Appendix:Proto-Arawan reconstructions

Proto-Arawan reconstructions:

Dixon (2004)

Note: PN indicates an (inalienably) possessed noun.

Semantic category	No. (numeral)	Gloss (Proto-Arawá)	Glosses (daughter languages)	Proto-Arawá	PN	Notes
a	1	fish (generic)		*aba-
a	2	moon, month		*abaCiko
a	3	araunã (fish sp.)		*aba majaro
a	4		nerve, tendon; corpse	*abapo-ni/ne	PN
a	5		cheek, tongue; roof of mouth	*abatha-ni/ne	PN
a	6	father		*abi('i)
a	7		body; spirit	*abono-ni/ne	PN
a	8	wet		*a'bi
a	9	hill, slope		*adami
a	10		trunk, stalk	*ade-ni/ne	PN
a	11	tree		*aga(-ni/ne)	PN
a	12	yawn		*agaa
a	13	here		*ahi-
a	14		sing; song, music	*ahie-		see also t5
a	15	cashew		*ajowa
a	16	satisfied (after eating)		*akhari
a	17	socó heron		*ama'ahawa
a	18	blood		*ama(-ni/ne)	PN
a	19	sociozinho heron		*amasawari
a	20	mother		*ami-
a	21	crab		*amo
a	22	be good		*amoshi
a	23	star		*amowa
a	25	small bamboo sp.; flute made from it		*api
a	26	leaf		*apha-ni/ne	PN	see also j12
a	27	soft material inside something (e.g., brains, marrow)		*aphone(-ni/ne)	PN
a	28		sister	*asima
a	29	skin		*asiphi-ni/ne	PN
a	30	mud hole, swamp		*ata
a	31	skin, bark		*atero-ni/ne, *etaro-ni/ne	PN
a	32	thorn		*ati-ni/ati-ne//ati(w)a	PN
a	33		stick, sticky; put, place	*atha
a	34	forehead		*atha-ni/ne	PN
a	35	voice, language		*athi-ni/ne	PN
a	36		see; be visible	*awa-
a	37	wasp		*awani
a	38	tapir		*awi
a	39	small ant with painful bite		*awitha
a	40	tongue		*abeno-ni/ne, *ebano-ni/ne	PN
’a	1	father's sister, mother-in-law		*'aasho
’a	2		father's sister, mother-in-law	*'aboni		see also w1
’a	3	older sister		*'adia
’a	4	tingui (fish poison)		*'akonaha
’a	5	piau sp. (fish)		*'awida
b	1	beat, hit		*baa
b	2	pluck, pick		*bada
b	3	(his/her) father's brother		*badi-
b	4	deer		*bado(e)
b	5		leafstalk, aerial roots; new leaf, crotch	*baha-ni/ne	PN
b	6	surubim (large fish)		*bahama
b	7	thunder, lightning		*bahi
b	8	small/young turtle		*baishi
b	10		fat; thick	*bajina (or *bajini)
b	11	break		*baka
b	12	chest, underside		*Bakho-ni/ne
b	13	white		*Bakho
b	14	roast on coals		*bana- (or *ibana)
b	15	game animal, meat		*bani
b	16	axe		*bari
b	17	pound to flatten		*baro
b	18	tree sp.		*baro
b	19	pacu (fish sp.)		*basani
b	20	bitter		*bidaro
b	21	mandi (catfish sp.)		*bidama
b	22	carai (yam sp.)		*biha
b	23		feather, wing; arm, hand	*bihi-ni/ne	PN
b	24		small	*biriha-ro/ri
b	25		large mosquito (carapanã); biting gnat	*bitha
b	26	steal, rob		*bo'di-
b	27	paxiúba (palm tree)'		*boba
b	28	piece		*bobi-ni/ne	PN
b	29	owl sp.		*bobo
b	30	bacuri (fruit tree)		*bodi
b	31	inside, inner part of		*bodi-ni/ne
b	32	frog sp. that calls out when high water recedes		*boka
b	33		brave, angry; violence; threaten	*boke'i
b	34	close, cover aperture		*boko
b	35	(1) beak, upper lip; (2) fruit		*bono-ni/ne	PN
b	36	pull, tear out		*Bore
’b	1	tick		*'babo
’b	2	pretend		*'bada(ra)-
’b	3	beat		*'bakha
’b	4	rotten, putrid		*'batha
’b	5		dirty; bad (smell)	*'biiXa
’b	6	stretch out legs		*'bishoni
