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Appendix:Khoekhoe Swadesh list

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This is a Swadesh list of words in Khoekhoe, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

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Words are written in the standardized Khoekhoe orthography, with a few additions. A dot (.) is used to separate the PGN (person-gender-number) enclitics from the root words. For example, khoeb "man" is written here as khoe.b. Slashes indicate multiple possible forms. For example, uri.b/-i/s means "urib or uri-i or uris." Parentheses within a word indicate optional letters. For example, ga(i)xu means "gaixu or gaxu." Parentheses may also indicate uncommon forms such as ǁgâi-i instead of ǁgan-i, or danab instead of danas. Abbreviations: m. masculine, f. feminine, c. common

Orthography

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The following orthographical conventions differ from the IPA.

  • Nasalization is marked with a circumflex: â ô û î. Nasal vowels are long unless they are part of a diphthong.
  • b/p = [p] ([β] when between vowels), d/t = [t], g/k = [k]. When b, d, or g is used, it indicates a lower tonal pattern, while p, t, or k indicate a higher tonal pattern.
  • w = [β]
  • The glottal stop is not written when word-initial, but is written as a hyphen when word-internal.
  • ǀ ǁ ǃ ǂ = [ǀˀ ǁˀ ǃˀ ǂˀ]
  • ǀg ǁg ǃg ǂg = [kǀ kǁ kǃ kǂ]
  • ǀkh ǁkh ǃkh ǂkh = [kǀʰ kǁʰ kǃʰ kǂʰ] or [kǀˣ kǁˣ kǃˣ kǂˣ]
  • ǀn ǁn ǃn ǂn = [ᵑǀ ᵑǁ ᵑǃ ᵑǂ]
  • ǀh ǁh ǃh ǂh = [ŋ̊ǀʰ ŋ̊ǁʰ ŋ̊ǃʰ ŋ̊ǂʰ]
  • ts kh = [tsʰ kxʰ]

