Appendix:Proto-Pomo reconstructions
Proto-Pomo reconstructions:[1]
McLendon (1973)
[edit]| gloss | Proto-Pomo |
|---|---|
| acorn | *biʔdú |
| afraid, to be | *kʰiˑyá, *kʰiyáˑ |
| angelica | *baʔk̓ówa |
| arm | *ʔiˑxál(ʸ) |
| armpit | *daˑyamá- |
| arrow | *hic̓úˑ |
| arrow | *baṭʰíy |
| ashes | *hiˑnó(x̣ò) |
| back | *bak̓oˑ |
| backbone | *hiʔk̓i, *k̓idí |
| bark (of tree) | *qʰahwálʸ |
| basket, sp. | *c̓óˑy |
| basket, sp. | *kʰiṭúˑ |
| basket, pack (open-woven) | *buhqʰál |
| basket, pack (close-woven) | *buhkí ? |
| basket, pounding | *miké |
| bear | *buˑṭáqa(lʸ) |
| bear, brown | *limá(ˑ) ? |
| bee | *koʔó(lʸ), *kaʔolʸó |
| behind, rear | *siˑlí, *silíˑ |
| belly | *ʔuhqʰá(ˑ) |
| below | *ʔiyów |
| big, sg. | *bahṭʰé, *bahṭʰén |
| big, pl. | *ʔahṭʰíy, *ʔahṭíynʸ |
| bird | *c̓iyíta ~ *c̓ihtá |
| bite, to | *qaˑné- |
| blackfish | *xaqʰál |
| blanket | *ʔihxí(ˑ) |
| blood | *baˑláy |
| body | *xiʔbá |
| bone | *ʔihyá(ˑ) |
| bow | *xihmúy, *xi(ʔ)mi |
| brains, head, protuberance | *hoʔt̓ó |
| bread, acorn | *qʰaṭó(ˑ) |
| break wind | *ʔihpʰéṭ- |
| breast, milk | *xiʔdónʸ |
| brother, mother's | *cúˑ-c̓i ~ *céˑ-c̓i |
| brother, older | *méqi |
| brother, father's younger | *kéqi |
| brother-in-law (i.e., wife's brother ?) | *mahá-, *háˑ |
| buckeye | *bahxá |
| buckeye nuts when soaked | *dihsá |
| bumblebee | *kʰeˑhéy |
| burn | *maˑlí- ~ *mahlá- |
| bush, sp. | *qȧ(h)nóˑ |
| buzzard | *kuhkʰí |
| carry in hands, to | *bi-ʔdíˑ-d(i)- |
| causative | *-hqa |
| chaparral | *seʔé |
| chest | *yeʔélʸ |
| child | *qaˑwí |
| clam | *x̣alá/ú |
| claw | *héˑc̓ |
| cloud | *qʰaʔbá(ˑ), *qʰaʔbú |
| clover | *ʔohsó |
| cold | *qahcíl, *qacˑi |
| come, to | *(h)wáˑdu- |
| cook, bake under ashes, to | *ʔihpʰá- |
| cottontail (rabbit) | *nóˑmik |
| cottonwood | *qaxálabʔ ~ *qáxalabʔ |
| coyote | *doˑwí |
| creek | *biʔdá |
| dance/song | *qʰé |
| daughter-in-law | *-ʔódʔ |
| daughter-in-law | *xowmi(ˑ-c̓i) |
| dawn, morning | *qʰaʔˑá |
| day | *makílʸ, *maˑkí |
| deer/meat | *bihxé |
| die, to | *q̓alálʸ ~ *q̓alá- |
| directional | *-lal |
| dirty | *c̓áʔc̓a |
| doe | *maṭʰéy |
| door | *hohwá |
| dove | *maˑyú, *maˑyúˑ |
| dream, to | *qʰaʔadˑú- |
| drink, to | *hoʔq̓ó(k) |
| duck | *q̓aˑyán (~ *q̓ayáˑn ?) |
| durative | *-kid- |
| ear | *xiˑmánʸ |
| earth | *ʔa(h)máṭ |
| east | *ʔaxóˑ |
| eat, chew, to | *qawá- |
| eat, to | *kuhˑú- |
| egg | *hik̓óˑ, *hik̓ó |
| elbow | *q̓o/uhsá |
| embers, charcoal | *mahsíkʔ/tʔ |
| enemy | *kuhmá |
| excrement | *ʔahpʰá |
| eye, face | *huʔúy |
| fat | *ʔihpʰúy |
| father | *meʔˑé |
| father, father's | *bá-ˑc̓i |
| father, mother's | *-ká-ˑc̓i |
| fawn | *nuhwákʔ |
| feather, small/down | *ʔahṭʰé ~ *ʔahṭʰén ? |
| feather, large | *hiʔˑí |
| fire | *ʔohx̣ó |
| first person singular subject | *haʔáˑ |
| first person singular object | *ʔawí-toˑ |
| first person singular possessive prefix | *ʔawí- |
