---|---|
| *h₂eyti- | part | Avestan 𐬀𐬉𐬙𐬀 (aēta), Oscan [script needed] (aeteis), Ancient Greek αἴτιος (aítios), Old Irish áes/Irish aois, Welsh oes |
| *semi- | half | Latin sēmis, Old High German sami, Old English sām-/English sand-blind, Gothic 𐍃𐌰𐌼𐌹- (sami-), Sanskrit समि (sami), Ancient Greek ἥμισυς (hḗmisus), Kamviri [script needed] (sâmaũ) |
| *solo- | whole | Latin salvus, Tocharian A salu/Tocharian B solme, Ancient Greek ὅλος (hólos), Old Armenian ողջ (ołǰ), Old Irish slán, Albanian gjallë, Sanskrit सर्व (sarva), Avestan 𐬵𐬀𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬎𐬀 (hauruua), Kamviri [script needed] (sũdi), Polish sowity, Welsh holl, Oscan [script needed] (salavs), Umbrian [script needed] (saluvom), Old Persian [script needed] (haluva) |
Terrain
[edit]| Root | Meaning | Derivatives |
|---|---|---|
| *dʰéǵʰōm | earth | Phrygian zemelo, Thracian semele, Persian zam, Sanskrit kṣa, Ancient Greek khthōn, Latin humus, Gothic guma, Old Norse gumi, English guma/bridegroom, German gomo/Bräutigam, Albanian dhè, Old Church Slavonic zemlja, Russian земля (zemlja), Irish du/duine, Hittite tekan, Luwian dakam-, Tocharian tkam/keṃ, Sanskrit/Hindi/Bengali dhäma, Lithuanian žemė, Latvian zeme, Old Prussian same, Welsh dyn, Oscan huntruis, Umbrian hondomu, Persian zamin, Thracian semela, Phrygian zamelon, Ossetian zæxx/, Polish ziemia, Slovak zem, Pashto dzmëka. |
| *h₂éḱmō | stone | Ancient Greek akmōn, Lithuanian akmuo, Latvian akmens, Sanskrit aśman, Avestan asman, Russian камень (kamenʹ), English hamer/hammer, Polish kamień, Slovak kameň, Old Norse hamarr, Hittite aku, Persian asman/, Gaulish acaunum, German hamar/Hammer |
| *ǵembʰ- | ledge->tooth | Ancient Greek gomphos, Sanskrit jambha, Lithuanian žambas, Latvian zobs, Albanian dhëmb/dhamb, Ancient Macedonian kombous, English comb/comb, Tocharian kam/keme, Russian зуб (zub), Latin gemma, Old Armenian ծամեմ (camem), Kamviri zâmoa, Polish gęba/ząb, Old Norse kambr, German kamb/Kamm |
| *gʷer- | mount | Russian гора (gora), Lithuanian guras, Sanskrit गिरीश (girīśa), गिर् (gir), Avestan gairi, Ancient Greek deiros, Albanian gur, Old Armenian լեառն (leaṙn), Polish góra, Slovak hora, Old Church Slavonic gora, Pashto ghar |
| *h₂egras | field | Sanskrit अज्र (ajra), Ancient Greek agros, Latin ager, Umbrian ager, Gothic akrs, English æcer/acre, Old Armenian արտ (art), German achar/Acker, Old Norse akr |
| *lendʰ- | steppe | Old Prussian lindan, English land/land, Old Norse land, Irish land/lann, Welsh llan, Old Church Slavonic ledina, Russian ляда (ljada), German /Land, Gaulish landa |
| *lat- | swamp | Ancient Greek lataks, Lithuanian Latupė, Latvian Late, Gaulish Arelate, Irish lathach/lathach, German letto/letten, Welsh llaid, Russian болото (boloto), Slovak blato |
| *móri | sea | Russian море (more), Slovak more, Czech moře, Gaulish Aremorici, Lithuanian marios, Latvian mare, Latin mare, Sanskrit मर्यादा (maryādā) (meaning "limit, end"), English mere/mere, German mari/Meer, Old Prussian mary, Welsh môr, Irish muir/muir, Gothic marei, Albanian përmjerr |
| *laku- | pond | Ancient Greek lakkos, Latin lacus, German lagu/, Irish loch/loch, Old Armenian լիճ (lič), English lagu/--, Lithuanian lekmenė, Albanian lumene, Old Norse lǫgr, Serbian lokva, Russian лужа (luža) (puddle)? |
| *h₂eǵʰero- | lake | Lithuanian ežeras, Latvian ezers, Old Church Slavonic jezero, Russian озеро (ozero), Illyr. oseriates, Ancient Greek Akherōn, Polish jezioro, Slovak jazero, Czech jezero, Old Prussian assaran |
| *h₂ékʷeh₂ | river | Latin aqua, Russian Ока (Oka), Gothic aha, German aha/Ache, English īg/island, Sanskrit ap, Hittite akwanzi, Luwian ahw-, Palaic aku-, Old Norse á, Gothic aƕa |
| *h₂ep- | river | Hittite ḫap(a), Palaic ḫapnas, Luwian ḫapinni, Latvian upe, Lithuanian upė, Old Prussian ape, English ōfer, German /Ufer, Sanskrit āp, Avestan afš, Latin amnis, Tocharian āp/āp |
| *wódr̥ | water | English wæter/water, Russian вода (voda), Ancient Macedonian bedu, Ancient Greek hudōr, Lithuanian vanduo, Latvian ūdens, Latin unda, Sanskrit udan, Albanian ujë, Irish uisce/uisge, Hittite watar, Old Armenian գետ (get), Tocharian wär/war, Umbrian utur, Gothic watō, Welsh gwer, Old Norse vatn, Kashmiri odūr, Thracian udrēnas, German wazzar/Wasser, Phrygian bedu, Polish woda, Slovak voda, Old Church Slavonic voda, Old Prussian wundan, Ormuri wëkʰ |
| *poymno- | foam | Latin pūmex, Lithuanian puta, Sanskrit फेन (phena), Old Church Slavonic pĕna, Russian пена (pena), Slovak pena, English fām/foam, German feim/Feim, Ossetian fink, Old Prussian spoayno, Banuci spanch |
Fire
[edit]| Root | Meaning | Derivatives |
|---|---|---|
| *dʰuh₂mós | smoke | Sanskrit dhūma, Old Prussian dumis, Russian дым (dym), German toup/toben, Latin fūmus, Ancient Greek thumos, Hittite tuhhuwais, Tocharian twe/tweye, Lithuanian dūmai, Latvian dūmi, English dōmian/dusk, Gothic dauns, Old Norse daunn, Kurdish dûv, Irish dé/deathach, Welsh dywy, Oscan Mefit, Polish dym, Slovak dym, Persian /dud, Old Church Slavonic dymŭ, Pashto lugai |
| *eh₂ter- | fire | Old Armenian այրեմ (ayrem), Kurdish agir/ahi, Irish áith/áith, Welsh odyn, Avestan ātarš, Persian Āçiyādiya/ādar, Latin āter, Umbrian atru, Oscan Aadíriis, Slovak vatra, Serbo-Croatian vatra, Pashto or, Ukranian ватра (vatra) |
