Appendix:Proto-Zapotec reconstructions
Appearance
Proto-Zapotec reconstructions by Benton (1988)[1] and Operstein (2012)[2]:
Benton (1988)
[edit]No. | English gloss | Proto-Zapotec |
---|---|---|
1. | owe | *-thaʔkwi/*-theʔkwi |
2. | teach | *theʔNte |
3. | show | *loʔywe |
4. | thin | *laʔttha |
5. | hidden | *kkaʔttye |
6. | pimple | *keʔNcho |
7. | honey | *cheʔNna/*tyeʔNna |
8. | night | *tyaʔNla/*tyeʔla/*kyeʔla |
9. | pinewood | *tyeʔtyi |
10. | word/language | *tiʔchi-tha (word-people=language) |
11. | blood | *tyeNnne |
12. | vapor | *kwittyeN |
13. | coffin | *kini |
14. | die | *(k)ati |
15. | lard | *thaN |
16. | go away | *xe/*xeN |
17. | earthquake | *shyo |
18. | cough | *tyo(ː)ʔ |
19. | squirrel | *nikwe-tyiʔttha |
20. | supper | *ssh-ccheʔN |
21. | many | *thaʔ-ya |
22. | many (2) | *tha-ya-ni |
23. | reply, say | *(kk/kkw)akwi |
24. | witch | *nikwe-cha(ː)ʔ-(ccho), ni(thV)-yeʔ |
25. | seated | *thoʔ-kwa (lit. stand-down/below) |
26. | standing | *thoʔ-lli (lit. stand-straight) |
27. | louse | *nikwe(ʔ)-ttyeN |
28. | nit | *nikwe(ʔ)-ttyeN-yaʔ |
29. | above | *(ki)-yaʔ (*yaʔ is reconstruction for "hand") |
30. | below | *ki/ni-yaʔ (Also reconstruction for "foot") |
31. | below (2) | *ketta, *lyetta |
32. | deep place (water) | *keʔla, tyeʔla |
33. | send | *ssheʔlla, *theʔlla |
34. | flat/level | *laʔttyï |
35. | prickly-pear fruit | *kwityï |
36. | child | *shiʔni |
37. | eagle | *nikwe-tthiyaː |
38. | be burned | *choʔyi |
39. | whoʔ | *ttyo, nyo |
40. | dark | *sshinni |
41. | intestines | *thiʔ/*shiʔ |
42. | with | *no/*na |
43. | mute | *kokkwa |
44. | bitter | *lla |
45. | sweathouse | *yaN |
46. | flute | *(kwi)-ccheN |
47. | sin | *kkeN, teN |
48. | tongue | *loychi |
49. | wind | *nikweN |
50. | stale | *kwityeN |
51. | hard | *keNtyeN |
52. | comb | *kwe(ʔ)-(xw) |
53. | mirror | *(k)wana |
54. | water gourd | *shika |
55. | hair | *kicchi/*kiccha |
56. | chayote | *ya(ː)kkwa |
57. | dough | *kkokwaː |
58. | yam, root | *koː |
59. | tepache | *nnokkwi |
60. | corn (dry shelled) | *shoʔkwa |
61. | open, clear | *(n-sh-)yaʔla |
62. | cornsmut | *nikweʔ-yeN |
63. | sour | *thiːʔ |
64. | morning | *shiʔlla |
65. | cactus (nopal) | *kwaʔ/kaʔ-ya |
66. | meat | *kweʔla |
67. | moon | *nikweʔ-yaː/yoː |
68. | crack | *kiʔcchi |
69. | charcoal | *kwoʔ |
70. | yesterday | *nnaʔxa |
71. | metal | *kiʔkwa |
72. | chile | *kiʔnna |
73. | banana | *kwe/ke-doʔ-a |
74. | feather | *toʔykwi |
75. | soot | *n(i)lan |
76. | life | *ne-kwanni/wanni |
77. | eight | *ssyo-nna/nnu |
78. | roadrunner | *nikwe-ssyoː/tye |
79. | Ejutla (town) | *kwi/wi-tha |
80. | dandruff, powder | *(kwe)-to(ː)ʔ-yV |
81. | wolf | *nikwe-xwoː/yoː |
