Appendix:Proto-Zapotec reconstructions
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Proto-Zapotec reconstructions by Benton (1988)[1] and Operstein (2012)[2]:
Benton (1988)
[edit]| No. | English gloss | Proto-Zapotec |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | owe | *-thaʔkwi/*-theʔkwi |
| 2. | teach | *theʔNte |
| 3. | show | *loʔywe |
| 4. | thin | *laʔttha |
| 5. | hidden | *kkaʔttye |
| 6. | pimple | *keʔNcho |
| 7. | honey | *cheʔNna/*tyeʔNna |
| 8. | night | *tyaʔNla/*tyeʔla/*kyeʔla |
| 9. | pinewood | *tyeʔtyi |
| 10. | word/language | *tiʔchi-tha (word-people=language) |
| 11. | blood | *tyeNnne |
| 12. | vapor | *kwittyeN |
| 13. | coffin | *kini |
| 14. | die | *(k)ati |
| 15. | lard | *thaN |
| 16. | go away | *xe/*xeN |
| 17. | earthquake | *shyo |
| 18. | cough | *tyo(ː)ʔ |
| 19. | squirrel | *nikwe-tyiʔttha |
| 20. | supper | *ssh-ccheʔN |
| 21. | many | *thaʔ-ya |
| 22. | many (2) | *tha-ya-ni |
| 23. | reply, say | *(kk/kkw)akwi |
| 24. | witch | *nikwe-cha(ː)ʔ-(ccho), ni(thV)-yeʔ |
| 25. | seated | *thoʔ-kwa (lit. stand-down/below) |
| 26. | standing | *thoʔ-lli (lit. stand-straight) |
| 27. | louse | *nikwe(ʔ)-ttyeN |
| 28. | nit | *nikwe(ʔ)-ttyeN-yaʔ |
| 29. | above | *(ki)-yaʔ (*yaʔ is reconstruction for "hand") |
| 30. | below | *ki/ni-yaʔ (Also reconstruction for "foot") |
| 31. | below (2) | *ketta, *lyetta |
| 32. | deep place (water) | *keʔla, tyeʔla |
| 33. | send | *ssheʔlla, *theʔlla |
| 34. | flat/level | *laʔttyï |
| 35. | prickly-pear fruit | *kwityï |
| 36. | child | *shiʔni |
| 37. | eagle | *nikwe-tthiyaː |
| 38. | be burned | *choʔyi |
| 39. | whoʔ | *ttyo, nyo |
| 40. | dark | *sshinni |
| 41. | intestines | *thiʔ/*shiʔ |
| 42. | with | *no/*na |
| 43. | mute | *kokkwa |
| 44. | bitter | *lla |
| 45. | sweathouse | *yaN |
| 46. | flute | *(kwi)-ccheN |
| 47. | sin | *kkeN, teN |
| 48. | tongue | *loychi |
| 49. | wind | *nikweN |
| 50. | stale | *kwityeN |
| 51. | hard | *keNtyeN |
| 52. | comb | *kwe(ʔ)-(xw) |
| 53. | mirror | *(k)wana |
| 54. | water gourd | *shika |
| 55. | hair | *kicchi/*kiccha |
| 56. | chayote | *ya(ː)kkwa |
| 57. | dough | *kkokwaː |
| 58. | yam, root | *koː |
| 59. | tepache | *nnokkwi |
| 60. | corn (dry shelled) | *shoʔkwa |
| 61. | open, clear | *(n-sh-)yaʔla |
| 62. | cornsmut | *nikweʔ-yeN |
| 63. | sour | *thiːʔ |
| 64. | morning | *shiʔlla |
| 65. | cactus (nopal) | *kwaʔ/kaʔ-ya |
| 66. | meat | *kweʔla |
| 67. | moon | *nikweʔ-yaː/yoː |
| 68. | crack | *kiʔcchi |
| 69. | charcoal | *kwoʔ |
| 70. | yesterday | *nnaʔxa |
| 71. | metal | *kiʔkwa |
| 72. | chile | *kiʔnna |
| 73. | banana | *kwe/ke-doʔ-a |
| 74. | feather | *toʔykwi |
| 75. | soot | *n(i)lan |
| 76. | life | *ne-kwanni/wanni |
| 77. | eight | *ssyo-nna/nnu |
| 78. | roadrunner | *nikwe-ssyoː/tye |
| 79. | Ejutla (town) | *kwi/wi-tha |
| 80. | dandruff, powder | *(kwe)-to(ː)ʔ-yV |