’b	7	stingray		*'bo'dani
’b	8	old		*'bo'de
’b	9	imbariba (tree sp.)		*'boko
d	1	son		*da'o
d	2	give		*da(a)
d	3	hit, pound, spank		*da(ka) (or *ida(ka))
d	4	grab, hold		*dama
d	5	scrotum, testicles		*danapha-ni/ne	PN	see also n7
d	6	moth/butterfly		*daphopho
d	7	guan (bird sp.)		*dapo
d	8	ant sp.		*dasha(ri)
d	9	big leaf calathea (fish sp.)		*dawi
d	10	belch, burp		*dee-
d	11	wasp sp.		*deshishi
d	12	unfasten, undo, release		*disha
d	13	demolish, fell (tree)		*dobe
d	15	limp		*dokhi
d	16	tonka bean		*doni
d	17	inside part, abdomen		*doro-ni/ne
d	18	kingfisher		[*DiroDiro]
’d	1	head		*'da'di-ni/ne	PN
’d	2	fix, fasten		*'da(kha)
’d	3	lake		*'dako(rija)
’d	4	foot		*'dama-ni/ne	PN
’d	5	shake, rock		*'Dara
’d	6	peel (fruit, etc.)		*'dero
’d	7	jump		*'di-
’d	8	cicada		[*'Diriri]
’d	9	push, shove		*'Dokho
e	1	palm sp,		*ere
g	1	stand		*ga-
g	2	snail sp.		*gaho
g	3	dry		*gahoko
g	4	woolly monkey		*gapha
g	5	catch, grab		*gathi-
g	6	go		*gawa(hi)
g	7	to grate		*giheki
h	1	eat		*ha(wa)
h	2	be, exist		*ha-
h	3	grasshopper sp.		*habishe
h	4	root		*habo(ri)-ni/ne	PN
h	5	be ripe, mature		*hada
h	6	sneeze		*hadisha
h	7	bamboo sp., knife made from it		*hado
h	8	be burnt		*ha'di
h	9	path		*hagi(hi)(-ni/ne)	PN
h	10	laugh		*haha (or *haahaa)
h	11	web-spinning spider sp.		*hako
h	12	vine (for basket making)		*hama(ha)
h	13		angry, mean; rage, fury	*hami-
h	14	design, picture		*hano-ni/ne	PN
h	15	grandchild		*hanodi
h	16	heron sp.		*hanopi
h	17	blow, light fire		*hapho
h	18	breathe, rest		*hashi
h	19	patauá palm		*hawa
h	20	yes		*he'e
h	21		lick; eat a juicy fruit	*hero
h	22	now		*hida
h	23	beetle sp.		*hijabo
h	24	termite nest		*hijabo
h	25	white-lipped peccary		*hijama
h	26	tell (story)		*hijara (or *hijari)
h	27	bee sp., its honey		*hiji
h	28	let's go' (interjection)		*hiNa
h	29	mot-mot bird		*hiriti
h	30		suck, absorb; snigg, smell	*hishi
h	31	hole		*hodi-ni/ne	PN
h	32	great anteater		*hojawa
h	33	heron sp.		*honore
h	34	old, dried up		*horasa
h	35		play wind instrument; bark trumpet	*hori
i	1	put, place		*iba-
i	3	small piece		*ibisiCi
i	4	pierce, sting		*ida
i	5	back		*ide-ni/ne	PN
i	6	grandfather		*idi
i	7	animal		*igathe
i	8		medicine; poison on arrows and darts	*iha
i	9	pregnant		*ijahani
i	10	feces		*ijo(-ni/ne)	PN
i	11	lips		*ijahi-ni/ne
i	12		teach something; story, talk (noun)	*ima
i	13	meat		*ima-ni/ne	PN
i	14	ingai (tree and edible fruit)		*imi
i	15	branch		*ini-ni/ne	PN
i	16	tooth		*ino-ni/ne	PN
i	17	shaman		*iniowa (or iniwa)
i	18	lip, edge		*ipo-ni/ne	PN
i	19	leg, stalk		*isho-ni/ne	PN
i	20	to skin		*ite
j	1	new		*ja'di
j	2	stone		*ja'di
j	3	large insect (possibly daddy longlegs)		*ja'o
j	4	sloth sp.		*ja'o
j	5		abdomen, uterus; stomach; fat	*jaha-ni/ne	PN
j	6	howler monkey		*jajiko
j	7	toucan (Ramphastos genus)		*jakhi
j	8		thing, forest	*jama
j	9	house		*jamari-ni/ne	PN
j	10	food		*jamatapa
j	11	palm sp. (paxiubinha)		*jani
j	12	hand		*japa-ni/ne	PN
j	13	frog sp.		*japho'i (or *japhowi)
