Appendix:Proto-Popolocan reconstructions
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Proto-Popoloca reconstructions by Fernández (1951) are given below.[1]
Fernández (1951)
[edit]Fernández's (1951) reconstruction makes use of Chocho, Popoloca, Ixcatec, and Mazatec (Huautla de Jiménez, Oaxaca) data.
Nasal vowels are marked with tildes instead of the original ogoneks (ą, ę, į, ǫ, ų) for easier reading.
| No. | Proto-Popoloca | Spanish gloss | English gloss (translated) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | *hnku | uno | one |
| 2 | *yuxu | dos | two |
| 3 | *ñũhũ | cuatro | four |
| 4 | *yatu | siete | seven |
| 5 | *čhni | ocho | eight |
| 6 | *(u)te | diez | ten |
| 7 | *yaa-skã | cuarenta | forty |
| 8 | *sã | agrio | sour |
| 9 | *čhũʔ | algodón | cotton |
| 10 | *ȼha | amargo | bitter |
| 11 | *sene | amarillo | yellow |
| 12 | *rua | blanco | white |
| 13 | *ruʔa | boca | mouth |
| 14 | *čʔyuno(ʔ) | cacahuate | peanut |
| 15 | *-r̃antʸ | cacalote | raven |
| 16 | *čʔyu | cacao | cacao |
| 17 | *(ka)čɛ | calzón | underwear |
| 18 | *(i)nčiša | cántaro | pitcher |
| 19 | *thi | caña | cane |
| 20 | *(ya)škũ | cara | expensive |
| 21 | *nči(ʔ)a | casa | house |
| 22 | *ȼhu-kaha | cempasúchil | Mexican marigold |
| 23 | *hñaʔ | cerro | hill, mountain |
| 24 | *(ʔi)čitha | comal | comal |
| 25 | *-(šʔa)ȼeʔ | conejo | rabbit |
| 26 | *tenka | corre (imp.) | run (imp.) |
| 27 | *r̃uʔa | cuero | leather |
| 28 | *hña | chile | chili |
| 29 | *tʸhĩ | día | day |
| 30 | *štĩʔ(ĩ) | elote | corn |
| 31 | *čika | fierro | iron |
| 32 | *ȼhu | flor | flower |
| 33 | *hmaʔ | frijol | bean |
| 34 | *ška | hoja | leaf |
| 35 | *-čhi | horcón | pitchfork |
| 36 | *nčɛȼhe | huaje | huaje |
| 37 | *teʔ | huarache | sandals |
| 38 | *ȼhĩ | leche | milk |
| 39 | *khĩ | lejos | far |
| 40 | *r̃ha | mano | hand |
| 41 | *čʔyu | masa | cornmeal |
| 42 | *ṣ̌uʔ-ȼiʔ | metate | mortar |
| 43 | *ȼhẽ | miel | honey |
| 44 | *tie | negro | black |
| 45 | *thñe | palma | palm |
| 46 | *šteʔ | peine | comb |
| 47 | *(ʔi)ye | pesado | heavy |
| 48 | *nihña | petate | mat |
| 49 | *ṣ̌uʔ | piedra | stone |
| 50 | *-čeʔ | piojo | louse |
| 51 | *-čʔya | pulga | flea |
| 52 | *šã | pulque | pulque |
| 53 | *(i)nčia | quelite | quelite |
| 54 | *ṣ̌uʔma | remedio | remedy |
| 55 | *(ʔi)ntaʔ | río | river |
| 56 | *k(h)aȼe | rojo | red |
| 57 | *tʸhniʔ | sangre | blood |
| 58 | *-ču | semilla de calabaza | pumpkin seed |
| 59 | *no(ʔ) | suelo | floor |
| 60 | *tʸusã | tejocote | Crataegus mexicana |
| 61 | *niñu | tortilla | tortilla |
| 62 | *ṣ̌aaʔ | trabajo | work |
| 63 | *nti(ʔi) | vapor | steam |
| 64 | *yu(u)a | verde | green |
