Appendix:Proto-Muskogean reconstructions
Proto-Muskogean reconstructions:[1]
Booker (2005)
[edit]| no. | gloss | Proto-Muskogean | branch |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | dove, pigeon | *paktiCₐo | |
| 2 | stem, stalk | *apiCₐₐi | |
| 3 | rock | *taliCₐₐi | |
| 4 | tooth | *notiCₐₐi | |
| 5 | skunk | *koniCbo | |
| 6 | (to) bloom | *pakanli | |
| 7 | arrow | *θakiCₐₐi | |
| 8 | night | *niθaki | |
| 9 | yellow-shafted pucker | *xʷitokxaki[ | |
| 10 | mulberry | *kʷixiCₐₐi | |
| 11 | (to) copy, imitate | *axokʷa | |
| 12 | behind | *yokʷala | |
| 13 | pokeweed | *kosikʷaCₐₐa | |
| 14 | (to) have ringworm | *xiC₁lampakʷi | |
| 15 | overtake | *¢aC₂ki | |
| 16 | (to) sleep | *no¢i | |
| 17 | fox | *čolaCbba | |
| 18 | crawfish | *sakačiCbo | |
| 19 | otter | *osana | |
| 20 | (to) boil | *moxoθi | |
| 21 | pass through | *łompotVli | |
| 22 | peel off | *čilaxʷa | |
| 23 | pull, hold | *xalato | |
| 24 | seed (in fruit) | *nixiłiCₐₐi | |
| 25 | ashes | *ixistoko | |
| 26 | (to) sit (pl) | *kaxa | |
| 27 | land | *ixakanika | |
| 28 | (to) vomit) | *axowita | |
| 29 | medicine | *axinlisi | |
| 30 | axe | *čaxaxʷi | |
| 31 | duck | *xʷočo | |
| 32 | (to) name | *xočixʷa| | |
| 33 | screech owl | *xaxʷonlo | |
| 34 | grandfather | *axʷaCₐo | |
| 35 | (to) beat, stir up | *kʷaxʷo | |
| 36 | (to) gnaw | *kalixʷi | |
| 37 | fall off | *čilaxʷ | |
| 38 | (to) whip, lash | *łoC₁kanxʷo | |
| 39 | chief, king | *minkkoCₐₐo | |
| 40 | (to) protrude | *xʷama | |
| 41 | bone | *xʷoniCₐₐi | |
| 42 | liver, marrow | *lopiCₐₐi | |
| 43 | (to) scratch, slice | *kalaxʷa | |
| 44 | back (of body) | *θali | |
| 45 | spring (of water) | kaliCbbi | |
| 46 | (to) doctor | *alikči | |
| 47 | horn | *lapi | |
| 48 | cuckoo | *talonktaCbi | |
| 49 | grubworm | *yolaCbba | |
| 50 | turtle | *lok¢iCₐa | |
| 51 | (to) go | *aya | |
| 52 | crane | *watonlaka | |
| 53 | wildcat | *kowiCₐₐi | |
| 54 | cricket | *šalontakiCₐa | |
| 55 | squash | *šoksiCₐₐi | |
| 56 | ant | *šonkkʷani | |
| 57 | skin, rind | *axʷakšopi | |
| 58 | son | *ošiCi | |
| 59 | tendon, muscle, blood vessel, intestine | *xʷikši | |
| 60 | yellow, green, brown | *lakna | |
| 61 | trout | *¢akliCₐo | |
| 62 | two | *toklo | |
| 63 | sifting basket | *sakla | |
| 64 | soft-shelled turtle | *xolakwaCₐₐa | |
| 65 | hole, hollow | *olakkʷi | |
| 66 | sun | *xasiCₐₐi | |
| 67 | (to) offer | *wayli | |
| 68 | hoe | *loyli | |
| 69 | (to) mark | *čawli | |
| 70 | persimmon | *xoθkoxʷa | |
| 71 | mushroom | *paktiCₐo | |
| 72 | sack, bag | *sokča | |
| 73 | ghost | *silopi | |
| 74 | turkey | *xʷakito | |
| 75 | betsy bug | *i¢sonksiCₐo | |
| 76 | (to) beg, plead for | *kosapi | |
| 77 | hear | *xaklo | |
| 78 | earthworm | *lakapčo | |
| 79 | peach | *tapakonla | |
| 80 | (of liquid) | *¢itko | |
| 81 | flat and wide | *patakxa | |
| 82 | wise | *ko¢tini | |