j	14	rat sp.		*japi
j	15	be angry		*jawa-
j	16	palm sp. (murumuru)		*jawana
j	17	peach palm		*jawida
j	18	heron sp.		*jawiro
j	19	ant sp. (tocandira)		*jimo (or *jomo)
j	20	(cooking) pot		*jipaha
j	21	fire, firewood		*jipho
j	22	hammock		*jiphowi
j	23	fruit tree sp.		*joha
j	24	breast, milk		*johari-ni/ne	PN
j	25	urine		*jokhari-ni/ne	PN
j	26	jaguar		*jomahi
j	27	scorpion		*jomowasha
j	28		night; shadow	*jome-ni/ne	PN
j	29	snake sp.		*jonirara
j	30	tail		*jopari-ni/ne	PN
j	31	to order		*joshe'e-
j	32	buttocks		*joto-ni/ne	PN
j	33	coati (quati)		*jotomi
j	34	capuchin monkey		*jowi(hi)
j	35	frog sp.		*joiwa
k	1	cut, chop		*ka
k	2	sand		*kaaxijo
k	3	to vomit		*ka'bi
k	4	window		*kathena
k	5	cook, roast		*ka'ari
k	6	urucuri (a palm)		*kahami
k	7	tie, fasten		*kaho
k	8	louse		*kamati
k	9	dove sp.		*kamowa
k	10	butterfly		*kamakokojo
k	11	chin		*kanada-ni/ne (or *anada-ni/-ne)	PN
k	12	small toad sp.		*kapakapa
k	13	ant sp.		*kaposhiri
k	14	biting fly (mutuca)		*karajati
k	15	(shoot with) blow-gun		*kariboba
k	16	necklace, beads		*kasoro
k	17	pepper		*kashi'i
k	18	banana sp.		*katomi		see also s5
k	19	oriole		*kawashiro
k	20	howler monkey		*kawina
k	21		mixed; to lubricate, paint	*kete(ma)
k	22		defecate, be ill	*kija
k	23	maize, sweet corn		*kimi
k	24	three-toed sloth		*kiriwe
k	25	armadillo (tatu)		*kishi-
k	26	capuchin monkey		*kiso
k	27	spill		*kitxV
k	28	hit, beat		*koba
k	29	sweet manioc (macaxeira)		*kojo
k	30	tucunaré (fish sp.)		*kosop(h)a
k	31	woodpecker sp.		*koka
k	32	mother's brother, father-in-law		*koko
k	33	small eagle sp.		*koko(w)i
k	34	pain		*koma(-ni/ne)	PN
k	35		eat, be satisfied; suck (on)	*komi
k	36	trogon (bird sp.)		*komi
k	37	hair		*kona(-ni/ne)	PN
k	38	to bathe		*konaha
k	39	toad sp.		[*kore-]
k	40	palm sp. with thorns		*korira
k	41	throw		*koro
k	42	to whip		*koshi
k	43	kinkajou (jupara, night monkey)		*kosikosi
k	44		point, end; piece of	*kota-ni/ne	PN
k	45	tortoise		*kowasa
k	46	to weave		*kowa-
k	47	palm sp.		*kowasaki
k	48	to whistle		*kowika
kh	1	go, be in motion		*kha-
kh	2	hard, firm		*khaara
kh	3		dance; (women) sing	*khajobi-
kh	4	(be) heavy		*khanaha
kh	5	kingfisher (ariramba)		*khere
kh	6	see, look at		*khi
kh	7	scratch, tickle		*khiri
kh	8	knee, joint		*khobabari-ni/ne	PN
kh	9	nakedness		*khoriha-ni/ne	PN
kh	10	fish sp. (prob. jeju)		*khorobo
kh	11	to growl (of dog)		*khororo
kh	12	blowfly		*khorowira
m	1	(Indian) person		*madiha
m	2	vine, rope		*mado(-ni/ne)	PN
m	3	tie (e.g., cord on bow)		*mado-		probably related to m2
m	4	sun		*mahi
m	5	smell		*maho-ni/ne	PN
m	6	tree sp. with cottonlike growth		*mahowa
m	7	pajurá (tree sp.)		*majo
m	8		heart; belly	*makawari(-ni/ne)	PN
m	9	snake		*makha		(generic)
m	10	man, husband		*makhira
m	11	exchange, price		*manako-ni/ne	PN
m	12	ant sp.		*mapho
m	13	bat		*mase
m	14	father's sister, mother-in-law		*mashodini		see also 'a1
m	15	moon, month		*masiko
m	16	buttocks, tree stump		*mata-ni/ne