| *h₁n̥gʷnis | fire | Sanskrit agni, Hittite agniš, Latin ignis, Lithuanian ugnis, Latvian uguns, Old Church Slavonic ognĭ, Polish ogień, Slovak oheň, Russian огонь (ogonʹ), Albanian enjte |
| *péh₂wr̥ | bonfire | Hittite paḫḫur, Tocharian por/pūwar, Ancient Greek pur, Umbrian pir, Old Norse fúrr, English fȳr/fire, Polish perzyna, Old Armenian հուր (hur), German fiur/Feuer, Old Prussian panno, Oscan purasiai, Gothic fōn, Czech pýř |
| *peh₂rs- | dust | Old Church Slavonic praxŭ, Tocharian pärs/pärs, Avestan paršuya, Lithuanian purkšti, Latvian pārsla, Old Norse fors, Hittite pappars, Sanskrit पराग (parāga) (dust) and पृषत् (pṛṣat) (spotted, variegated), Russian прах (prax) (dust, ashes), порох (porox) (gunpowder), Polish proch, Slovak prach |
Parts of trees
[edit]| Root | Meaning | Derivatives |
|---|---|---|
| *dóru | tree, wood | Old Armenian ծառ (caṙ), Lithuanian derva, Latvian dreve, Gaulish Dervus, Russian дерево (derevo), English trēow/tree, Hittite taru, Luwian tarweja-, Ancient Greek drus, Latin durus, Albanian dru/drû, Irish derucc/deir, Tocharian or, Kamviri dâa, Persian /deraxt, Polish drzewo, Slovak drevo, Welsh derwen, Sanskrit dāru, Avestan dāuru, Gothic triu, Old Norse tré, Old Prussian drawine, Ancient Macedonian darullos, Pashto largai, Serbian drvo |
| *dʰergʰen- | thorn | Sanskrit tṛṇa (thorn), German tirnpauma/dirnbaum, German Dorn, Welsh draen, Irish draigen/droigheann, Lithuanian drignės, Latvian drigenes, Russian дёрен (djóren), Slovak tŕň, Polish cierń, English thorn, Pashto azghai/ghëna, Ormuri zier, Serbian trn/ |
| *ǵʰasto- | stick | Latin hasta, Umbrian hostatu, Irish gass/gas, Lithuanian lazda, Serbian štap |
| *ǵʰasdʰo- | stick | Russian жердь (žerdʹ), Irish gat, Gothic gazds, Old Norse gaddr, English gād/goad, German gart/Gart, Polish żerdź, Slovak žrď, Serbian greda |
| *gʷetw- | resin | German kuti/Kitt, English cudu/cud, Old Norse kváða, Sanskrit जतु (jatu) (rubber, gum), Welsh bedwen, Latin bitūmen, Scottish Gaelic beithe |
| *h₃esdos | branch | Old Armenian ոստ (ost), Ancient Greek ozos, English ōst, German ast/Ast, Gothic asts |
| *ḱak- | branch | Old Armenian ճիւղ (čiwł), Lithuanian šaka, Latvian saka, Sanskrit śākhā, Russian сук (suk), соха (soxa), Albanian thekë, Gothic hōha, Kamviri coa, Old Prussian sagnis, Irish gēc/gēag, German huohili/ , Persian /šāxe(h) |
| *kel- | glue | Ancient Greek kolla, Lithuanian klijai, Russian клей (klej), Polish klej, Slovak glej, Serbian lepak |
| *wréh₂ds | root | Russian вред (vred), English wyrt/wort, German wirz/Wurz, Latin rādīx, Ancient Greek rhiza, Albanian rrënjë/rrânzë, Welsh gwraidd, Irish frém/fréamh, Gothic vaurts, Old Norse urt, Kurdish rîş/reh, Tocharian /witsako, Persian /riše(h), Pashto wulëi, Serbian korenje/koren |
Flora
[edit]| Root | Meaning | Derivatives |
|---|---|---|
| *h₂ébōl | apple | Lithuanian obuolỹs, Latvian ābols, Old Prussian woble, Old English æppel English apple, Old High German apful German Apfel, Old Norse epli, Russian яблоко (jabloko) Polish jabłko, Slovak jablko, Old Irish uball/ubhall, Welsh afal, Gaulish avallo, Old Church Slavonic аблъко (ablŭko), Serbian jabuka |
| *h₂eyǵ- | oak | Lithuanian ąžuolas, Latin aesculus, Ancient Greek krataigos/, Old Norse eik, Old English āc English oak, Old High German German eihha German Eiche, Latvian o(uo)zo(uo)ls, Serbian hrast |
| *h₂epsa | aspen | English Old English æspe English aspen, German aspa/Espe, Old Norse ǫsp, Lithuanian epušė, Latvian apses, Old Prussian abse, Ancient Greek aspris/ , Serbian jasika, |
| *h₂er- | nut | Russian орех (orex), Albanian arrë, Ancient Greek arna, Polish orzech, Slovak orech |
| *bʰeh₂go- | beech | German buohha/Buche, Latin fāgus, Ancient Greek phugos, English bēce/beech, Old Norse bók, Gaulish Bāgācon, Russian бук (buk), Polish buk, Slovak buk, Serbian bukva |
| *bʰereǵ- | birch | Russian берёза (berjóza), Lithuanian beržas, Latvian bērzs, Ossetian bärz, Sanskrit bhūrjas, German birihha/Birke, Old Norse bjǫrk, Latin frāxinus, Old Prussian berse, English birce/birch, Thracian berzas, Old Church Slavonic breza, Old Armenian բարտի (barti), Polish brzoza, Slovak breza, Serbian breza |
| *ǵʰeluna | pine | Ancient Greek kheilos, Old Armenian ձեղուն (jełun), Old Norse giolnar, Serbian jela, Polish jodła (=fir) |
| *grabʰ- | hornbeam/oak | Russian граб (grab), Lithuanian skroblas, Latvian skābardis, Umbrian Graboui, Ancient Macedonian grabion, Albanian krrabe grabuje, Polish grab, Slovak hrab, Serbian grab |
| *ḱalam- | reed | Ancient Greek kalamos, Tocharian kulmãṃts/, Latin culmus, English healm/haulm, Latvian salms, Old Prussian salme, Russian солома (soloma), Polish słoma, Old Norse halmr, German halm/Halm, Albanian kallam, |
| *ḱermus- | cherry | Ancient Greek kerasos/keradion, Lithuanian šermukšlė (modern: šermukšnis), Latvian cērmaukša, Russian черёмуха (čerjómuxa), Albanian qershi, Polish czereśnia, Slovak čerešňa, Serbian trešnja |
| *klen- | maple | Russian клён (kljon), Old Norse hlynr, Lithuanian klevas, Latvian kļava, Ancient Macedonian klinotrokhon, English hlin/linn, Welsh kelyn, Polish klon, Slovak klen |
| *koyno- | grass | Ancient Greek koina, Old Armenian խոտ (xot), Lithuanian šienas, Latvian siens, Russian сено (seno), Polish siano, Slovak seno |
| *koslo- | hazel | Lithuanian kasulas, English hæsel/hazel, Old Norse hasl, German hasal/Hasel, Latin corulus, Irish coll/coll, Welsh collen |