| 81. | wolf | *nikwe-xwoː/yoː |
| 82. | anus | *kwe/sho-shi, kwe-(tya)-shi |
| 83. | new | *kkoYkwi |
| 84. | pineapple | *(kwe)-shiʔcho/chiʔcho |
| 85. | scar, mole | *kwe-yaʔ |
| 86. | blind | *-kaʔ |
| 87. | day before yesterday | *(Yke)-naxa-ttha |
| 88. | foot | *ki/ni-yaʔ |
| 89. | toad | *nikweʔ-tyeN |
| 90. | yellow (1) | *(n/k)yaʔ-che, kaʔ(N)-YteN |
| 91. | paper | *kiʔ-ttyeN |
| 92. | snake | *nikweʔ-lla |
| 93. | skunk | *nikweʔ-tta/YttaN |
| 94. | fox | *nikweʔ-tha/thaN |
| 95. | sky | *(ki)-kwaʔ(N)-xV |
| 96. | man | *ni-keʔ-yu |
| 97. | fiesta | *tthaʔ (probably from 'relative') |
| 98. | flea | *nikweʔ-yu |
| 99. | patio | *(ke)-laʔ-ya |
| 100. | fence | *(ke)-loʔ-ya |
| 101. | house | *niʔ |
| 102. | weed | *kisshi |
| 103. | arm, shoulder | *she(ʔ)kko/*she(ʔ)xxw |
| 104. | root | *llo |
| 105. | dove | *nikwe-ko |
| 106. | cheek | *sshaka/*cchaka |
| 107. | weaver's stick | *shiʔkwi/*chiʔkwi |
| 108. | leaf-cutter ant | *nikwe-yoʔkwa |
| 109. | cross (v) | *teʔNti |
| 110. | powder (also possibly tobacco) | *keʔtha |
| 111. | pond, deep water | *keʔla |
| 112. | inside, stomach | *laʔnni/*naʔnni |
| 113. | big | *thenna/*shella |
| 114. | flower | *kiyaʔ/*kiyaʔN/*kiyaʔx |
| 115. | tadpole | *nikwe-lloʔlla |
| 116. | roasting ear | *thaʔN |
| 117. | dog | *nikwe-xxwo |
| 118. | iguana lizard | *nikwe-ttyaʔ-ttyeN |
| 119. | green | *kaʔ-ye |
| 121. | seven | *ka-tya |
| 122. | three | *ccho-nna |
| 123. | two | *ttyo-kkwa |
| 124. | twenty | *ka-llxV |
| 125. | clay griddle | *tyeNlla |
| 126. | thorn | *ke(ʔ)Ncchi |
| 127. | beans | *thaːʔ |
| 128. | beans (2) | *thaːʔ-yaʔ |
| 130. | raise | *-l/k-xattha |
| 131. | grindstone | *keNttyeN |
| 132. | be afraid | *cheʔNkweN |
| 133. | empty (adj) | *laʔttya |
| 134. | empty (v) | *laʔtta |
| 135. | tar | *kinni |
| 136. | Sola de Vega (town) | *xwattyeN |
| 137. | peaceful | *cheʔN |
| 138. | milk, sap | *niʔtyeN |
| 139. | man's brother | *kweNttyeN |
| 140. | cool | *k(w)allV |
| 141. | deer | *nikwe-tyeNnna (see also RAT) |
| 142. | grey hair (also may have meant trash) | *(ttoʔ)kkwa |
| 143. | hole | *keʔNtyo |
| 144. | year, feast | *laʔnna |
| 145. | close (v) | *-tth-yaʔNxw |
| 146. | bone | *tyeNtta |
| 147. | woman's sister | *kwella |
| 148. | mamey (kind of fruit) | *kella |
| 149. | more | *thi |
| 150. | blister | *nikwe-ttyi-yaʔ |
| 151. | fingernail | *(kwi)-sho-ka/ya |
| 152. | chicken | *nxiʔti |
| 153. | tenate | *tyoʔkwa |
| 155. | tortilla | *ketta |
| 156. | squash | *keNtto |
| 157. | black | *(k)aʔtthVx |
| 158. | adobe | *-tthoʔ |
| 159. | nest | *-yaʔtha |
| 160. | baby | *nikwe-toʔ |
| 161. | old | *xoʔssha(N) |
| 162. | bed | *loʔna/*noʔna |
| 163. | warm | *-chaʔ |
| 164. | short | *sshoʔkwi |
| 165. | short (2) | *kwiʔ-ttyo |
| 166. | full | *chaʔ |
| 167. | pinecone | *nikwe-(sh)ika |
| 168. | maguey | *to(ː)kwa |