m	17		neck; back of neck	*matho-ni/ne	PN
m	18	ant sp.		*me'i
m	19		give birth to; defecate	*mihi
m	20	electric eel		*mina'di
m	21	porcupine		*mishe
m	22	hear, listen		*mitha-
m	23	anteater (tamanduá)		*modo
m	24	larva of fly (laid in skin)		*moho
m	25	resin, beeswax		*moja
m	26		honey bee; wasp	*monamona
m	27		message, news; noise, sound	*moni
m	28	fish sp.		*moro
m	29		bite, crush between the teeth; pierce	*moto
m	30	termite		*mototowa
m	31	flower, blossom		*mowe-ni/ne (or *mawa-ni/ne)	PN
m	32	night monkey		*mowi
n	1	big		*na'bi(ha)-
n	2	paxiúba-barriguda (palm sp.)		*nabohi
n	3	underside, lower part, below		*nabopa(-ni/ne)	PN
n	4	later		*naho(thi)
n	5	ground		*nami
n	6	to show		*namitha
n	7	egg		*napha-ni/ne or *inapha-ni/ne	PN	cf. d5 *danapha ni/ne 'scrotum, testicles'
n	8	ear		*naribo-ni/ne	PN
n	9	measure		*nathomV
n	10	know		*nawato
n	11	upper part of, above; sky		*neme(-ni/ne)	PN
n	12	squeeze		*niki
n	13	show		*noke
n	14	wait for		*nokhV
n	15		face, eye, middle	*nokho-ni/ne	PN
n	16	to wake		*nokho
n	17	door		*nokho bihiri
n	18	sleep		*nokhobisha
n	19		(finger/toe) nail	*nokhoshi-ni/ne	PN
n	20	to like, want		*nophV-
o	1	be one, be alone		*ohari (or *wahari)
o	2	cry, weep		*ohi
o	3		make smoke; light emitted from source; to give off light	*oja
o	4		pigeon; dove sp. (juriti)	*okoko
o	5	alligator sp.		*ona
o	6	name		*oni-ni/ne	PN
o	7	genipap (jenipapo)		*ora
o	8	to paddle, mix		*ori
o	9	cará (fish sp.)		*otawi
o	10	frog sp.		*owawa
p	1	garden		*p(h)adara
p	2	gourd		*paho
p	3	two		*pama-
p	4	(his) wife		*panadi
p	5	thigh		*panakho-ni/ne	PN
p	6	assai palm		*para'i
p	7		stick, handle; house girder; to straighten	*pini-ni/ne	PN
p	8	illuminate, shine on		*piri
p	9		squirrel monkey (macaco-de-cheiro, Saimiri sciurus); marmoset (small monkey)	*pishi
p	10	lie down		*poma (or *pona)
p	11	high, large		*pota
p	12	to drink		*pawe
p	13	(bitter) manioc		*po'a (or *powa)
ph	1	water, liquid		*phaha(-ni/ne)	PN
ph	2		sprouting; hatch (egg); open (e.g., clouds)	*phata
ph	3	to spit (at/into)		[*phito (or *phiro)]
ph	4	disappear from view		*PHiri
ph	5	small bird sp.		[*PHiriri]
ph	6	mortar (for grinding)		*phowa
r	1	show, point at		*rajopi
r	2	pull out, snatch away		*rajopha
r	3	swell, overflow		*raphowa
r	5		rub, scour; perforate, bore	*rawijo
r	6		spread out, disordered; disappear	*riphira
r	7	shake, rock		*Roko
s	1		cloud, foam	*sabi
s	3	pierce, sting, shoot with arrow		*saka
s	4	passion fruit (maracuja)		*sanaro
s	5	banana sp.		*satomi		see also k18
s	6	to sharpen		*sejo
s	7	fish sp.		*siraba
s	8	suck, absorb		*soso
s	9		sweep; scratch, scrape	*sowe
sh	1	peel, separate layers		*sha
sh	2	otter		*shabira
sh	3	eagle-hawk (Harpia harpia)		*shabiria
sh	4	vine sp.		*shahi
sh	5	lung fish (traira)		*shako
sh	6	pineapple		*shami
sh	7	gnaw		*shawari		cf. hi *ha(wa) 'eat'
sh	8	burn		*sharV
sh	9	weasel sp. (irara)		*shawa(ri)
sh	10	sand		*shiki-
sh	11	tobacco, snuff		*shina
sh	12	agouti (cutia)		*shinama