| first personal plural subject | *awá-ya |
| first personal plural object | *ʔawá-ya-l |
| fish | *ʔahxá |
| five | *ṭuhxo |
| flea | *ʔiˑméla |
| flesh | *c̓iʔˑí |
| flint | *qʰahká |
| fly, to (1) | *hakˑá- ( ?) |
| fly, to (2) | *pʰudí- |
| fly, n. | *c̓amolʸ |
| food | *maʔá |
| foot | *qʰaˑmánʸ |
| forehead | *diˑlé |
| forest, deep, dense (hence shaded) | *xiˑyó |
| fox (1) | *haq̓áw |
| fox (2) | *duˑcá |
| frog | *waˑṭakʔ/qʔ |
| give round object | *dihqá- |
| go, several to | *pʰilá |
| good | *q̓oʔdí |
| goose | *lála, *hláˑla |
| gopher ? | *ʔaˑláme |
| grain, grain plant | *muhká |
| grass | *qac̓ˑá |
| grasshopper | *xahqót |
| hair, of head | *heʔˑé, *heʔey( ?) |
| hair, of body, fur | *cihmé ~ *ciˑme |
| hand | *ʔatʰáˑna ~ *ʔatʰaná |
| hawk | *k̓iyáˑ |
| head | *kináˑlʸ, *xináˑ/lʸ, *kʰináˑ ? |
| hear, to | *xóˑki- |
| hemp | *mahxá |
| hole | *hiˑmó |
| horn | *haʔˑá |
| hot, to be | *muht̓ám- |
| house | *ʔahká |
| hunt, to | *boˑʔó |
| imperative singular | *-im |
| jackrabbit | *ʔaˑmáˑqala |
| jay | *c̓ayi ~ *c̓aˑyi |
| jealous | *ʔayél |
| kinsman, one's own, in generations above ego | *-ˑc̓i |
| laugh, to | *kʰuwáy |
| leach, to | *kʰeʔé- |
| leaf (1) | *siʔṭ̓ál |
| leaf (2) | *xihpʰa |
| mountain | *dȧˑnó |
| mouth | *ʔahx̣á |
| mud | *báˑto |
| mudhen (?) | *qʰá-c̓iyàt ~ *qʰa-c̓it |
| mush, acorn | *ṭʰoʔó(ˑ) |
| mushroom (1) | *hic̓éˑ |
| mushroom (2) | *k̓aˑlál |
| mussel (ocean clam ?) | *lȧʔq̓ó |
| name | *ʔahxí |
| navel | *ʔohqó-hmo |
| neck | *q̓óyu |
| negative (1) | *-tʰin ? |
| negative (2) | *kʰów ~ *akʰˑów |
| dip net | *waˑyákʔ/qʔ |
| new | *xiˑwéy |
| night | *duwˑé |
| north | *kuhˑúla ( ?) |
| nose | *hiˑlá |
| oak, black | *yuhxíy, *lixúy |
| oak, live (?) | *maʔk̓i(bʔ) |
| oak, mush | *c̓ipʰa, *c̓apʰˑa |
| oak, sp. | *wiyú |
| oak, white | *qaʔban/l- |
| object case | *-al ~ *-to |
| occiput | *kʰaˑyá |
| on, on top of, above | *wína ~ *wináˑ |
| one | *k̓á-, *káˑ- |
| onion, wild | *qʰaʔbat/y |
| optative | *-ix |
| pain | *duṭʰál |
| panther | *yahmóṭʔ |
| path | *hiʔdá |
| people, group of people, village, race | *nȧhpʰó |
| pepperwood tree | *bahˑébʔ |
| pepperwood nut | *bahˑé |
| phlegm | *q̓uʔlés |
| pick up a non-long object, to | *dihkí |
| pinole | *yuhhú(ˑ), *yuhx̣ú(ˑ) ?, *yuhhúy, *yuhx̣úyʔ |
| pitch | *qʰahwé, *qʰahwé |
| plural act (1) | *-lV- |
| plural act (2) (with extent?) | *-ma |
| plural number | *-aya |
| poison, poisoning song | *q̓oˑʔó ~ *q̓oʔóˑ |
| poison oak | *hmaˑṭi̇́yu ~ *maˑṭi̇́yuho ? |
| potato, Indian | *hiʔbúnʸ |
| pregnant | *wiˑní |
| quail | *xaqáˑqa |
| quail topknot | *qʰéya ~ *ʔehqʰéya |
| raccoon | *qʰaʔdús ~ *qʰahlús ? |
| rain | *kehkʰé(ˑ) ~ *ihkʰé |
| raw/alive | *qa(h)xó- |
| reciprocal | *~(h)ma(ˑ)k̓ ~ *-ma(ˑ)k̓- |
| reciprocal relationship | *-a(ˑ)q |
| rectum | *haṭ̓á, *(ṭ̓i ?) |
| reed, sp. | *c̓iwíx |
| reflexive | *-i(ˑ)k̓i |
