Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₃ésth₁
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This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
[edit]Alternative reconstructions
[edit]Reconstruction
[edit]The original form was a neuter root noun, as can be seen from Latin os and Avestan 𐬀𐬯𐬙- (ast-). In the rest of the daughters, the noun has been transferred to various vocalic stems.
Medial -th- in Sanskrit अस्थि (ásthi) requires root of the form *HestH (the initial laryngeal is there to account for the canonical shape of Proto-Indo-European root). The Latin reflex requires the initial laryngeal to be *h₃-, and Ancient Greek ὀστέον (ostéon) points to *h₁ as the root-final laryngeal.
Celtic forms require initial laryngeal to be *h₂-, so this noun is sometimes[3] reconstructed to have the paradigm *h₂óst(h₁) ~ *h₂ést(h₁)s.
Noun
[edit]*h₃ésth₁ n
Declension
[edit]Acrostatic ablauting paradigm.
| Athematic, acrostatic | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| singular | |||
| nominative | *h₃ésth₁ | ||
| genitive | *h₃ésth₁s | ||
| singular | dual | plural | |
| nominative | *h₃ésth₁ | *h₃ésth₁ih₁ | — |
| vocative | *h₃ésth₁ | *h₃ésth₁ih₁ | — |
| accusative | *h₃ésth₁ | *h₃ésth₁ih₁ | — |
| genitive | *h₃ésth₁s | *? | — |
| ablative | *h₃ésth₁s | *? | — |
| dative | *h₃ésth₁ey | *? | — |
| locative | *h₃ésth₁, *h₃ésth₁i | *? | — |
| instrumental | *h₃ésth₁h₁ | *? | — |
Related terms
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]- *h₃ósth₁-i
- *h₃ósth₁-ey-om
- *h₃ésth₁-ōy
Descendants
[edit]- Proto-Albanian: *aśt-[4]
- Albanian: asht
- Armenian: (< *h₃ost-wer-)
- Proto-Celtic: *ast (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HástʰH
- Italic:
- Latin: os (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Tocharian: *āyä[5]
Further reading
[edit]- Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1119
- De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 436
- Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 77
References
[edit]- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
- ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
- ^ Steinbauer and Schrijver.
- ^ Demiraj, B. (1997) Albanische Etymologien: Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz [Albanian Etymologies: […]] (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 7)[3] (in German), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, page 82
- ^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “āyo”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 48