sh	13	to toast (e.g., manioc)		*shira
sh	14	turtle (tartaruga)		*shire
sh	15	be cold		*shiri-
sh	16		drip, drop; sprinkle (liquids); flow, pour; urinate	*sho(roro)
sh	17	navel		*shobori-ni/ne	PN
sh	18	to wash		*shoko
sh	19		scum, froth; starchy juice, gum	*shoko-ni/ne	PN
sh	20	tie, fasten, bind		*shokV
sh	21	earthworm		*shomi
sh	22	to fall		*shona
sh	23	fruit vine sp.		*shabono
t	1		throat; neck	*TaBidi-ni/ne	PN
t	2	roast over fire		*tabishe
t	3	stir, mix, crush (in water)		*tabo
t	4		home, village; bed, sleeping place, seat	*tabora-ni/ne (or *taboro-ni/-ne)	PN
t	5	song about		*tahieri-ni/ne	PN
t	6	ant sp.		*takasiri
t	7		matamatá tree; envira tree	*tamajara
t	8	monkey sp. (macaco parauaçu, Pithecia monachus)		*tamakori
t	9	jack fruit tree		*tamino
t	10	sweat		*tanikho-ni/ne	PN
t	11	pied-crested oropendola (type of oriole, japu)		*tano
t	12	eat		*tapa
t	13	food		*tapa(ri)-ni/ne	PN	cf. t12
t	14	leaf bundle for wrapping		*taphowe-ni/ne	PN
t	15	shellfish		*taro
t	16		medicine, seasoning	*tasha-ni/ne	PN	cf. t19 *tesha-ni/ne
t	17		first, firstly, first place, go first	*Tatide
t	18	black-fronted nunbird (bico-de-brasa)		*tawikhoro(ro)
t	19	companion of		*tesha-ni/ne	PN
t	20	cut with knife, scissors		*ti-
t	21	gull (gaviota)		[*tihe]
t	22	daughter		*to
t	23	nighthawk (bacurau)		*tobejaro (or *tobejero)
t	24	imitate		*tomi-
t	25	bone		*tona-ni/ne	PN
t	26	snail sp.		*topawa
t	27	vine sp.		*topi
t	29	bamboo sp. (taboca) and flute made from it		*totore
th	1	tread on, step on		*thahi
th	2	upstream		*-thima		(verb suffix)
th	3	to cough, a cough		*thoho
th	4	light, nimble, quick, agile, easy		*thoja
tx	1		thin, flat	*txeperi
tx	2	sour(ness)		*txika'da
tx	3	sweet		*txina
w	1	brother-in-law for man		*wabo		see also 'a2
w	2		to dream, to sleep	*wadami- (verb)		see also w3
w	3	a dream		*wadari-ni/ne	PN
w	4		light (noun); brightness of; clearness	*waha-ni/ne
w	5	cicada		*wahano
w	6	large mosquito (carapanã)		*waharo
w	7	liver		*wahati-ni/ne	PN
w	8	river		*waini
w	9	be hungry		*waipemi-
w	10	abiurana (covering several trees of genus Lucuma)		*waishowa
w	11	to bite		*waji
w	12	tree sp.		*wakana
w	13		spinx-month larva; caterpillar sp.	*wakari
w	14	tree with resin which is used to light fires		*wami
w	15	spider sp.		*wanakoRi
w	16	owl sp.		*wapa
w	17	cotton		*wape
w	18	oar, paddle		*waRami
w	19	chachalaca (bird, aracuã)		*wara-
w	20	tree sp. with soft wood		*warakana
w	21	kapok ceibe tree (samatima, Ceiba pendandra)		*wasina (or *wasini)
w	22	lungs		*washabori-ni/ne	PN
w	23	fruit tree sp.		*watama
w	24		walk bent over; rapid, swift; run fast	*watxi
w	25	rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis)		*wekhe'i
w	26	to dig		*wi
w	27		container for; in company with	*wijehe-ni/ne	PN
w	28	cashew sp.		*winika
w	29	nose		*wiridi-ni/ne	PN
w	30	throw water, bail out		*wisha
w	31	cut, saw		*wishi(na)
w	32	sit		*witha-
x	1	urucu (Bixa orellana; red paint made from fruit)		*xidepe
x	2	sweet manioc (macaxeira)		*ximeka