| rib | *misˑá(ˑ)kʔ |
| ridge/mountain | *wixálʸ |
| rock | *qʰaʔbé |
| salt (1) | *ṭaʔq̓o |
| salt (2) | *kʰeʔéˑ |
| sand/gravel | *miˑṭákʔ |
| saw apart, to | *xuqʰáˑ- |
| seaweed, edible | *ʔoˑṭóno |
| second person singular subject | *ʔaˑmá |
| second person singular object | *míˑ-to ~ *mí-to ~ *mi-tó |
| second person singular possessive prefix | *mi- |
| second person plural subject | *ʔaˑmá-ya |
| second person plural object | *ʔaˑmá-ya-l |
| see | *kád-, *káˑd- |
| seed | * ?isóˑ, *ʔisóy |
| semelfactive | *-ki- |
| sentence connective (1) | *-pʰila |
| sentence connective (2) | *-pʰi |
| sentence connective (3) | *-in |
| separate from someone, to | *q̓á(ˑ), *q̓a-(m-)(h)mak̓ |
| shoulder | *c̓uwáˑ |
| sibling, younger | *ṭ̓áqi |
| sinew | *hiˑmá |
| sister, father's | *múc̓i ~ *múˑc̓i ~ *wéˑqi |
| sister, mother's older | *ṭʰúˑc̓ |
| sister, mother's younger | *xéˑqi |
| sister, older | *déˑqi |
| sister's husband | *kóˑdʔ, *qóˑdʔ ? |
| sit, to | *ká- |
| sit down, to | *kahkí- |
| six | *lanká, *káci |
| skin | *ćʔdá |
| skunk | *nupʰéṭ |
| sky | *qalí, *qalínʸ |
| sleep, to | *siˑmán |
| slow | *pʰaláˑ |
| slug | *paʔláˑ |
| smoke | *ʔohx̣ósa(xà), *saxá |
| snot | *hiˑlásu |
| snow | *ʔihyúlʸ |
| soaproot | *haʔˑá(ˑ)bʔ |
| son-in-law | *hkéye |
| sour | *móc̓ ~ *móˑc̓ |
| south | *ʔiyó |
| speculative | *-xe- |
| spider | *ʔikʰáˑ, *mikʰá, *ikʰá |
| spit | *ʔihqʰetʔ |
| spleen | *maṭ́éˑ |
| spring (of water) | *(qʰa) qahpʰá |
| squirrel | *kuˑmáṭʔ, *qumáṭ |
| stink, to | *mihxé |
| stop doing, to | *-hyéˑ- |
| stories, myths, to tell | *maṭúˑ |
| string | *suˑlímaṭʔ |
| suckerfish | *xamólʸ |
| sun | *haʔdá |
| sweat | *mikʰˑéq |
| tail | *hibá |
| talk, to | *kȧhnów |
| tears | *huʔuy-qʰà(ˑ) |
| testicles | *yȧqolʸ |
| thing | *á(ˑ)maˑ |
| third person masculine singular subject | *hamíyabʔ |
| third person masculine singular object | *hamíˑb-al |
| third person feminine singular subject | *hamíyadʔ |
| third person feminine singular object | *hamíˑd-al |
| third person singular possessive prefix | *hamíyaˑ- |
| throat | *mihyánʸ |
| tick | *aṭ̓aʔláˑ |
| tongue | *haʔbálʸ ~ *hawba(ˑ) ~ *hibʔa |
| tooth | *hȧʔˑo |
| tree | *qʰaˑlé |
| tule, round | *bakóˑ |
| tule sprout | *ṭʰiʔbéˑ |
| two | *ʔaqʰóc |
| umbilicus | *ʔohqó |
| uphill | *dȧnóˑ |
| valley, clearing | *qahqó |
| walk, to | *hwáˑd-, *wáˑd- |
| water | *ʔahqʰá |
| west (1) | *mihila, *mix̣ila |
| west (2) | *bóˑ |
| what | *(baˑ)q́o(ˑ) |
| whistle | *li(?)búˑ |
| white | *qahlé |
| wildcat | *dȧˑlóm(ʔ) |
| wind | *ʔihyá |
| winter | *qʰu(ʔ)c̓áˑ- |
| wolf | *cihméwa ~ *ciméwa |
| woman | *ʔimáˑta |
| wood | *ʔahx̣áy |
| wood duck | *waṭá- |
| wood rat | *mihyóqʔ |
| worm (1) | *biˑlá |
| worm (2) | *ʔikʰólʸ |
References
[edit]- ^ McLendon, Sally. 1973. Proto Pomo. (University of California publications in linguistics, 71.) Berkeley: University of California Press.