| *krem- | onion | Ancient Greek kremuon, Irish crem/creamh, English hramsan/ramson, Lithuanian kermušė, Latvian cermauksis, Russian черемша (čeremša), Welsh craf, Albanian koromidhe |
| *mor- | blackberry | Ancient Greek moron, Old Armenian մոր (mor), Latin mōrum, Slovak moruša, Hittite muri, Irish smér/smeur, Welsh mwyaren, Russian морошка (moroška) |
| *eh₃g- | berry | Tocharian oko/oko, Lithuanian uoga, Latvian oga, Old Church Slavonic agoda, Russian ягода (jagoda), Gothic akran, Old Norse akarn, German ēker/Ecker, English æcern/acorn, Irish áirne/, Welsh aeron, Polish jagoda, Slovak jahoda , Serbian jagoda |
| *h₃el- | alder | Latin alnus, Lithuanian alksnis, Latvian elksnis, Bulgarian елша (élša), Russian ольха (olʹxa), Ancient Macedonian aliza, Old Norse alr, German elira/Erle, English alor/alder, Old Prussian aliskande, Gaulish alisa, Hittite alanzan, Polish olcha, |
| *h₃es- | ash | Lithuanian uosis, Latvian osis, Russian осина (osina), German asc/Esche, English æsc/ash, Latin ornus, Old Prussian woasis, Old Norse askr, Welsh onnen, Albanian ah, Old Armenian հացի (hacʻi), Ancient Greek akherōis/, Polish jesion, Slovak jelša, Serbian jasen |
| *perkʷu- | oak | Lithuanian perkūnas ("thunder"), Latvian pērkons, Polish piorun, Sanskrit parkatī, Latin quercus, Old Norse fura, English furh/fir, German foraha/Föhre, Welsh perth, Gothic faírguni, Russian пихта (pixta)? |
| *rap- | turnip | Russian репа (repa), Lithuanian ropė, German raba/Rübe, Latin rapum, Ancient Greek rhapus, Old Church Slavonic repa, Polish rzepa, Slovak repa |
| *winǵʰ- | elm | Albanian vidh, Russian вяз (vjaz), Lithuanian vinkšna, Latvian vilksna, English wice/Wych Elm, Kurdish viz, Polish wiąz |
Insects
[edit]| Root | Meaning | Derivatives |
|---|---|---|
| *morwi- | ant | Old Church Slavonic mravie, Irish moirb/, Avestan maoiri, Sanskrit vamra, Latin formīca, Ancient Greek murmēs, Old Norse maurr, Crimean Gothic miera, Dutch /mier, Old Armenian մրջիւն (mrǰiwn), Kurdish mûrî/morî, Polish mrówka, Slovak mravec, Albanian morr, Persian /murče; mur, Russian муравей (muravej), Tocharian /warme, Serbian mrav |
| *bʰey- | bee | English bēo/bee, Lithuanian bitė, Latvian bite, Irish bech/bech, Russian пчела (pčela), Latin fūcus, German bīa/Biene, Polish pszczoła, Slovak včela, Albanian bletë, Old Prussian bitte, Welsh begegyr, Gaulish bekos, Old Norse bý, Old Church Slavonic bŭčela, Serbian pčela |
| *wobs- | wasp | Lithuanian vapsva, Latin vespa, English wæps/wasp, Russian оса (osa), Avestan vawžaka, German wafsa/Wespe, Kamviri ušpik, Old Church Slavonic vosa, Irish foich/, Old Prussian wobse, Polish osa, Slovak osa, Albanian anza, Serbian osa |
| *mu- | fly | Lithuanian musė, Latvian muša, Latin musca, Russian муха (muxa), Slovak mucha, German mucka/Mücke, English mycg/midge, Albanian mizë, Ancient Greek muia, Old Armenian մուն (mun), Kurdish mêş, Bengali machi, Kashmiri ma.čh, Polish mucha, Old Norse mý, Persian /magas, Old Prussian muso, Pashto mëch, Serbian muha/muva |
| *p/blow- | flea | Lithuanian blusa, Latvian blusa, Russian блоха (bloxa), Polish pchła, Slovak blcha, Old Armenian լու (lu), Sanskrit pluṣi, Ancient Greek psulla, Albanian plesht, Latin pūlex, Old Norse flo, English flēah/flea, German flōh/Floh, Pashto vraža/vraga, Serbian buha/buva |
| *knid- | louse (egg) | Russian гнида (gnida), Slovak hnida, Latvian gnida, Welsh nedd, German hniz/Nisse, Ancient Greek konis, Albanian thërijë/thëni, Old Armenian անիծ (anic), Irish /sned, English hnitu/nit, Serbian gnjida |
| *luH- | louse | Lithuanian liulė, Welsh llau, English lūs/louse, German lūs/Laus, Old Norse lús |
| *kʷr̥mis | grub | Sanskrit kṛmi, Lithuanian kirmis (modern: kirminas, kirmėlė), Latvian cērme, Albanian krimb/krymb, Irish cruim/, Old Church Slavonic čьrmy, Russian червь (červʹ), Welsh pryf, Ossetian kalm, Persian √kirm, Kurdish kurm, Old Prussian girmis, Polish czerw, Slovak červ, Serbian crv |
| *wr̥mis | worm | Gothic waurms, English wyrm/worm, Old Armenian որդն (ordn), Latin vermis, Lithuanian varmas, Welsh gwraint, Ancient Greek rhomos, German wurm/Wurm, Old Norse ormr, Old Prussian wormyan |
Marine animals
[edit]| Root | Meaning | Derivatives |
|---|---|---|
| *dʰǵʰu- | fish | Lithuanian žuvis, Latvian zivs, Old Armenian ձուկն (jukn), Ancient Greek ikhthus, Old Prussian suckis, Russian щука (ščuka)? |
| *pisḱ- | fish | Latin piscis, Irish íasc/iasc, Gothic fisks, Old Norse fiskr, English fisc/fish, German fisc/Fisch, Russian пескарь (peskarʹ), Polish piskorz, Welsh pysgodyn, Albanian peshk |
| *laks- | salmon | Tocharian laks/läks, Old Norse lax, Lithuanian lašiša, Latvian lasis, Russian лосось (lososʹ), Polish łosoś, Slovak losos, German lahs/Lachs, English leax/--, Old Prussian lalasso |
| *h₂engwi- | eel | Latin anguilla, Lithuanian ungurys, German angar/Engerling, Russian угорь (ugorʹ), Ancient Greek egkhelus, Old Prussian angurgis, Albanian ngjale, Polish węgorz, Slovak úhor, Serbian jegulja |
| *ḱon- | shell | Ancient Greek kogkhos, Latin conguius, Sanskrit शङ्ख (śaṅkha), Serbian školjka |
Birds
[edit]| Root | Meaning | Derivatives |
|---|---|---|
| *h₂éwis | bird | Latin avis, Avestan vīš, Sanskrit vis, Old Armenian հաւ (haw), Welsh hwyad, Ancient Greek aetos, oiōn, Lithuanian višta, Latvian vista, Umbrian avif, Irish /aoi, Serbian ptica |