82. | anus | *kwe/sho-shi, kwe-(tya)-shi |
83. | new | *kkoYkwi |
84. | pineapple | *(kwe)-shiʔcho/chiʔcho |
85. | scar, mole | *kwe-yaʔ |
86. | blind | *-kaʔ |
87. | day before yesterday | *(Yke)-naxa-ttha |
88. | foot | *ki/ni-yaʔ |
89. | toad | *nikweʔ-tyeN |
90. | yellow (1) | *(n/k)yaʔ-che, kaʔ(N)-YteN |
91. | paper | *kiʔ-ttyeN |
92. | snake | *nikweʔ-lla |
93. | skunk | *nikweʔ-tta/YttaN |
94. | fox | *nikweʔ-tha/thaN |
95. | sky | *(ki)-kwaʔ(N)-xV |
96. | man | *ni-keʔ-yu |
97. | fiesta | *tthaʔ (probably from 'relative') |
98. | flea | *nikweʔ-yu |
99. | patio | *(ke)-laʔ-ya |
100. | fence | *(ke)-loʔ-ya |
101. | house | *niʔ |
102. | weed | *kisshi |
103. | arm, shoulder | *she(ʔ)kko/*she(ʔ)xxw |
104. | root | *llo |
105. | dove | *nikwe-ko |
106. | cheek | *sshaka/*cchaka |
107. | weaver's stick | *shiʔkwi/*chiʔkwi |
108. | leaf-cutter ant | *nikwe-yoʔkwa |
109. | cross (v) | *teʔNti |
110. | powder (also possibly tobacco) | *keʔtha |
111. | pond, deep water | *keʔla |
112. | inside, stomach | *laʔnni/*naʔnni |
113. | big | *thenna/*shella |
114. | flower | *kiyaʔ/*kiyaʔN/*kiyaʔx |
115. | tadpole | *nikwe-lloʔlla |
116. | roasting ear | *thaʔN |
117. | dog | *nikwe-xxwo |
118. | iguana lizard | *nikwe-ttyaʔ-ttyeN |
119. | green | *kaʔ-ye |
121. | seven | *ka-tya |
122. | three | *ccho-nna |
123. | two | *ttyo-kkwa |
124. | twenty | *ka-llxV |
125. | clay griddle | *tyeNlla |
126. | thorn | *ke(ʔ)Ncchi |
127. | beans | *thaːʔ |
128. | beans (2) | *thaːʔ-yaʔ |
130. | raise | *-l/k-xattha |
131. | grindstone | *keNttyeN |
132. | be afraid | *cheʔNkweN |
133. | empty (adj) | *laʔttya |
134. | empty (v) | *laʔtta |
135. | tar | *kinni |
136. | Sola de Vega (town) | *xwattyeN |
137. | peaceful | *cheʔN |
138. | milk, sap | *niʔtyeN |
139. | man's brother | *kweNttyeN |
140. | cool | *k(w)allV |
141. | deer | *nikwe-tyeNnna (see also RAT) |
142. | grey hair (also may have meant trash) | *(ttoʔ)kkwa |
143. | hole | *keʔNtyo |
144. | year, feast | *laʔnna |
145. | close (v) | *-tth-yaʔNxw |
146. | bone | *tyeNtta |
147. | woman's sister | *kwella |
148. | mamey (kind of fruit) | *kella |
149. | more | *thi |
150. | blister | *nikwe-ttyi-yaʔ |
151. | fingernail | *(kwi)-sho-ka/ya |
152. | chicken | *nxiʔti |
153. | tenate | *tyoʔkwa |
155. | tortilla | *ketta |
156. | squash | *keNtto |
157. | black | *(k)aʔtthVx |
158. | adobe | *-tthoʔ |
159. | nest | *-yaʔtha |
160. | baby | *nikwe-toʔ |
161. | old | *xoʔssha(N) |
162. | bed | *loʔna/*noʔna |
163. | warm | *-chaʔ |
164. | short | *sshoʔkwi |
165. | short (2) | *kwiʔ-ttyo |
166. | full | *chaʔ |
167. | pinecone | *nikwe-(sh)ika |
168. | maguey | *to(ː)kwa |
169. | shadow | *kkwaʔla |