| 65 | *ri(ʔ)ntʸuʔ | viendo | seeing |
| 66 | *tʸuʔ | viruela | smallpox |
| 67 | *č̣inte | zapote negro | black sapote |
| 68 | *-ṣ̌a | canasta | basket |
| 69 | *nka(r̃hmi) | cielo | sky |
| 70 | *-ša | coyote | coyote |
| 71 | *še | dulce | sweet |
| 72 | *yiȼe | fiesta | party |
| 73 | *tʸunĩ(ʔĩ) | granizo | hail |
| 74 | *škũ | ojo | eye |
| 75 | *-(ntʸu)še | pájaro | bird |
| 76 | *tʸu- | para frutas | for fruits |
| 77 | *ntuha | puerto | port |
| 78 | *-(ya)r̃ha | águila | eagle |
| 79 | *nĩh(ẽ ~ i) | tres | three |
| 80 | *(nta) | aguamiel | mead |
| 81 | *hee | ahora | now |
| 82 | *-čaʔ | araña | spider |
| 83 | *(nt ~ y)aa | árbol, palo | tree, stick |
| 84 | *nč(e ~ a) | arena | sand |
| 85 | *(ʔ ~ h)iña | bueno | good |
| 86 | *nitʔa(te) | camino | path, road |
| 87 | *(y ~ tʸ ~ čʔ)uhni | carbón | coal |
| 88 | *nt(u)aʔči(ka ~ su) | cárcel | jail, prison |
| 89 | *škahn(u ~ ũ) | cigarro | cigar |
| 90 | *(r ~ ntʸ ~ t)osĩ | cuello | neck |
| 91 | *-ča(a)tʸu | chapulín | grasshopper |
| 92 | *n(e ~ a ~ i))(ʔ) | diente | tooth |
| 93 | *(n)uȼe | estrella | star |
| 94 | *ṣ̌uʔ(i ~ ĩ) | fuego | fire |
| 95 | *-(nta)ȼ(ʔ)e | garrapata | tick |
| 96 | *-čit(o ~ u) | gato | cat |
| 97 | *-(s ~ ȼ ~ ȼʔ)ento | gusano | worm |
| 98 | *ničh(a ~ ã) | habla! (imp.) | speak! (imp.) |
| 99 | *-č(e)(h ~ ʔ)e | ladrón | thief |
| 100 | *nč(e ~ i)ʔȼ(ʔ)oʔ | lodo | mud |
| 101 | *ȼ(u ~ ũ) | maguey | maguey |
| 102 | *nohm(e ~ ã) | maíz | corn, maize |
| 103 | *-(n ~ ʔ)čist(e ~ ẽ)ʔ | mosca | fly (insect) |
| 104 | *ritʸhũ | nariz | nose |
| 105 | *š(a ~ i) | pelo | hair |
| 106 | *častẽ | pueblo | town |
| 107 | *-čiʔ(nka) | puerco | pig |
| 108 | *tʸuʔm(e ~ i) | puño | fist |
| 109 | *ntaʔtʸ(a ~ ã) | saliva | saliva |
| 110 | *n(i ~ u)(ʔ)nku | templo | temple |
| 111 | *(i ~ niʔ)nče | tierra | land |
| 112 | *(y ~ tʸ ~ č)ušti | tomate | tomato |
| 113 | *ška(ʔ)ñ(e ~ ẽ)ʔ | zacate | grass |
| 114 | *(r̃ ~ cero ~ ṣ̌)ič̣(h)e | tuna | tuna |
| 115 | *(ʔi)ntaʔ | agua | water |
| 116 | *ñ(a ~ ĩ)h(a ~ ẽ) | nueve | nine |
| 117 | *(y ~ šʔ ~ noʔ)õ | cinco | five |
| 118 | *(č ~ š ~ cero)hõ | seis | six |
| 119 | *ntaȼ(ʔ)(i ~ ĩ) | plaza, mercado | plaza, market |
| 120 | *(na)hn(ii ~ i ~ ĩ) | mazorca | cob (of corn) |
| 121 | *ṣ̌(u ~ ũ)h(ũ ~ u) | papel | paper |
| 122 | *-(n)č(i ~ e)ntuu(a) | tarántula | tarantula |
| 123 | *-(k ~ ȼ)(u ~ ũ)khĩ | la tarde | afternoon |
| 124 | *šk(h)ã | veinte | twenty |
| 125 | *ȼ(ʔ)(uu ~ o)ʔ | atole | atole |
| 126 | *č(iñ)a(šĩ)(ũ) | cerca | near |
| 127 | *-nčee | culebra | snake |
| 128 | *čuee | espalda | back (n.) |
| 129 | *-čee | pescado | fish |
| 130 | *šhe | grande | big |
| 131 | *(ʔ)ñu(u)ʔ | mecate | rope |