| *h₃érō | eagle | German arn/Aar, Old Armenian որոր (oror), Middle Armenian ուրուր (urur), English earn/erne, Ancient Greek orneon, Russian орёл (orjól), Polish orzeł, Slovak orol, Czech orel, Lithuanian erelis, Latvian ērglis, Hittite ḫaran, Welsh eryr, Old Norse ari, Gothic ara, Albanian orë orle, Old Prussian arelis, Irish irar/ , Serbian orao |
| *ḱoro- | crow | Albanian sorrë, Lithuanian šarka, Ancient Greek koraks, Latin cornīx, Old Church Slavonic soraka, Russian соро́ка (soróka), Polish sroka, Slovak straka, शरि (śari), Umbrian curnāco, Pashto kaarghë, Waziri lagëra, Serbian svraka(black-white)/vrana |
| *worn- | raven | Lithuanian varnas, Russian ворона (vorona), Polish wrona, Slovak vrana, Tocharian --/wrauña, Pashto wraagh , Serbian gavran |
| *trosdos | thrush | Lithuanian strazdas, Latvian strazds, Russian дрозд (drozd), Polish drozd, Slovak drozd, Old Norse þrǫstr, English þrysce/thrush, German thrōskala/Drossel, Irish truit/truid, Latin turdus, Welsh drudwy, Old Church Slavonic drozgu, Ancient Greek strouthos, Serbian drozd |
| *h₂énh₂ts | duck | Lithuanian antis, Latin anas, Sanskrit ātis, Russian утка (utka), German anut/Ente, English ened/--, Old Norse ǫnd, Old Prussian antis, Ancient Greek nēssa/, Pashto hilëi, Serbian patka |
| *ǵʰans- | goose | Ancient Greek khēn, Sanskrit हंस (haṃsa) (gander, goose, swan), Latin ānser, Irish géiss/, English gōs/goose, Russian гусь (gusʹ), Polish gęś, Slovak hus, Lithuanian žąsis (earlier variant: žansis), Latvian zoss, German gans/Gans, Old Prussian sansy, Gothic gansus, Old Norse gás, Avestan zā, Persian /ġāz, Serbian guska |
| *teter- | grouse | Russian тетерев (teterev), Polish cietrzew, Slovak tetrov, Lithuanian teterva, Latvian teteris, Sanskrit तित्तिर (tittira) (partridge), Ancient Greek tetraōn, Irish tethra/, Old Norse þiðurr, Old Armenian տատրակ (tatrak), Old Prussian tatarwis, Persian /tadarv, Serbian tetreb |
| *spergʷʰ- | sparrow | German sperk/sperling, English spearwa/sparrow, Gothic sparwa, Old Norse spǫrr, Albanian shpesh, Tocharian ṣpār/ṣpāra-, Ancient Greek sparasion, Latin parra, Old Prussian spurglis, Persian /parasto, Umbrian parfam, Irish serriach/ , Serbian vrabac |
| *gerh₂- | crane | Kurdish quling, Ancient Greek geranos, Latin grūs, Old Armenian կռունկ (kṙunk), German krano/Kranich, English cran/crane, Lithuanian gervė, Latvian dzerwe, Old Prussian gerwe, Russian журавль (žuravlʹ), Polish żuraw, Slovak žeriav, Welsh garan, Old Norse trana, Pashto zaaṇëi, Albanian curan, Serbian ždral |
| *nisdós | nest | Old Church Slavonic gnĕzdo, Russian гнездо (gnezdo), Polish gniazdo, Slovak hniezdo, English nest/nest, Old Armenian նիստ (nist), Latin nīdus, Sanskrit नीड (nīḍa), Irish net/net, German nest/Nest, Welsh nyth, Lithuanian lizdas, Pashto dzaala/mandzola, Serbian gnezdo |
Land animals
[edit]| Root | Meaning | Derivatives |
|---|---|---|
| *h₁eǵʰi- | hedgehog | Russian ёж (jož), Polish jeż, Slovak jež, Lithuanian ežys, Latvian ezis, Phrygian eksis, Ancient Greek ekhinos, German igil/Igel, Old Armenian ոզնի (ozni), English igil/--, Old Norse ígul, Kurdish jûjî, Ossetian wyzyn, Phrygian eksis, Albanian esh, Pashto zižgai, Serbian jeż |
| *h₁epero- | boar | Kurdish beraz, Lithuanian Vepriai, Latvian vepris, German ebur/Eber, English eofor/--, Latin aper; vepres, Russian вепрь (veprʹ), Polish wieprz, Czech vepř, Sanskrit vapati, Umbrian apruf, Old Prussian Weppren, Thracian ebros, Old Norse jǫfurr, Serbian vepar |
| *gʰelōw- | tortoise | Ancient Greek khelōnē, Kurdish kisel, Old Church Slavonic želŭvĭ, Russian желвь (želvʹ), Polish żółw, Czech želva, Lithuanian želvė, |
| *ǵʰwer- | beast | Old Church Slavonic zvĕrĭ, Russian зверь (zverʹ), Polish zwierz, Slovak zver, Lithuanian žvėris, Latvian zvērs, Latin ferus, Ancient Greek thēr, Old Prussian swīrins, Tocharian śaru/śerwe, Pashto tsaarwai, Serbian zver |
| *léwks | lynx | Ancient Greek lugks, Lithuanian lūšis, Latvian lusis, Old Prussian luysis, German luhs/Luchs, English lox/--, Russian рысь (rysʹ), Polish ryś, Slovak rys, Old Armenian լուսանունք (lusanunkʻ), Irish lug/ , Serbian ris |
| *múh₂s | mouse | Sanskrit mūṣ, Avestan mus, Latin mūs, Ancient Greek mūs, Old Church Slavonic mŭšĭ, Russian мышь (myšʹ), Polish mysz, Slovak myš, Old Armenian մուկն (mukn), Albanian mi, German mus/Maus, English mūs/mouse, Kamviri musa, Persian /muš, Old Norse mús, Kurdish mişk, Pashto mužak/mugak, Serbian miš |
| *neHtr- | snake | Latin natrix, English nǣddre/adder, German natara/Natter, Welsh neidr, Gothic nadrs, Old Norse naðr, Irish nathir/nathair, Pashto nattëka |
| *h₂ŕ̥tḱos | bear | Ancient Greek arktos, Latin ursus, Sanskrit ṛkṣa, Persian /xers, Old Armenian արջ (arǰ), Gaulish Artos, Albanian ari, Kamviri ic, Ossetian ærs, Welsh arth, Avestan aršam, Kurdish hirç, Hittite ḫartagga, Pashto iž/ig |
| *(s)táwros | bison | Avestan staora, Gothic stiur, Lithuanian tauras, Latvian tauriņš, Ancient Greek tauros, Latin taurus, Gaulish Tarbos, Old Church Slavonic turu, Russian тур (tur), Polish tur, Slovak tur, English steor/steer, German stior/Stier, Old Prussian tauris, Welsh tarw, Old Norse stjórr, Oscan turuf, Albanian taroç tauk, Irish tarb/ |
| *udr- | otter | Sanskrit udra, Avestan udra, ūdra/udris, Lithuanian ūdra, Russian выдра (vydra), Ancient Greek hudros, English oter/otter, German ottar/Otter, Old Norse otr, Latin lutra, Irish /odar; uydr/; odoirne/, Old Church Slavonic vydra, Polish wydra, Slovak vydra, Ossetian wyrd/, Albanian lundra, Serbian vidra |
