Appendix:Proto-Pano-Takanan reconstructions
Appearance
Proto-Pano-Takanan reconstructions:[1]
Girard (1971)
[edit]No. | Proto-Pano-Takanan | Proto-Panoan | Proto-Panoan notes | Proto-Panoan gloss | Proto-Takanan | Proto-Takanan gloss | Proto-Takanan notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | **ʔa-, **-(w)a | *ʔa | do, make | *a- | do, make | ||
1a | *-a | trans. suffix | |||||
2 | **ʔaNi | *ʔani | big | *ari | big | ||
3 | **ʔaṣa | *ʔṣ̌a | barbasco | *ac̣a | barbasco | ||
3a | *ʔaṣ̌a-n- | to fish with barbasco | |||||
4 | **ʔawada | *ʔawara | tapir | *awada | tapir | ||
5 | **ʔawen | *awini | wife | *wane | wife, woman | from *awane?? | |
5a | *ʔawi̧-bo | woman | |||||
6 | **ʔija | (*ʔica) | porcupine | *ija | porcupine | ||
7 | **ʔiji/ɨ- | *ʔici-sa | hot | *ije- | alive, warm | ||
7a | *ije-ti | sun | |||||
8 | **ʔina | *ʔina | dog, jaguar | *ina¹ | tail, feather, hair | ||
9 | **ina-n- | *ʔina̧- | to give | *ina² | to grasp, take | ||
10 | **ʔidu- | (*ʔiru...) | Cn iruma 'cagar-se', irumapa 'pobre, abandonado, feio, congraçado' | *idu- | Kav. ido- 'suffer' | ||
11 | **ʔɨ | *ʔɨ | I | *ei- | I | ||
12 | **ʔɨgʷa | *ʔɨwa | mother | *e-kʷa- | mother | ||
13 | **ʔɨwa | *ʔɨwa | big, abundant | *ewa | to swell, enlarge (as a river) | ||
13a | *ña-ewa | dog (= big-tail?) | |||||
14 | **ʔu- | (*ʔo-) | Csh ʔukɨ 'other side (of river)', ʔura 'far', ʔura̻ 'long time', ʔuri 'there', Cn ukɨ 'over there' | *u- | demonstrative | ||
15 | **ʔuku-, **ʔutu | *ʔoko- | to cough | *utu | cough | ||
16 | **badi | *βari | sun, day, spring | *badi | moon, month | ||
17 | **bak..., **bakɨ-a (?), **bakɨ-wa (?) | *βakɨ | child | *bakwa | child | ||
18 | **bana- | *βana- | to plant | *bana- | to plant | ||
19 | **ba... | *βaiCV | current, rise in river | *bai | lake | ||
20 | **beta | *βata | sweet | *bita | sweet | ||
21 | **bi- | *βi- | to get, receive | *biu- | to put | ||
22 | **biči | *βiči | skin | *biti | skin | ||
23 | **bina, **biNa | βina | wasp, bee | *bina | bat (mammal) | ||
23a | *bira | wasp | |||||
24 | **bɨ, *bɨta | *βɨ- | to bring (along) | *be- | to bring | ||
24a | *-bɨta̧; | along with | *beta | two | |||
24b | *ra-βita | two | *beta- | to accompany, go along with | |||
25 | **bɨ, **bu | *βɨ | etc. | face, forehead | *bu- | face, head, in front of | etc. |
25a | *βɨšpi | eyebrow, eyelash | |||||
25b | *βiro | eye | |||||
25c | *bɨma̧na̧ | face, forehead | |||||
26 | **bu-tɨ- | *βu | Cn botɨ 'to make something go down' | down (verbal suffix) | *bu-, bute- | to descend, go down | |
26a | *-bu | down (verbal suffix) | |||||
27 | **buna | *βona; βo̧pa | ant, beebeetle | *buna | ant (tucandera) | ||
27a | (ː*βona-pa?) | wasp | |||||
28 | **-cizi | *mɨ̧-cis(t)i | fingernail | *-tiji | nail | ||
28a | *o̧-cisi | toenail | |||||
29 | **ča- (?) | *ča- | to wet | *ca²- | wet | ||
30 | **či(ʔi), **čizɨ | *čiʔi | fire | *ti- | fire | ||
30a | *čiʔimapo | ashes | *tije | charcoal | |||
30b | *(c)istɨ | charcoal, firebrand | timu | ashes | |||
31 | **či-, **čiPu-n | *čipo̧ | large end, downriver | *ti- | large end | ||
31a | *či-bi- | steer canoe from the stern | *tibu | trunk, stern of a canoe | |||
32 | **čia-n- | (*čia-) | Csh čiạ́ go over/across | *ti-a- | to give, go accross | ||
33 | **čiri-n- | (*čiri̻) | Csh čiri̧ hop, Cn tiri̧- jump, kindof dance | *tiři- | dance, drum | ||
34 | **čuNu | (*čono) | Csh čunu swallow, Cn čunu andorinha (bird sp) | *čuru (?) | found only in Kav. čuru swallow | ||