| 132 | *r̃aȼhũ | oreja | ear |
| 133 | *(ni)ñuʔ- ... haʔ | pan | bread |
| 134 | *ȼaku | pierna | leg |
| 135 | *škha | zorrillo | skunk |
| 136 | *ȼa(ʔ)ka | barranca | ravine |
| 137 | *-tʸučhũʔ | borrego | sheep |
| 138 | *-ṣ̌ĩ | caballo | horse |
| 139 | *tʸuhnti | cebolla | onion |
| 140 | *sua | él | he |
| 141 | *-čika | gallina | hen |
| 142 | *-(n ~ ñ)unka | gavilán | hawk |
| 143 | *ri(ʔ)ntʸaʔ | helada | frost |
| 144 | *(i)ntʸa | hueso | bone |
| 145 | *niʔũ | leña | firewood |
| 146 | *čithẽ | la mañana | morning |
| 147 | *-nta | nopal | prickly pear |
| 148 | *kačhi | pasto | grass |
| 149 | *naša | sarape | serape |
| 150 | *hãã | si | yes |
| 151 | *-(r ~ ñ)uštu | yerbabuena | good herb |
| 152 | *-ate | él corta | he cuts |
| 153 | *tʸĩhnki | pasado mañana | day after tomorrow |
| 154 | *šte | baile | dance |
| 155 | *tʔač̣ii | viejito | old man |
| 156 | *tʔi | él bebe | he drinks |
| 157 | *čã(ʔã) | brazo | arm |
| 158 | *nt(a ~ e) | cal | lime |
| 159 | *ču | calabaza | pumpkin |
| 160 | *sua | caliente | hot |
| 161 | *-ṣ̌u | carrizo | reed |
| 162 | *(ʔ)ninke | coa | coa |
| 163 | *the | comezón | itch |
| 164 | *skaʔ | copal | copal |
| 165 | *sasa | aprisa | quickly |
| 166 | *škhũẽʔ | crudo | raw |
| 167 | *thnu | delgado | thin (of person) |
| 168 | *-ru | él dice | he says |
| 169 | *ča | duro... | hard... |
| 170 | *-tʸha(ʔa) | ejote | green beans |
| 171 | *-tʸhu | escalera | ladder |
| 172 | *(ʔ)nke | él escarba | he digs |
| 173 | *čiʔa | espina | thorn |
| 174 | *s(i ~ e)ʔe | flojo | loose |
| 175 | *(ȼ ~ nt)athẽ | frente | forehead |
| 176 | *-šuʔe | fresno | ash tree |
| 177 | *-ača | él gana | he wins |
| 178 | *čoh(m ~ n)i | gente | people |
| 179 | *sĩ(ĩ) | hay | there is |
| 180 | *hini | largo | long |
| 181 | *tʸusã | limón | lemon |
| 182 | *n(a)ʔa | mamá | mother |
| 183 | *či(hi)ʔ | olla | cooking pot |
| 184 | *-ṣ̌a | otate | type of bamboo |
| 185 | *(č ~ cero)ihnku | otro | other |
| 186 | *-(tʸu)hnu | ardilla | squirrel |
| 187 | *šheʔ | pecado | sin |
| 188 | *stihi | pie | foot |
| 189 | *čuk(ihi ~ a) | plátano | banana |
| 190 | *ñum(e ~ a) | pobre | poor |
| 191 | *-(ši ~ čhe)nta | sabino | sabino |
| 192 | *hni | sabroso | tasty |
| 193 | *(i)nčani | santo | holy |
| 194 | *-ṣ̌e-(hi ~ me) | seco | dry |
| 195 | *(i)nta | suave | gentle |
| 196 | *šk(h)u-r̃ha | uña | fingernail |
| 197 | *n(a)ʔač̣ii | viejita | old lady |
| 198 | *-thi | yerba santa | yerba santa |
| 199 | *čiste | zapote blanco | white sapote |
| 200 | *runka | él avisa | he warns |
References
[edit]- ^ Fernández de Miranda, María Teresa. 1951. Reconstrucción del protopopoloca. Revista Mexicana de Estudios Antropológicos 12: 61–93.