| 169. | shadow | *kkwaʔla |
| 171. | intelligent | *-tthinna |
| 172. | free, loose | *-laʔ(-w) |
| 173. | four | *tta-kkwa |
| 174. | delicate | *-ta |
| 175. | lighten | *chaccha |
| 176. | lame | *kkoY/ttoY-ssho |
| 177. | leather, skin | *kiti |
| 178. | river | *kaʔNxw/*tyaʔNxw |
| 179. | necklace | *kweʔka/*kwaʔkka |
| 180. | cloud | *sshVka-(xwo/xo)-beN |
| 181. | buzzard | *kweNcchi |
| 182. | avocado | *k/l-yassho |
| 183. | rain | *ki-yaxV/laxV |
| 184. | long time | *ssh-ccheN |
| 185. | alligator | *nikweʔ-na |
| 186. | mushroom | *nikweʔ-ya |
| 187. | lazy | *-eʔte |
| 188. | guage (tree) | *laʔ |
| 189. | you (sg) | *lyoʔ |
| 190. | here (in an elevated position) | *kaʔ |
| 191. | here (not elevated) | *tyeʔN/*neʔN |
| 192. | mouth | *tyoʔ-wa |
| 193. | forty | *tyoʔ-wa |
| 194. | ten | *ttyeʔN-ya |
| 195. | fifteen | *ttyeʔN-nna(N) |
| 196. | back | *teʔNttya(N) |
| 197. | one | *ttoy-kwa |
| 198. | six | *sshoʔ-kkwa |
| 199. | nine | *kaʔ(y)-ya |
| 200. | five | *kaʔ-ya(N) |
| 201. | master, owner | *(kwe/kwa)-sh-waʔna |
| 202. | petate | *taːʔ |
| 203. | sharp, pointed | *lloʔ- |
| 204. | few | *she-yaʔ/naʔ |
| 205. | slow | *ccheʔ/*ssheʔ |
| 206. | seed | *nikwe-tyeʔN |
| 207. | cloth | *la(ʔ)tyeN/*na(ʔ)tyeN |
| 208. | bent | *chon-go/*len-go/*tyen-go |
| 209. | cat | *kwicchi/*kwittho |
| 210. | whistle | *kwi(-cchi-)w |
| 211. | baby boy | *kweʔtho/*kwaʔssho |
| 213. | small crab | *kweN |
| 214. | nipple | *zhityeN |
| 215. | cotton | *sshiʔlli |
| 216. | oppossum | *nikwe-kweʔtha/leʔtha |
| 217. | crow | *kwe-yakka |
| 218. | ice | *keʔka |
| 219. | tendon | *kikwi |
| 220. | sickly | *keNcha |
| 221. | red | *na-ya |
| 222. | leaf | *(kwa-)llaka |
| 223. | tree | *yaʔ-ka |
| 224. | home | *leNtyeN |
| 225. | cornhusk | *kkwela |
| 226. | ear of corn | *ke/ne-tha |
| 227. | placenta | *lityeN |
| 228. | face | *lo |
| 229. | year | *itha |
| 230. | mud | *-kwenn-yo |
| 231. | low, near | *kasshxw |
| 232. | termite | *nikwe-sshi(-chi-) |
| 233. | net | *keNsshVx |
| 235. | neck | *yanni |
| 236. | bird | *nikinni |
| 237. | shout | *kweNchi-yaʔ |
| 238. | arrive | *tyeNna |
| 239. | rat | *nikwe-tyeʔNnna (see also DEER) |
| 240. | son in law | *nikwe-koʔtyeN |
| 241. | now | *n(n)a |
| 242. | male | *(ni)kola |
| 243. | star | *nikwe-la(ː)xw |
| 244. | raccoon | *nikwe-she-ya |
| 245. | armadillo | *nikwe(-sho-)-kkwi |
| 246. | incense | *yaʔla |
| 248. | ringtailed cat | *nikwe-shiʔcho |
| 249. | mix | *yoʔ/sha-cha |
| 250. | sugarcane | *n/ketta |
| 251. | clay pot | *keʔttho |
| 252. | work | *tyeʔNnna |
| 253. | palm tree | *thina |
| 254. | bee | *nikwe-tho |
| 255. | water | *nittha |
| 256. | walk | *tha |
| 257. | burn, sting | *choʔyV |
| 258. | waterpot | *tyeʔN |
| 260. | heart | *laʔtyeN-toʔ |
| 261. | squeeze | *ttheʔN |
| 262. | town | *ke(ʔ)NcheN |
| 263. | arrow | *kwatha |
