Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂ŕ̥tḱos
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This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Uncertain;[1] possibly nominalized from root *h₂retḱ- (“to damage, harm”) (see also LIV root *h₁reḱs- (“to damage”)[2]), whence Sanskrit रक्षस् (rákṣas, “damage, injury; demon”), Avestan 𐬭𐬀𐬱𐬀𐬵 (rašah, “damage”), 𐬭𐬀𐬱𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬧𐬙 (rašaiieṇt, “to damage”).[3]
Noun
[edit]*h₂ŕ̥tḱos m (non-ablauting)[4][3]
Inflection
[edit]| Thematic | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| singular | |||
| nominative | *h₂ŕ̥tḱos | ||
| genitive | *h₂ŕ̥tḱosyo | ||
| singular | dual | plural | |
| nominative | *h₂ŕ̥tḱos | *h₂ŕ̥tḱoh₁ | *h₂ŕ̥tḱoes |
| vocative | *h₂ŕ̥tḱe | *h₂ŕ̥tḱoh₁ | *h₂ŕ̥tḱoes |
| accusative | *h₂ŕ̥tḱom | *h₂ŕ̥tḱoh₁ | *h₂ŕ̥tḱoms |
| genitive | *h₂ŕ̥tḱosyo | *? | *h₂ŕ̥tḱoHom |
| ablative | *h₂ŕ̥tḱead | *? | *h₂ŕ̥tḱomos, *h₂ŕ̥tḱobʰos |
| dative | *h₂ŕ̥tḱoey | *? | *h₂ŕ̥tḱomos, *h₂ŕ̥tḱobʰos |
| locative | *h₂ŕ̥tḱey, *h₂ŕ̥tḱoy | *? | *h₂ŕ̥tḱoysu |
| instrumental | *h₂ŕ̥tḱoh₁ | *? | *h₂ŕ̥tḱōys |
Descendants
[edit]- Proto-Albanian: *artsa
- Proto-Anatolian: *Hŕ̥tḱos[5] (see there for further descendants)
- Armenian:
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *irśtwā́ˀ (< *h₂r̥tḱ-wéh₂) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Celtic: *artos (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *árktos
- Ancient Greek: ἄρκτος (árktos) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hŕ̥ćšas (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *orsos[6] (perhaps from earlier *orssos, though outcome of -tḱ- in Italic uncertain, tabooistic distortion of #ar-?[7])
- Latin: ursus (see there for further descendants)
References
[edit]- ^ Lundquist, Jesse, Yates, Anthony D. (2017–2018) “Chapter XX: Proto-Indo-European”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The morphology of Proto-Indo-European, page 2113
- ^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*(h₁)rek̂s-¹”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 505
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 55: “*h₂ŕ̥tk̂os”
- ^ Kölligan, Daniel (2017–2018) “Chapter XX: Proto-Indo-European”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The lexicon of Proto-Indo-European, page 2271
- ^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “ḫartakka-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 369
- ^ Schrijver, Peter C. H. (1991) The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Latin (Leiden studies in Indo-European; 2), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 56: “ursus 'bear' < *orsos < *h₂ortḱo- < *h₂rtḱo-”
- ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “ursus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 645: “PIt. *orsso-”