171. | intelligent | *-tthinna |
172. | free, loose | *-laʔ(-w) |
173. | four | *tta-kkwa |
174. | delicate | *-ta |
175. | lighten | *chaccha |
176. | lame | *kkoY/ttoY-ssho |
177. | leather, skin | *kiti |
178. | river | *kaʔNxw/*tyaʔNxw |
179. | necklace | *kweʔka/*kwaʔkka |
180. | cloud | *sshVka-(xwo/xo)-beN |
181. | buzzard | *kweNcchi |
182. | avocado | *k/l-yassho |
183. | rain | *ki-yaxV/laxV |
184. | long time | *ssh-ccheN |
185. | alligator | *nikweʔ-na |
186. | mushroom | *nikweʔ-ya |
187. | lazy | *-eʔte |
188. | guage (tree) | *laʔ |
189. | you (sg) | *lyoʔ |
190. | here (in an elevated position) | *kaʔ |
191. | here (not elevated) | *tyeʔN/*neʔN |
192. | mouth | *tyoʔ-wa |
193. | forty | *tyoʔ-wa |
194. | ten | *ttyeʔN-ya |
195. | fifteen | *ttyeʔN-nna(N) |
196. | back | *teʔNttya(N) |
197. | one | *ttoy-kwa |
198. | six | *sshoʔ-kkwa |
199. | nine | *kaʔ(y)-ya |
200. | five | *kaʔ-ya(N) |
201. | master, owner | *(kwe/kwa)-sh-waʔna |
202. | petate | *taːʔ |
203. | sharp, pointed | *lloʔ- |
204. | few | *she-yaʔ/naʔ |
205. | slow | *ccheʔ/*ssheʔ |
206. | seed | *nikwe-tyeʔN |
207. | cloth | *la(ʔ)tyeN/*na(ʔ)tyeN |
208. | bent | *chon-go/*len-go/*tyen-go |
209. | cat | *kwicchi/*kwittho |
210. | whistle | *kwi(-cchi-)w |
211. | baby boy | *kweʔtho/*kwaʔssho |
213. | small crab | *kweN |
214. | nipple | *zhityeN |
215. | cotton | *sshiʔlli |
216. | oppossum | *nikwe-kweʔtha/leʔtha |
217. | crow | *kwe-yakka |
218. | ice | *keʔka |
219. | tendon | *kikwi |
220. | sickly | *keNcha |
221. | red | *na-ya |
222. | leaf | *(kwa-)llaka |
223. | tree | *yaʔ-ka |
224. | home | *leNtyeN |
225. | cornhusk | *kkwela |
226. | ear of corn | *ke/ne-tha |
227. | placenta | *lityeN |
228. | face | *lo |
229. | year | *itha |
230. | mud | *-kwenn-yo |
231. | low, near | *kasshxw |
232. | termite | *nikwe-sshi(-chi-) |
233. | net | *keNsshVx |
235. | neck | *yanni |
236. | bird | *nikinni |
237. | shout | *kweNchi-yaʔ |
238. | arrive | *tyeNna |
239. | rat | *nikwe-tyeʔNnna (see also DEER) |
240. | son in law | *nikwe-koʔtyeN |
241. | now | *n(n)a |
242. | male | *(ni)kola |
243. | star | *nikwe-la(ː)xw |
244. | raccoon | *nikwe-she-ya |
245. | armadillo | *nikwe(-sho-)-kkwi |
246. | incense | *yaʔla |
248. | ringtailed cat | *nikwe-shiʔcho |
249. | mix | *yoʔ/sha-cha |
250. | sugarcane | *n/ketta |
251. | clay pot | *keʔttho |
252. | work | *tyeʔNnna |
253. | palm tree | *thina |
254. | bee | *nikwe-tho |
255. | water | *nittha |
256. | walk | *tha |
257. | burn, sting | *choʔyV |
258. | waterpot | *tyeʔN |
260. | heart | *laʔtyeN-toʔ |
261. | squeeze | *ttheʔN |
262. | town | *ke(ʔ)NcheN |
263. | arrow | *kwatha |
264. | cold | *lla |
