Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/márkos

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This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

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Reconstruction

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The reconstruction at the PIE level is disputed on several grounds:

  • limited geographical distribution in Western IE - only present in the Celtic and Germanic branches.
  • the presence of rare/disputed PIE phoneme */a/; a reconstruction *mh₂érkos seems untenable.

One theory which does not accept the existence of this PIE word sees the Germanic forms as a borrowing from the Celtic, and those as a loan from Proto-Iranian *márikah (compare Old Persian [script needed] (marika, male, manly)), from *máryah (compare Avestan 𐬨𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬀 (mairiia, man; male animal)); akin to Sanskrit मर्य (márya, young man; stallion). If the PIE word did exist, it is probably a Wanderwort across Eurasian languages; see Proto-Sino-Tibetan *k-m-raŋ ~ s-raŋ for more.

Noun

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*márkos m (non-ablauting)

  1. horse (Equus ferus caballus)
  2. (possibly) wild horse (Equus ferus przewalskii or Equus ferus ferus)

Usage notes

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Possibly denoting only a "wild horse" as opposed to the *h₁éḱwos (domestic horse).

Inflection

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Thematic
singular
nominative *márkos
genitive *márkosyo
singular dual plural
nominative *márkos *márkoh₁ *márkoes
vocative *márke *márkoh₁ *márkoes
accusative *márkom *márkoh₁ *márkoms
genitive *márkosyo *? *márkoHom
ablative *márkead *? *márkomos, *márkobʰos
dative *márkoey *? *márkomos, *márkobʰos
locative *márkey, *márkoy *? *márkoysu
instrumental *márkoh₁ *? *márkōys

Synonyms

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Derived terms

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Descendants

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  • Proto-Celtic: *markos (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Germanic: *marhaz (see there for further descendants)

References

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