| 83 | small | *i¢katini | |
| 84 | ]] | *i¢xo | |
| 85 | smoke | *ičkoči | |
| 86 | mother | *ičkiCi | |
| 87 | rectum | *ičkoC2kʷiko | |
| 88 | (to) inflate | *sokpaxʷa | |
| 89 | destroy, ruin | *xokpani | |
| 90 | (to) adhere to | *alokpa | |
| 91 | (to) pucker | *wiliksi | Proto-Eastern Muskogean |
| 92 | double | *poktaCₐₐa | |
| 93 | tree | *iktiCₐo | |
| 94 | frog | *sokaktiCbbi | |
| 95 | pass wind | *xok¢o | |
| 96 | upper arm | *sakkʷaCₐₐa | |
| 97 | astringent tasting | *tikkʷa | |
| 98 | opossum | *sokxaCₐₐa | |
| 99 | rabbit | *čokxʷiCbbi | |
| 100 | jaw, chin | *notakxʷa | |
| 101 | bramble, briar | *kʷakčoko | Proto-Eastern Muskogean |
| 102 | rib, side | *nak¢iCₐₐi | |
| 103 | flea | *kastiCbo | |
| 104 | (to) drink | *isko | |
| 105 | rot, decay | *toskʷi | |
| 106 | knee | *intołkopa | |
| 107 | father | *iθkiCi | |
| 108 | (to) steal | *xoθkopa | |
| 109 | young | *ximanixta | |
| 110 | day | *nixtaka | |
| 111 | river | *xaxčaCₐi | |
| 112 | hungry | *xox(ʷ)čaxʷa | |
| 113 | different | *imałaxka | |
| 114 | (to) pinch | *yikixʷla | |
| 115 | skin | *xalkʷiCₐₐi | |
| 116 | wife | *xaliki | Proto-Eastern Muskogean |
| 117 | (to) forget | *ilxosi | Proto-Eastern Muskogean |
| 118 | (to) grow, sprout | *xolxʷanti | |
| 119 | white oak | *kʷalyiCₐi | |
| 120 | pine | *colyi | Proto-Eastern Muskogean |
| 121 | (to) raise animals | *apoykʷa | |
| 122 | (to) eat (a meal) | *impa | |
| 123 | (to) come | *ominti | |
| 124 | pawpaw | *onkʷiCₐo | |
| 125 | breast | *ipinsiki | |
| 126 | (to) hide | *xolamxi | |
| 127 | buy | *łonxʷa | |
| 128 | (to) weave | *taC1θa | |
| 129 | (to) get warm from a heat source | *iC2θi | |
| 130 | (to) shoot at | *xonC2¢a | |
| 131 | war | *hoC2łi | |
| 132 | (to) die | *iC2li | |
| 133 | pepper | *xoC1ma | |
| 134 | (to) want, need | *kʷaC2na | |
| 135 | road | *xinaCai | |
| 136 | dark | *tampki | |
| 137 | stout | *łampko | |
| 138 | snake | *¢inC2tiCao | |
| 139 | hard, rigid | *wantxa | Proto-Eastern Muskogean |
| 140 | shoot at | *xonC2¢a | |
| 141 | (to) cloak oneself | *anC1či | |
| 142 | whippoorwill | *xačokkʷilankkʷila | |
| 143 | Canada goose | *axankxaCaaa | |
| 144 | grasshopper | *xatankxʷaCaao | |
| 145 | grass | *panxsi | |
| 146 | true | *anxli | |
| 147 | hand, lower arm | *ilmkʷi | |
| 148 | (to) rain | *oynkʷa | |
| 149 | whoop like an Indian | *paynxa | |
| 150 | (to) flow | *xoxʷayxna | |
| 151 | heavy | *waylki | |
| 152 | buy | *čowmpa | |
| 153 | (to) suck | *sočonka | |
| 154 | frost | *xitontiki | |
| 155 | (to) play a game | *xompani | Proto-Eastern Muskogean |
| 156 | winter | *oθanxʷaCbi | |
| 157 | (to) pierce | *łompotVli |
References
[edit]- ^ Booker, Karen. (2005). "Muskogean Historical Phonology." In Hardy, Heather Kay and Scancarelli, Janine (eds.), Native languages of the Southeastern United States, 246-298. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.