35 | **čuta | (*čuta) | Cn čuta fornicate | *čuta- (?) | found only in Tak. čuta- fornicate, copulate | ||
36 | **... | *cu-, čo- | Csh cukuka- suck, cucuka- nurse, Cn čočoa nurse | *...? | Tak. čuču nurse, Kav. soso nurse, suck | ||
37 | **da-n- | *ra̧- | etc. | knee, ankle | *da²- | leg, knee, stick | |
38 | **did... | *riro/i | monkey sp. | *di... | Tak. dídia, Kav. dide, Ese. dixidixi mono norcutno | ||
39 | **dɨwɨ | *rɨwɨ | flute | *dewe | found only in Ese. dewe flute | ||
40 | **du¹- | (*ro-) | Cn. doro pound, Csh ruɨ stone in form of an axe | *dudu- | pound, grind, tap | ||
41 | **du²- | *rono | cf. Csh runi̧ anaconda | snake (generic) | *du3'- | Tak. du cascabel (rattlesnake sp.), duniduni- to slither | |
42 | **duʔu | *roʔo | cf. also Csh rukaruka tocón (small monkey), Cn doka, dokawa̧ macaco parduacú | howler monkey | *duʔu | howler monkey | |
42a | *duk(w)a-duk(w)a | lucashi (monkey sp.) | |||||
43 | **-gʷɨ | *-wɨ | imperative suffix | *-kʷe | imperative suffix | ||
44 | **-gʷɨ-n | (*wɨ̧) | pronominal possessive suffix (probably for all three persons singolar) | *-kʷe | prenominal possessive affix (apparently used for only 1st and 2nd persons) | ||
45 | **ha- | *aa | 3rd person pronoun, sg. | *a- | stem of general interrogative pronouns | cf. pP *awɨ/a what? | |
45a | *ati... | all | |||||
45b | *ato | 3rd person pronoun, pl. | |||||
45c | *awɨ̧ | his, hers, its | |||||
46 | **hana | *ana | tongue | *ana | tongue | ||
46a | *ana̧ | vomit | |||||
46b | *a̧ṣ̌aβa(ka) | to open mouth wide | |||||
47 | **hegʷi | *iwi | tree | akwi | tree | ||
48 | **hemi | *imi | blood | *ʔami | blood | ||
49 | **huẓu | *oṣ̌o | white | *..., | found only in Ese. kea-oše white, War. kia-ušo-ne (very) white, ošo-ama not white. The Čamik forms, if not loans from the Panoan, would appear to come from a pT. *uze/u | ||
50 | **hua-, **wa- (?) | *o̧-cɨsi | cf. *mɨ̧-cisi fingernail | toenail | *wa- | foot | |
50a | *wa-tiji | (toe?)nail | |||||
51 | **kama-kama | *ka̧kama | pineapple | *kaka | fruit | ||
52 | **kaNa | *kana | macaw | *kara | macaw | ||
53 | **ka... | *-kas, -kaci | desiderative suffix | *-ka | desiderative suffix | ||
54 | **keni | *kini | hole | *kani | hole | ||
55 | **kuku/a | *koka | maternal uncle | *kuku | uncle | and in Tak. specifically mother's brother | |
55a | *koko | nephew | |||||
56 | **kuru | *koro | ashy color, gray, mouldy | *kuřu | mature, white-haired, ripe | ||
57 | **kuṣu | *koṣ̌o | wild turkey sp. | *kucu | wild turkey sp. | ||
58 | **kʷa | *kʷa- | to go | *kʷa- | to go | ||
59 | **kʷɨ, **kɨ | *kʷɨbiči | lip, mouth | *kʷe- | beard | etc. | |
59a | *kʷɨna | to call (to come) | *kʷaca | mouth | |||
59b | *kʷɨni | beard | |||||
59c | *kʷɨṣ̌aCV | mouth | |||||
59d | *kʷɨšni | beard | |||||
59e | *kʷiɨ̧ | to praise, desire | |||||
59f | *kɨyo- | to bite | |||||
59g | koi | chin, jaw | |||||
60 | **kʷɨNu | *kʷɨno | sharpen (a point), sharp edge | *kʷeru | sharp | ||
61 | **~(...a)ma | *-(ya)ma | negative suffix (verbal) | *-(a)ma | negative suffix (verbal and nominal) | ||
62 | **ma..., **maʔči | *maʔči | hill, crown of head | *mata | summit, mountain, top of head | ||
62a | *mana̻ | up, hill | *matina | summit, point | |||
62b | *mapɨ | to go up an incline | |||||
62c | *maṣ̌kača | head, peak | |||||
62d | ma- | head (instrumental prefix) | |||||