| 264. | cold | *lla |
| 265. | lard | *tha |
| 266. | ant | *nikwe-tyeʔN |
| 267. | nephew | *shiʔni-yaka/tthoʔkwa |
| 268. | standing | *lliʔ |
| 269. | day after tomorrow | *wi-cheN/cha |
| 271. | branch | *shoʔtyeN |
| 272. | frog | *sheʔnV |
| 273. | laugh | *shiʔtyeN |
| 274. | father | *kwi-sshottha |
| 275. | soft (material) | *koʔy-tyeN |
| 276. | tejon | *nikwe-shiʔcho |
| 277. | sun | *nikwe-cha |
| 278. | son-in-law | *(kweN/neN-)koʔ-yityeN (lit. 'enter-home') |
| 279. | fox | *nikwe-thaʔ |
| 280. | mold | *nVkweʔN(yV) |
| 281. | turkey | *nikwe-(ch)xV |
| 282. | rock | *kexV |
| 283. | flour | *kethVw |
| 284. | water hole/well | *kwexV |
| 285. | drink (v.) | *-xeʔ |
| 286. | eat | *-(t)aw/*xaw |
| 287. | lower | *-lyetta/*-xetta |
| 288. | bathe | *-xatha |
| 289. | run away | *shoʔnnx |
| 290. | play | *tyeNtta/*xeNtta |
| 291. | pay | *tishe/*tixw |
| 292. | among/between | *latx |
Operstein (2012)
[edit]| English gloss | Proto-Zapotec |
|---|---|
| (habitual aspect) | *tye- |
| (egg)shell | *kwe-ttyokaʔ |
| ant | *kwe-’tyeʔ |
| back; behind | *tittzi |
| bone | *tyitta |
| breast | *xityi |
| clay griddle | *’tyiʔla |
| cough | *tyoːʔ |
| dark | *ttyuːʔlla |
| deer | *kwe-tzinaʔ |
| domestic bird; turkey | *kw-etya |
| emotional center | *’laʔtyiʔ |
| foam | *kwe-(t)tziːʔnaʔ |
| frighten | *ok-tzekwε |
| frog | *kw-etyiʔ |
| head hair | *kittzaʔ |
| heart | *laʔtyiʔ-tawoʔ |
| hidden | *(na-)kaʔttziʔ |
| hole | *’keːʔtyu |
| honey | *(kwe-)tzinaʔ |
| iguana | *(ko-)wattziʔ |
| large wild feline | *kw-eːʔtzi(k) |
| louse | *kw-eːʔttyiʔ |
| maguey fiber | *keːtze |
| mother’s milk | *niːʔtyiʔ |
| mouth | *’tyoʔwa |
| nest | *kwe-ttyeːʔsa |
| paper | *kiʔttyi |
| pimple | *keʔtzuʔ |
| pine | *ketye |
| pineapple | *xitzuʔ |
| pus, snot | *kuːʔtzeʔ |
| quern | *kiːʔttzi |
| rabbit | *kw-ittzi |
| seed | *kweːʔtyiʔ |
| seven | *’katyi |
| son-in-law | *(kwa-)kuːtzi ~ *xuʔutzi |
| squirrel | *kwe-’tyiːʔ(s)sa |
| stewpan | *ttzäʔ |
| ten | *k-tyiːʔ |
| thorn | *kettzeʔ |
| three | *ttzonna |
| to arrive | *tyina |
| to be/get hot | *tzeʔa |
| to burst, break | *-attzok |
| to cut | *ok-tyoːʔko |
| to end | *tyä |
| to find | *tzela |
| to get fat/big | *’tyaʔwo |
| to hide | *o(k)-kaːʔttziʔ |
| to mix, stir | *ok-oːʔttza |
| to nurse | *atyiʔ |
| to play music | *ok-kw-etzi |
| to shout, cry | *kw-etzi |
| to squeeze | *ok-k-iːʔttzi |
| tomato | *kwe-ttyuːxxik |
| tongue | *luːʔtzeʔ |
| turkey | *’kw-ety(a) |
| two | *k-tyoppa |
| valley | *laʔttyiʔ |
| voice | *ttyiʔi |
| water jug | *tyeʔe |
| white | *kw-eːʔttyiʔ |
| white | *na-kattyi |
| work | *tyiːʔna |
| yellow | *ku-ttzi |
References
[edit]- ^ Benton, Joseph. 1988. Proto-Zapotec phonology. SIL International.
- ^ Operstein, Natalie. 2012. Proto-Zapotec *tty/*ty and *ttz/*tz. International Journal of American Linguistics, Vol. 78, No. 1 (January 2012), pp. 1-40