| *waylos | wolf | Old Armenian գայլ (gayl), Irish fáel/faol |
| *wewer- | squirrel | Latin vīverra, Welsh gwywer, Russian веверица (veverica), Polish wiewiórka, Slovak veverica, Lithuanian voverė, Latvian vāvere, Persian /varvarah, Old Norse íkorni, German eihhurno/Eichhorn, English ācweorna/--, Old Prussian weware, Serbian veverica |
| *wĺ̥kʷos | wolf | Lithuanian vilkas, Latvian vilks, English wulf/wolf, Gaulish vail, Latin lupus, German wolf/Wolf, Ancient Greek lukos, Albanian ujk;ulk, Sanskrit vṛka, Avestan vehrka-, Tocharian --/walkwe, Persian varka/gorg, Old Prussian wilkis, Gothic wulfs, Old Norse úlfr, Old Church Slavonic vlĭkŭ, Russian волк (volk), Polish wilk, Slovak vlk, Kurdish/Zazaki gurg/verg, Luwian walwa, Welsh gweilgi, Pashto lewë, Serbian vuk |
| *wl̥peh₁- | fox | Avestan urupis, Kurdish rovî, Persian /rōbāh, Old Armenian աղուէս (ałuēs), Ancient Greek alōpēks, Latin vulpis, Lithuanian lapė, Latvian lapsa, Serbian lisica |
Domestic animals
[edit]| Root | Meaning | Derivatives |
|---|---|---|
| *ḱwṓ | dog | Ancient Greek kuōn/, Old Armenian շուն (šun), Phrygian kunes, Tocharian ku/ku, Gaulish cuna, Latin canis, English hund/hound, Russian сука (suka), Polish suka, Slovak suka, German hunt/Hund, Kashmiri hūn, Lithuanian šuo (singular accusative: šunį), Latvian suns, Old Prussian sunis, Thracian dinu-, Gothic hunds, Old Norse hundr, Welsh ci, Irish cū/cú, Hittite śuwanis, Lydian kan-, Dacian kinu-, Albanian shakë, qen, qan, Persian /sag, Sanskrit śvan, Avestan spā, Pashto spai, Ormuri spëk, Serbian ker/pas |
| *h₁éḱwos | horse | Latin equus, Tocharian yuk/yakwe, Gaulish epos, Ancient Greek hippos, Sanskrit aśva, Avestan asva-, Lithuanian ašva, Old Prussian aswinan, Kamviri ušpa, English eoh/--, German ehwaz/--, Gothic aiƕtundi, Old Norse iór, Kurdish hesp, Hittite aśuwas, Old Armenian էշ (ēš), Welsh ebol, Irish ech/each, Thracian esvas, Lycian esbe-, Luwian 𒊍𒍪𒉿𒀸 (azzuwas), Phrygian es', Persian aspa/asb, Ossetian jæfs/æfsæ, Venetic ekvon, Pashto aas, Serbian konj |
| *marko- | horse | Gaulish markan, Irish marc/marcach, Welsh march, English mere/mare, German marah/Mähre, Old Norse marr, Serbian mrkov |
| *h₂eǵʰ- | plough animal | Old Armenian եզն (ezn), Irish ag/agh, Welsh ewig, Sanskrit ahī, Avestan azī, Serbian zaprega |
| *gʷṓws | cow/bull | Sanskrit gaus, Avestan gáus, Latvian govs, Russian говядо (govjado), Czech hovado, Slovak hovädo, Tocharian ko/keŭ, Old Armenian կով (kov), English cū/cow, Albanian kau;bull, Umbrian bum, Ancient Greek bous, Irish bó/bó, Welsh buw, German kuo/Kuh, Kamviri go, Kashmiri gāv, Persian --/gāv, Oscan buv-, Old Norse kú, Ossetian gal/ Thracian bonassos, Pashto ghwa/ghoyai, Kurdish ga, Serbian krava |
| *leh₃p- | cow | Albanian lopë, Irish lāeg, Welsh llo(calf), Serbian tele(young cow) |
| *uksḗn | ox, bull | English oxa/ox, German ohso/Ochse, Gothic auhsa, Gothic ych(?), Old Norse oxi, Sanskrit ukṣan, Avestan uxšan, Welsh ych |
| *suH- | swine | Latin sūs, English sū/sow, Latvian sivēns, Russian свин (svin), Polish świnia, Slovak sviňa, Sanskrit sūkara, Albanian thi, Ancient Greek hus, German sū/Sau, Tocharian --/suwo, Irish socc/, Welsh hwch, Umbrian sif, Old Norse sýr, Gothic swein, Avestan hū, Serbian svinja |
| *pórḱos | farrow | Ancient Greek porkos, Latin porcus, Lithuanian paršas, Old Prussian parstian, Russian порося (porosja), Polish prosię, Slovak prasa, Czech prase, English fearh/farrow, Irish orc/, German farah/Ferkel, Umbrian purka, Kurdish purs, Saka pāsa, Gaulish orko, Serbian prase |
| *h₂eǵ- | goat | Sanskrit aja, Persian /azg, Lithuanian ožys, Latvian āzis, Irish ag/agh, Old Church Slavonic jazno, Russian язь (jazʹ), Old Prussian wosux, Albanian dhi, Serbian jarac |
| *h₂eyǵ- | goat | Sanskrit eḍa, Avestan izaēna, Old Armenian այծ (ayc), Ancient Greek aiks, Albanian kec |
| *kapro- | goat | Sanskrit kapṛtha, Ancient Greek kapros, Latin caper, Umbrian kabru, Gaulish cabros, Irish gabor/, Welsh gafr, Old Norse hafr, English hæfer/, German habaro/Haber, Albanian kaproll, Polish cap, Slovak cap |
| *bʰuHgos- | goat | Kurdish biz-, Avestan būza., Persian /buz, Old Armenian բուծ (buc), Irish bocc/boc, Welsh bwch, Old Norse bukkr, English buc/buck, German boc/Bock, Pashto wuza/buza, Serbian koza |
| *gʰaydos | goat | Latin haedus, Gothic gaits, German geiz/Geiss, Old Norse geit, English gāt/goat, Serbian gajde(bag-pipes, goat skin) |
| *h₁er- | goat | Old Armenian որոճ (oroč), Lithuanian ėriukas (old: ėras), Latvian jērs, Old Prussian eristian, Latin ariēs, Umbrian erietu, Irish heirp/earb, Ancient Greek eriphos, German irah/, Old Church Slavonic jarina, Serbian jare(young goat) |
| *h₂ówis | sheep | Latin ovis, Russian овца (ovca), Polish owca, Slovak ovca, Lithuanian avis, Latvian avs, Sanskrit avika, English ēowu/ewe, German ouwi/Aue, Gothic awēþi, Old Norse ǽr, Ancient Greek ois, Irish ói/, Hittite ḫawi, Luwian ḫāwi-, Welsh ewig, Tocharian --/āuw, Old Armenian հովիւ (hoviw), Umbrian uvem, Old Prussian awins, Lycian xabwa, Serbian ovca |
| *wer- | ram | Sanskrit uraṇa, Old Armenian գառն (gaṙn), Persian /barra, Ancient Greek arnion, Latin vervēx, Irish felb/, Tocharian /yrīye, Old Norse vara, Kurdish beran, English waru/ware, German /Ware, Slovak baran, Serbian ovan |
| *h₂egʷnós | lamb | Latin agnus, Russian ягнёнок (jagnjónok), Old Church Slavonic агнѧ (agnę), Ancient Greek ἀμνός (amnós), Irish úan/uan, English ēanian/yean, Welsh oen, Umbrian [script needed] (habina), Polish jagnię, Slovak jahňa, Serbian jagnje |
