Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/bak-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

A user has added this reconstruction entry to requests for deletion⁽⁺⁾.

Please see that page for discussion and justifications beyond the initial comment of: “Wiktionary:Requests_for_deletion/Reconstruction#Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/bak-”. You may continue to edit this reconstruction entry while the discussion proceeds, but please mention significant edits at the RFD discussion and ensure that the intention of votes already cast is not left unclear. Do not remove the {{rfd}} until the debate has finished.

Root

*bak-^[1]

peg, club

Reconstruction notes

Various points suggest a post-Indo-European borrowing from an unknown source:

The phoneme *b, which is rare and of somewhat doubtful status.
The consistent occurrence of *a.
The alternation between *k and geminate *kk across the descendants.

According to Oxford's Introduction to proto-Indo-European,^[2] the initial *b- may have been due to the informal ("popular") nature of the term. Kroonen^[3] and De Vaan^[4] reconstruct no Proto-Indo-European form at all.

A family of comparable forms exists in Afroasiatic, including^[5] Arabic [script needed] (b-k-k, “to break in pieces”) Proto-Chadic *ɓak- (“to break”), Cushitic: Afar bakaq (“to split open”), Gawwada [script needed] (b'abb'aqs-, “to chop”), Tsamai [script needed] (b'aaqas-, “to split”).

Derived terms

*bak-o-s
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bakas
  - Proto-Slavic: *bokъ (“flank”)^[6] (possibly)
*bakk-o-s
- Proto-Celtic: *bakkos (“hook”)
*bak-sḱ- (possibly)
- Balto-Slavic:
  - ⇒ Lithuanian: bàkstelėti (“to thrust”)^[4]
  - ⇒ Latvian: bakstīt (“to poke”)
*bak-tro-m, *bak-tlo-m
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: βάκτρον (báktron)^[7]
- Proto-Italic: *bakklom
  - Latin: baculum
*bak-yéh₂
- Proto-Germanic: *pagjō
  - ⇒ Proto-Germanic: *pagilaz

References

^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 93
^ Mallory, J. P. with Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 246
^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*pagila-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 395
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “baculum”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 67
^ Ehret, Christopher (1995) Reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic (Proto-Afrasian): Vowels, Tone, Consonants, and Vocabulary (University of California Publications in Linguistics; 126)‎^[2], Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press, →ISBN.
^ Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “бок”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “βακτηρία”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 194

[1] Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 93

[2] Mallory, J. P. with Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 246

[3] Guus Kroonen (2013) “*pagila-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 395

[De_Vaan-4] 4.0 ^4.1 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “baculum”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 67

[5] Ehret, Christopher (1995) Reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic (Proto-Afrasian): Vowels, Tone, Consonants, and Vocabulary (University of California Publications in Linguistics; 126)‎^[2], Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press, →ISBN.

[6] Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “бок”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress

[7] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “βακτηρία”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 194

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]