List

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No. English Khoekhoe
Khoekhoegowab
1 I -ta
2 you (singular) -ts (m.), -s (f.)
3 he, she, it -b/-mi/-ni
4 we -ge (m.), -se (f.), -da (c.)
5 you (plural) -go (m.), -so (f.), -du (c.)
6 they -gu (m.), -di (f.), -n (c.)
7 this nē
8 that ǁnā, nau
9 here nepa
10 there ǁnā, ǁnapa, naupa
11 who ta(r)i, ham
12 what mâ, ta(r)e
13 where mapa
14 when mâǁae, (hammo)
15 how mati, hamti
16 not tama
17 all hoa, hū
18 many ǂgui
19 some ǀnî
20 few ǀoro
21 other ǀkhara, ǀnî
22 one ǀgui
23 two ǀgam
24 three ǃnona
25 four haka
26 five koro
27 big kai
28 long ga(i)xu
29 wide hara, hôa, ǂhaba
30 thick ǃnau, ǁau
31 heavy ǃgom
32 small ǂkhari
33 short ǃnubu
34 narrow ǂō
35 thin ǁgā, ǂgabasa, ǀui, ǂgoro
36 woman khoe.s
37 man (adult male) khoe.b, ao.b
38 man (human being) khoe.-i
39 child ǀgôa.-i, ǀgō.-i, daro.-i
40 wife (ǃgamme)tara.s, kaikhoe.s
41 husband (ǃgamme-)ao.b, kaikhoe.b
42 mother mama.s, î.s
43 father ǁgû.b, da(d)a.b, abo.b, î.b
44 animal ûitsama/ûitsaba xū.n (plural)
45 fish ǁau.b
46 bird ani.b/s
47 dog (om)ari.b/-i/s
48 louse uri.b/-i/s
49 snake ǀao.b/-i/s
50 worm ǂuni.b
51 tree hai.-i
52 forest
53 stick hai.b/-i
54 fruit ǂû.s, haiǂû.-i
55 seed ǂara.s
56 leaf ǂga(r)e.b/s
57 root ǃnoma.b
58 bark (of a tree) ǂam.mi
59 flower ǃkhā.s
60 grass ǀgâ.b/n
61 rope tsuri.b
62 skin khō.b
63 meat ǁgan.-i/ni/s, (ǁgâi.-i)
64 blood ǀao.b
65 bone ǂkhō.b/-i/s
66 fat (noun) kau.b/-i/s, ǁnui.b
67 egg ǃupu.s
68 horn ǁnâ.b
69 tail ǂare.b
70 feather ǃam.mi
71 hair ǀû.b
72 head dana.s/(b)
73 ear ǂgae.b/s
74 eye mû.s
75 nose ǂgui.s
76 mouth am.s
77 tooth ǁgû.b
78 tongue (organ) nam.mi/(s), lam.mi, tam.mi
79 fingernail ǁgoro.s
80 foot ǂai.b/-i/s
81 leg ǀnū.b
82 knee ǁgoa.s
83 hand ǃom.mi
84 wing ǁgabo.b
85 belly ǃnā.b
86 guts ǀgûi.s
87 neck ǃao.b/s, ǂhoro.b/-i/s
88 back ǁâ.b, ǃhuri.b
89 breast sam.s
90 heart ǂgao.b/s
91 liver âi.b/s
92 to drink ā
93 to eat ǂû
94 to bite nâ, nā, ndā
95 to suck ǀgom, ǁaro
96 to spit ǁnaru
97 to vomit ǀkhûi
98 to blow ǃgom
99 to breathe ǀom
100 to laugh âi
101 to see mû
102 to hear ǁnâu
103 to know ǂan
104 to think ǂâi
105 to smell ǃkhapa, ǃkhao
106 to fear ǃao
107 to sleep ǁom
108 to live ûi
109 to die ǁō
110 to kill ǃgam
111 to fight ǂnaugu, ǃgûǀhao, ǃaeǀhao
112 to hunt ǃau, ôa-û
113 to hit ǂnau
114 to cut ǃgao, sara
115 to split ǂā, ǂkhare, ǂkhabe
116 to stab ǃkhā, ǀgō
117 to scratch xari, xaro(-ai), ǁnû, xara, xana, xora
118 to dig khao (with tool), xoro (with hand)
119 to swim tsâ
120 to fly ǁkhana, doe
121 to walk ǃgû
122 to come hā, ǀkhī
123 to lie (as in a bed) ǁgoe
124 to sit ǂnôa
125 to stand mâ
126 to turn (intransitive) dawasen, ǁnumisen
127 to fall ǁnā
128 to give mā, khā
129 to hold ǃkhō, ūǀgara
130 to squeeze ǁkham, ǀā
131 to rub sopo
132 to wash ǁā, khō
133 to wipe ǀom(ǂnâǂnâ), aroǁnā, araǁnâ, ǀomǁnā, xom(khâi)
134 to pull ǂgae
135 to push ǃnūri, ǂhā
136 to throw ǂnoa (“throw at”), ǀnami (“throw longish object”), ao (“throw lightly”), ǀai (“throw something dry”), ǁhâi (“throw spear”)
137 to tie ǃgae (“tie up”), ǃhû (“tie together”)
138 to sew ǂom
139 to count ǃgôa
140 to say mî, khom
141 to sing ǁnae
142 to play ǀhuru
143 to float sū
144 to flow dâu, nâu
145 to freeze ǃnare, ǃnaro
146 to swell khū, xâi
147 sun sore.s
148 moon ǁkhâ.b
149 star (ǀhom)ǀgamiro.s/-i, ǀnamiro.s
150 water ǁgam.mi
151 rain ǀapi.b/-i, ǀnanu.b, tū(ǀnanu).s
152 river ǃā.b, dom.mi
153 lake
154 sea huri.b
155 salt ǂō.b/s/-i
156 stone ǀui.b/-i, ǃhoa.s, (ǃgupu)ǀui.s
157 sand ǀgopa.b/-i/s, tsauǃhū.b
158 dust tsara.b
159 earth ǃhū.b/-i
160 cloud ǃâu.s, ǀnanu.s
161 fog tsantō.s, (tsantoro.s, tsantro.s)
162 sky ǀhom.mi, ǀhomai.b, ǃāǂuisa.b
163 wind ǂoa.b
164 snow tsamaro.s
165 ice ǃnare.b/-i/s, ǃkhoa.b, ǃgom.mi
166 smoke ǀan.ni/-i/s
167 fire (ǀapa)ǀae.s, ǂhubi.b
168 ash tsao.b
169 to burn khau, ǂhubi
170 road dao.b, ǃgan.ni
171 mountain ǀui.b/-i, ǃhom.mi/-i/s, ǁnō.b
172 red ǀapa
173 green ǃam
174 yellow ǃhuni
175 white ǃuri
176 black ǂnū
177 night tsuxu.b
178 day tsē.b (between sunrise and sunset), tsē.s (24 hours)
179 year kuri.b
180 warm ǃnaesa
181 cold ǃkhai
182 full ǀoasa
183 new ǀasa, kawa
184 old kaira
185 good ǃgâi
186 bad tsū, ǁgai, ǁāgara
187 rotten ǁgai, ǁgaosa
188 dirty ǀurisa, ǀurixa
189 straight ǂhanu
190 round ǃgupu
191 sharp (as a knife) ǀā
192 dull (as a knife) ǂū, ǂubu, ǂīri
193 smooth ǂhau-am, ǂhau(sa), ǂkhanu
194 wet ǀâ
195 dry ǂnâsa
196 correct ǂhanu
197 near tawa, ama, ai, xōri, ǀgūse
198 far ǃnū, ǃnūse, ǃaru
199 right am
200 left ǁare
201 at
202 in ǃnâ
203 with tawa, ama, ai
204 and
205 if
206 because xui-ao, xuige, ǃkhais ǃaroma
207 name ǀon.s, (ǀen.s)

References

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Haacke, Wilfrid H. G., Eiseb, Eliphas (1999) Khoekhoegowab-English English-Khoekhoegowab Glossary/Mîdi Saogub, Windhoek: Gamsberg Macmillan

Swadesh lists
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