| *kat- | cub | Latin catulus, Umbrian katel, Russian котиться (kotitʹsja), Slovak kotiť sa (meaning 'delivering cubs), Old Norse haðna, Irish cadla/ , Serbian okot |
Animal products
[edit]| Root | Meaning | Derivatives |
|---|---|---|
| *h₂ōwyóm | egg | Latin ōvum, Ancient Greek ōion, Russian яйцо (jajco), German ei/Ei, English ǣg/Cockney, Welsh ŵy, Albanian ve;vo, Old Norse egg, Crimean Gothic ada, Old Armenian ձու (ju), Kurdish hêk, Persian /xāyah, Old Church Slavonic ajĭse, Pashto hagëi, Waneci hoya, Ormuri wonkʰ, Polish jajo, Serbian jaje |
| *melit- | honey | Ancient Greek meli (genitive: melitos), Old Armenian մեղր (mełr), Albanian mjaltë, Latin mel, Gaulish Melissus, Irish mil/, Gothic miliþ, English mildēaw/mildew, German milltou/Mehltau, Welsh mêl, Hittite milit, Luwian mallit-, Palaic malit- |
| *médʰu | mead | Sanskrit madhu, Russian мёд (mjod), Lithuanian medus, Latvian medus, English meodu/mead, Ancient Greek methu, Avestan maðu, Kamviri mura, Kashmiri mäch, Polish miód, Welsh medd, Tocharian mit, Gaulish medu, German metu/Met, Old Norse mjǫðr, Old Church Slavonic medŭ, Irish mid/, Old Prussian meddo, Latin medus, Ossetian mydy, Luwian maddu- , Serbian med |
| *glag- | milk | Ancient Greek gala (genitive: galaktos), Latin lac, Hittite galank, Kamviri zu |
| *ksweyd- | milk | Lithuanian sviestas, Latvian sviests, Sanskrit kṣvira, Avestan xšvīd, Pashto shode, Waneci shuë |
| *selp- | butter | Tocharian ṣälyp/ṣalype, Ancient Greek helpos, Hittite salpa-, Albanian gjalpë, Sanskrit sarpis, English sealf/salve, Ossetian carv/, Persian /čarbi, German salba/Salbe, Gothic salbon |
| *suro- | cheese | Lithuanian sūris, Russian сыр (syr), Old Norse surr, Albanian hirrë;gjize, Polish ser, Latvian siers, Serbian sir |
| *smérus | grease | Irish smiur/, Ancient Greek smuris, German smero/Schmer, Welsh mer, English smerian/smear, Tocharian /ṣmare, Latin medulla, Lithuanian smarsas, Old Norse smjǫr, Gothic smaírþr, Polish smar, Serbian mast/mrs |
| *moysos | hide | Lithuanian maišas, Latvian maiss, Sanskrit meṣa, Avestan maēša, Old Norse meiss, Russian мех (mex), German meissa, Old Prussian moasis, Albanian meshinë, Serbian meh/mešina |
| *wel- | wool | English wull/wool, German wolla/Wolle, Old Norse ull, Gothic wulla, Sanskrit ūrṇā, Hindi ūn, Avestan varənā, Ancient Greek lēnos, Latin lāna, Old Church Slavonic vlŭna, Russian волна (volna), Lithuanian vilna, Latvian vilna, Welsh gwlan, Hittite hulana, Old Prussian wilnis, Persian /gurs, Irish olan/, Pashto warrëi, Polish wełna, Serbian vuna |
| *ḱern- | horn | Russian серна (serna), Latin cervus; cornūs, English horn/horn, Sanskrit śṛnga, Avestan srvā, Ancient Greek keras, Welsh corn, Kamviri ṣiṅ, German horn/Horn, Gothic haurn, Old Norse horn, Hittite karawar, Ossetian sykha/, Old Armenian սար (sar), Lithuanian širšė, Latvian sirsis, Old Prussian sirwis, Albanian sorkadh; ka, Russian корова (korova), Gaulish karnuks, Irish corn/corn, Persian /šāx, Polish krowa, Pashto škar/khkar, Serbian rog |
| *keh₂r- | wax | Ancient Greek kēros, Lithuanian korys, Latvian kāre, Latin cēra, Serbian vosak |
| *rewgʰmen- | cream | Lithuanian rūgti, Latvian raugs, Avestan raoġna, Persian /roġān, Old Norse rjúmi, English rēam/ream, German roum/Rahm |
Vegetable food
[edit]| Root | Meaning | Derivatives |
|---|---|---|
| *ǵr̥h₂nóm | corn | Latin grānum, Irish grán/grán, Russian зерно (zerno), Lithuanian žirnis, Latvian zirnis, German kerno/Korn, Welsh grawn, English corn/corn, Old Prussian syrne, Old Norse korn, Old Church Slavonic zrĭno., Gothic kaúrn, Polish ziarno, Serbian zrno |
| *pel- | flour | Old Prussian pelwo, Latin palea, Sanskrit palāla, Lithuanian pelai, Latvian pelus, Russian полова (polova) |
| *bʰares | spelt | Phrygian brisa, Latin farina, English bærlic/barley, Old Church Slavonic brašĭno, Oscan far, Umbrian far, Welsh bara, Gothic barizīns, Old Norse barr, Serbian brašno |
| *puHr- | wheat | Sanskrit pūra, Ancient Greek puros/, Lithuanian pūras, Latvian pūri, Old Prussian pure, Old Church Slavonic pyre, English fyrs/furze, Russian пырей (pyrej) |
| *wrugʰyo- | rye | Lithuanian rugys, Latvian rudzi, Russian рожь (rožʹ), Old Norse rugr, English ryge/rye, German roggo/Roggen, Old Prussian rugis, Serbian raž |
| *h₂elbʰit- | barley | Albanian elb, Ancient Greek alphi/, Pashto orbëshe, Wakhi arbəsi |
| *gʰersdʰ- | barley | Latin hordeum, German gersta/Gerste, English gerst/--, Albanian drithë, Ancient Greek kri |
| *yewo- | barley | Sanskrit yava, Bengali jab, Marathi jaw, Lithuanian javai, Latvian jauja, Avestan yava, Russian овин (ovin), Ancient Greek zeiai/, Persian /jav, Hittite ewa, Irish eorna/, Ossetian jæw, Serbian ječam |
| *h₂ewiǵ- | oats | Lithuanian aviža, Latvian auza, Russian овёс (ovjós), Latin avēna, Ancient Greek aigilōps/, Old Prussian wyse, Old Church Slavonic ovĭsŭ, Polish owies, Serbian ovas |
| *bʰabʰeh₂- | bean | Latin faba, Old Prussian babo, Russian боб (bob), Albanian bathë, German bona/Bohne, English bēan/bean, Welsh ffâen, Old Norse baun, Polish bób |
| *h₁eregwo- | pea | Ancient Greek orobos, Irish orbaind/, Latin ervum, German arawīz/Erbse, Old Norse ertr |
| *ḱiker | pea | Latin cicer, Old Armenian սիսեռն (siseṙn), Ancient Greek krios, Lithuanian kekė, Serbian grašak |