265. | lard | *tha |
266. | ant | *nikwe-tyeʔN |
267. | nephew | *shiʔni-yaka/tthoʔkwa |
268. | standing | *lliʔ |
269. | day after tomorrow | *wi-cheN/cha |
271. | branch | *shoʔtyeN |
272. | frog | *sheʔnV |
273. | laugh | *shiʔtyeN |
274. | father | *kwi-sshottha |
275. | soft (material) | *koʔy-tyeN |
276. | tejon | *nikwe-shiʔcho |
277. | sun | *nikwe-cha |
278. | son-in-law | *(kweN/neN-)koʔ-yityeN (lit. 'enter-home') |
279. | fox | *nikwe-thaʔ |
280. | mold | *nVkweʔN(yV) |
281. | turkey | *nikwe-(ch)xV |
282. | rock | *kexV |
283. | flour | *kethVw |
284. | water hole/well | *kwexV |
285. | drink (v.) | *-xeʔ |
286. | eat | *-(t)aw/*xaw |
287. | lower | *-lyetta/*-xetta |
288. | bathe | *-xatha |
289. | run away | *shoʔnnx |
290. | play | *tyeNtta/*xeNtta |
291. | pay | *tishe/*tixw |
292. | among/between | *latx |
Operstein (2012)
[edit]English gloss | Proto-Zapotec |
---|---|
(habitual aspect) | *tye- |
(egg)shell | *kwe-ttyokaʔ |
ant | *kwe-’tyeʔ |
back; behind | *tittzi |
bone | *tyitta |
breast | *xityi |
clay griddle | *’tyiʔla |
cough | *tyoːʔ |
dark | *ttyuːʔlla |
deer | *kwe-tzinaʔ |
domestic bird; turkey | *kw-etya |
emotional center | *’laʔtyiʔ |
foam | *kwe-(t)tziːʔnaʔ |
frighten | *ok-tzekwε |
frog | *kw-etyiʔ |
head hair | *kittzaʔ |
heart | *laʔtyiʔ-tawoʔ |
hidden | *(na-)kaʔttziʔ |
hole | *’keːʔtyu |
honey | *(kwe-)tzinaʔ |
iguana | *(ko-)wattziʔ |
large wild feline | *kw-eːʔtzi(k) |
louse | *kw-eːʔttyiʔ |
maguey fiber | *keːtze |
mother’s milk | *niːʔtyiʔ |
mouth | *’tyoʔwa |
nest | *kwe-ttyeːʔsa |
paper | *kiʔttyi |
pimple | *keʔtzuʔ |
pine | *ketye |
pineapple | *xitzuʔ |
pus, snot | *kuːʔtzeʔ |
quern | *kiːʔttzi |
rabbit | *kw-ittzi |
seed | *kweːʔtyiʔ |
seven | *’katyi |
son-in-law | *(kwa-)kuːtzi ~ *xuʔutzi |
squirrel | *kwe-’tyiːʔ(s)sa |
stewpan | *ttzäʔ |
ten | *k-tyiːʔ |
thorn | *kettzeʔ |
three | *ttzonna |
to arrive | *tyina |
to be/get hot | *tzeʔa |
to burst, break | *-attzok |
to cut | *ok-tyoːʔko |
to end | *tyä |
to find | *tzela |
to get fat/big | *’tyaʔwo |
to hide | *o(k)-kaːʔttziʔ |
to mix, stir | *ok-oːʔttza |
to nurse | *atyiʔ |
to play music | *ok-kw-etzi |
to shout, cry | *kw-etzi |
to squeeze | *ok-k-iːʔttzi |
tomato | *kwe-ttyuːxxik |
tongue | *luːʔtzeʔ |
turkey | *’kw-ety(a) |
two | *k-tyoppa |
valley | *laʔttyiʔ |
voice | *ttyiʔi |
water jug | *tyeʔe |
white | *kw-eːʔttyiʔ |
white | *na-kattyi |
work | *tyiːʔna |
yellow | *ku-ttzi |
References
[edit]- ^ Benton, Joseph. 1988. Proto-Zapotec phonology. SIL International.
- ^ Operstein, Natalie. 2012. Proto-Zapotec *tty/*ty and *ttz/*tz. International Journal of American Linguistics, Vol. 78, No. 1 (January 2012), pp. 1-40