| *h₂elud- | beer | Lithuanian alus, Latvian alus, English ealu/ale, Old Church Slavonic olŭ, Latin alūmen, Ancient Greek aludoimo/, Old Norse ǫl, Old Prussian alu |
| *h₂edes- | cereal | Hittite hattar, Latin ador, German azzic/, Gothic atisk, Tocharian āti/atiyo, Avestan āðūfrāðana, Old Armenian հատ (hat), Serbian žito/žitarica |
Other products
[edit]| Root | Meaning | Derivatives |
|---|---|---|
| *h₂eyos | metal | Sanskrit ayas, Latin aes, Umbrian ahesnes, German ēr/Erz, English ār/ore, Avestan ayaṅh, Gothic aiz, Old Norse eir, Gaulish Isarnos, Irish iarn/iarann, Welsh haearn, Persian /āhan |
| *lino-, *līno- | flax | Ancient Greek linon, Lithuanian linas, Latvian lini, Old Prussian linno, Latin līnum, Irish lín/líon, Albanian liri/lîni, Gothic lein, Polish len, Russian лён (ljon), Welsh llin, English lin/linen, German lin/Leinen, Old Norse lín, Old Church Slavonic lĭnŭ, Serbian lan |
| *sal- | salt | Latin sāl, Umbrian salu, Tocharian sāle/sālyiye, Lithuanian saldus ("sweet"), Latvian sāļš, English sealt/salt, Ancient Greek hals, Old Armenian աղ (ał), Irish salann/, Russian соль (solʹ), German salz/Salz, Polish sól, Welsh halen, Albanian gjelbson, Old Norse salt, Gothic salt, Old Church Slavonic soli, Old Prussian sal, Sanskrit salila, Illyr. Salapia, Serbian sol/so |
Tools
[edit]| Root | Meaning | Derivatives |
|---|---|---|
| *h₂egʷesi | axe | English æx/axe, German ackis/Axt, Albanian sakice, Ancient Greek aksinē, Latin ascia, Old Norse øx, Gothic aqizi, Serbian sekira |
| *h₂eyḱ- | spear/pike | Sanskrit ïṣa, Ancient Greek aiklos/, Old Prussian aysmis, Old Church Slavonic igla, Latin īcō, Avestan išarə, Lithuanian iešmas, Latvian iesms, Old Norse eigin, Russian игла (igla), Polish igła, Serbian igla |
| *h₂erkʷ- | bow | Latin arcus, Albanian hark, Gothic arƕazna, English arwe/arrow, Ancient Greek arkeuthos, Russian ракита (rakita), Latvian ērkšķis, Old Norse ǫrvar, Umbrian arçlataf, Serbian luk/strela(arrow) |
| *bak- | staff | Ancient Greek baktēria, Irish bacc/bac, Latin baculum, Welsh bach, Lithuanian bakstelėti, Latvian bakstit |
| *gweri- | millstone | German quirn/, Old Armenian երկան (erkan), Sanskrit grāvan, Welsh breuan, English cweorn/quern, Old Norse kvern, Irish braó/, Lithuanian girna, Latvian dzirnus, Old Prussian girnoywis, Russian жёрнов (žórnov), Polish żarna, Serbian žrvanj |
| *keg- | hook | Lithuanian kengė, Persian /čang, Irish ailcheng/, Russian коготь (kogotʹ), English hoc/hook, Albaian çok, Old Norse haki; hǫnk, German hâco/Haken, Serbian kuka |
| *kʷel- | wheel/chariot | Ancient Greek kuklos, Tocharian kukäl/kokale, Latin colus, Sanskrit cakra, Russian колесо (koleso), English hwēol/wheel, Persian čarka/čarx, Irish cul/--, Old Prussian kelan, Ossetian calx/, Polish koło, Avestan čaxra, Albanian sjell, Old Norse hjōl, Luwian kaluti- , Serbian kolo/točak |
| *mak- | pouch | Lithuanian maišas, Latvian maks, Irish mén/, Welsh megin, German mago/Magen, English maga/maw, Old Norse magi, Old Church Slavonic mosina, Russian мошна (mošna), Old Prussian dantimax, Serbian meh, Polish miech (=bellows) |
| *mat- | mattock | Sanskrit matya, Russian мотыга (motyga), Latin mateola, German modela, Gaulish matog, Welsh matog, Polish motyka, Serbian motika |
| *naw- | ship | Sanskrit nāu, Irish nau/, Ancient Greek naus, Latin nāvis, Avestan navāza, Persian nāviyā/nav, Old Armenian նաւ (naw), Old Norse nōr, Ossetian nau, Albanian anije, Welsh noe, English nōwend/-- |
| *rot- | wheel | Albanian rrath, Lithuanian ratas, Latvian rats, Gaulish Rotomagus, German rad/Rad, English rodur/, Irish /rath, Latin rota, Sanskrit ratha, Welsh rhod, Avestan raθa, Old Norse rǫðull, Serbian kotur |
| *skap- | tool | Russian щепа (ščepa), Lithuanian kapoti, Latvian kaplis, Dutch schap (gereedschap), German skaft/, Ancient Greek skeparnion, Latin capus, Persian /kāfad, Albanian kep, Old Prussian warnaycopo, Old Norse skapt, Old Church Slavonic kopajǫ, Serbian kopač |
| *yugóm | yoke | Sanskrit yuj;yunakti, Avestan jug, Latin iūgum, Lithuanian jungas, Latvian jugt, English geoc/yoke, German joh/Joch, Old Norse ok, Gothic juk, Russian иго (igo), Ancient Greek zugos, Gaulish Veriugodumnus, Kamviri iu, Tocharian yuk/yuk, Welsh iau, Old Armenian լուծ (luc), Persian /yoġ, Hittite iukan, Old Church Slavonic igo, Serbian jaram |
Dwelling
[edit]| Root | Meaning | Derivatives |
|---|---|---|
| *h₂enk- | angle | German ango/, Ossetian ængur, Sanskrit aṅkas, Latin ancus, Lithuanian anka, Latvian āķis, Ancient Greek agkōn, Russian угол (ugol), Old Norse angi, Avestan aṅkupəsəmna, Welsh anghad, Irish ēcath/, Hittite hink, Sebian ugao |
| *bʰerǵʰ- | fort | Russian берег (bereg), Russian обережь (oberežʹ) English burg/borough, Old Norse borg, Old Armenian բարձր (barjr), Sanskrit barhayati, Avestan bərəzant, Gaulish Bergusia, German berg/Burg, Hittite parku, Tocharian pärk/pärk, Welsh bre, Thracian bergas, Gothic baírgahī, Old Norse bjarg, Persian /burz, Irish brí/, Albanian burg, Illyr. Berginium, Ancient Macedonian Berga, Latin fortis, Welsh bera, Lycian prije;pruwa, Serbian breg, |
| *bʰruH- | beam, bridge | Gaulish brīva, English brycg/bridge, German brugga/Brücke, Old Norse brú, Russian бревно (brevno), Old Church Slavonic brĭvŭno, Serbian brvno |
| *dṓm | house | Sanskrit dama, Avestan dąm, Ancient Greek domos, Latin domus, Russian дом (dom), English timber/timber, German zimbar/Zimmer, Old Norse timbr, Kamviri Umbrian dâmoa, Old Armenian տուն (tun), Lithuanian namas, Latvian nams, Welsh tŷ, Tocharian tam/täm, Polish dom, Serbian dom |
| *dʰwer- | door | Old Armenian դուռն (duṙn), Russian дверь (dverʹ), Sanskrit dvār, Bengali dor, Avestan dvarəm, Albanian derë, Old Norse dyrr, English duru/door, Gaulish doro, Ancient Greek thura, Lithuanian durys, Latvian durvis, Old Prussian dwaris, Latin fores, Umbrian furo, German tor/Tür, Irish dorus/doras, Tocharian --/twere, Kamviri du, Umbrian furo, Welsh dôr, Gothic daur, Polish drzwi, dwór, Persian duvaraya/dar, Thracian dur, Pashto war, Khosti darra, Serbian dveri |
| *gʰrendʰ- | beam | Lithuanian grindys, Latvian grida, Old Norse grind, Latin grunda, Polish grzęda, Russian гряда (grjada), Kamviri ugṛa, English grindel/, Dutch /grendel, German grindil/ , Serbian greda |
| *kant- | corner | Ancient Greek kanthos, Latin cantus, Gaulish kantem, Gothic cant, Russian кут (kut), Polish kąt, Lithuanian kampas, Pashto gutt, Waziri ghužai, Serbian kut |
| *pent- | road | Latin pontis, Ancient Greek pontos, Sanskrit panthā, Avestan pantå, Russian путь (putʹ), Gothic finþan, English findan/find, German findan/finden, Old Norse finna, Old Armenian հուն (hun), Kamviri put, Old Prussian pintis, Irish /és, Old Church Slavonic pǫtĭ, Persian paθim/ , Serbian put |
| *treb- | dwelling | Latin trabēs, Oscan trííbúm, Umbrian tremnu, Lithuanian troba, Latvian traba, English þorp/thorp, German thorf/Dorf, Ancient Greek teremnon, Old Slavic trem, Russian терем (terem), Welsh treb; tref, Old Norse ðorp; þorp, Gothic þaúrp, Irish díthrub/ |
Social terms
[edit]| Root | Meaning | Derivatives |
|---|---|---|
| *tewtéh₂ | tribe | Gaulish teuto, Oscan touto, Umbrian totam, Old Prussian tauto, Irish túath/túath, Illyr. teuta, Hittite tuzzi, Lycian tuta, Lithuanian tauta, Latvian tauta, English þeod/thede, German diutisc/Deutsch, Gothic þiuda, Old Norse þjóð, Welsh tylwyth |
| *h₁lewdʰ- | people | Lithuanian liaudis, Latvian ļaudis, Russian люд (ljud), Ancient Greek eleutheros, Irish luss/, Latin Līber, Sanskrit rodhati, Avestan raoða, German liut/Leute, Polish lud, Old Norse ljóðr, Albanian lind, Oscan Lúvfreís, Welsh llysiau, Gothic liudan, Old Church Slavonic ljudĭje, English lēod/, Old Prussian ludis, Serbian ljudi |
| *weyḱ- | village | German weihs/, English -wich, -wick, Lithuanian viešas, Latvian viesis, Russian весь (vesʹ), Avestan vīs, Albanian vis, Sanskrit viś, Latin vīcus, Ancient Greek oikos, Polish wieś, Old Prussian waispattin, Tocharian /īke, Old Church Slavonic vĭsĭ, Waneci wagëdda |
| *h₃reǵ- | ruler | Latin rēx, Oscan regaturei, Gaulish rīx, Irish ríg/rígh, Welsh rhi, Sanskrit rājan, Avestan raz, Persian /rahst, Ancient Greek oregein, English riht/right, German reht/recht, Old Norse réttr, Gothic raihts, Thracian rhesus, Tocharian räk/räk, Serbian kralj |
| *h₂nḗr | power | Welsh nerth, Albanian njer, Latin neriōsus, Sanskrit nar, Luwian anarummi, Lydian nãrś, Lithuanian noras, Russian нрав (nrav), Gaulish Nertobriga, Old Armenian այր (ayr), Ancient Greek anēr, Oscan ner, Umbrian nerf, Irish nert/, Phrygian anar, Persian niru, Polish narów |
| *yewes | law | Sanskrit yos, Latin iūs, Avestan yaoždaðāiti, Irish huisse/ |
| *peḱu- | wealth/cattle | Latin pecū, Ancient Greek pekō, Lithuanian pekus, Old Prussian pecku, Sanskrit paśu, Avestan pasu, Gothic faihu, English feoh/fee, Albanian pilë, German fihu/vieh, Old Norse fé, Old Armenian ասր (asr) |
| *misdʰo- | fee | Sanskrit mīḍha, Avestan mīžda, Gothic mizdō, Russian мзда (mzda), Ancient Greek misthos, German mieta/Miete, Persian /muzd, English mēd/meed, Old Church Slavonic mĭzda |
| *wesno- | price | Sanskrit vasna, Latin vēnus, Ancient Greek hōnos, Old Armenian գին (gin), Hittite uššaniya, Persian væzn (weight), Russian вес (ves) (weight) |
| *ḱat- | battle | Gaulish catu, English heaþu/, German hathu/, Old Church Slavonic kotora, Sanskrit śātayati, Old Norse hoð, Irish cath/cath, Welsh cad, Tocharian /keta |
| *koro- | war | Lithuanian karas, Latvian kaŗš, Ancient Greek koiranos, Irish cuire/carpat, German heri/Heer, English herebeorg/harbour, Russian кара (kara), Old Norse herr, Gothic harjis, Gaulish corios, Persian kāra/kārzār, Old Prussian kargis, Polish kara |
| *weyk- | victory | Lithuanian veikti, Latvian veikt, Russian век (vek), Latin vincō, Old Norse veig, German wīgan/--, Irish fichim/, Gaulish Ordovices, Welsh gwych, English wīgan/--, Gothic weihan, Old Church Slavonic vĕkŭ, Old Armenian վէգ (vēg), Latin vincere, Oscan vincter, Polish wiek |
| *deywós | god, i.e. 'shining' | Sanskrit deva, Avestan daēva, Lithuanian dievas, Latvian dievs, Old Prussian deiws, Latin deus, Oscan diúveí, Umbrian di, Gaulish dēuos, Welsh duw, Old Irish día, Irish dia, Ancient Greek Zeus, Phrygian tios, Old Church Slavonic divo, Russian диво (divo), Polish dziw, Kamviri di, English Tiw/Tuesday, German Ziu/--, Old Norse Týr, Gothic Tyz, Lycian ziw, Luwian tiwat-, Lydian Divi-, Palaic tiyaz, Old Armenian տիւ (tiw) |
| *bel- | power, strength | Sanskrit bala, Ancient Greek beltiōn, Latin dēbĭlis, Irish adbal/dibeal, Welsh balch, Russian большой (bolʹšoj), Kamviri bâlim, Phrygian balaios, Old Church Slavonic boljĭjĭ, Low Saxon pal |
[[Category:Proto-Indo-European appendices|nouns]] [[Category:Terms derived from Proto-Indo-European|*]] [[Category:Proto-Indo-European nouns|*]]