63 | **mai- | *mai | earth | *me¹-, *meʔi, *meji, mec̻i | earth, sand | etc. | |
63a | *mai̧ | by land | |||||
63b | *mai̧-, *maiwa | to bury | |||||
63c | *maṣ̌i | Shell's *masṣ̌ɨ | sand | ||||
64 | **makɨ | *makɨ | piranha | *make | piranha | ||
65 | **ma-, **manu- | *manu- | to forget | *ma- | to die | ||
65a | *mawa | to die | *manu- | to die | |||
66 | **manVkanV | *ma̻kaNV | stone, chopper, pestle | *a-maka | mortar, chopper, grinder | also cf. Kav. makana mortar, mill stone | |
67 | **maṣɨ | *maṣ̌ɨ | achiote | *mac̣e | achiote | ||
68 | **ma... | *... | Csh masá muy feo, Atsawaka mastara bad | *maza-da | bad | ||
69 | **mi- | *mi- (?) | story, tell a story | *mimi- | speak, tell | ||
70 | **mɨ- | *mɨ- | hand (instrumental prefix) | *me²- | hand | ||
70a | *mɨ́ʔi | touch with hand | *me-tiji | fingernail | etc. | ||
70b | *mɨ̧-cis(t)ɨ | fingernail | |||||
70c | *mi-kinɨ | hand | |||||
70d | *mɨ-toti | index finger | |||||
70e | *mɨ-bi | branch, hand | |||||
70f | *mɨ-ṣ̌o- | creep on hands and knees | |||||
71 | **(-)mɨta | *yamɨCV (ː*yamɨta) | night | *meta | night | ||
71a | *ya̧ta̧ (ː*yamɨta-n) | night | |||||
72 | **mi | *mi | thou | *mi | thou | ||
73 | **mur... | moro | to dry | *muři | to dry | ||
74 | **Mɨ- | *mɨʔča | to get wet, be wet | *beca | to swim | ||
75 | **na- | *naši- | bathe | *na- | water, plus many compounds | ||
76 | **ni- | *ni- | stand, go | *a-ni- | to be | ||
76a | *ni-tia- | leave | |||||
76b | (?) *neti- | to stand (upright) | |||||
77 | **nu(ɨ́) | *noɨ/a | delicious, savory (of fruit, nuts, etc.) | *nui | delicious, as fruit | ||
78 | **Nami | *nami | flesh, meat | *rami | meat | ||
79 | **Nɨ- | (*nɨ́-) | Csh nɨri there; ɨɨ-nɨ this; Cn nɨkɨ thither, nɨnu here | *rei- | demonstrative | ||
80 | **Ṇu-, *Ṇubi- | (*nu-) | Cn nubi- put in, nu- verbal prefix with general meaning "in", nua deep | *du²- | deep, within | ||
80a | *dubi- | to put in | |||||
80b | *nubi- | to enter | |||||
81 | **-pa | *-pa | augmentative suffix, generally with a reference to animals as opposed to human body parts, and probably no longer productive | *-pa | general augmentative suffix; apparently productive | ||
82 | **paṣ... | *paṣ̌a | raw, green | *pace | bitter | ||
83 | **piza | *pisa | toucan | *pica, *pija | toucan | Some sources gloss this word as "pinsha, bird sp." and the word may therefore be a loan into Pano-Takanan, which may account for its slight irregularity in Takanan. | |
84 | **pi... | *pia | arrow | *pisa | arrow | The Takanan form has some peculiaritiesː Kav. has piya and not the expecter piha. | |
85 | **pupu | (*popo) | Csh pupu | owl | *(pupu) | owl | Kav. popo owl |
86 | **p... | *pɨ̧pɨ̧ṣ̌awa?) | Csh pɨ̧pɨ̧ṣ̌oo butterfly; cf. | butterfly | *sapipi, *sababa, *sapuřa | butterfly | |
87 | **Pɨya...(?) | *poyami | but cf. Csh pɨñá̧ | arm | *ba³-, *bai | arm | |
87a | *be³- | arm, shoulder | |||||
88 | **Pui/ɨ | *poi | sibling of opposite sex | *bu⁴-, *bui/e | son/daughter of mother's sister | ||
89 | **ri..., **ris... | *risi(st)i | thread | *řibi | a snare made of ropes | ||
89a | *risβiči | rope, thong | *řisi | to tie | |||
89b | *řiře | to snare | |||||
90 | **ṣa-, **ṣama | (*ṣ̌a-, ṣ̌ama-) | Csh ṣ̌ama umbilical cord | *c̣a¹- | many compounds with reference to strikinglike object | ||
90a | ṣ̌apo-poko | tripa | *c̣ama | intestines | |||
91 | **ṣaNu- | (*ṣ̌anoo̧-) | Csh š̠anu̧- be covered with feathers | *c̣aru- | hair, feathers | probably related to item 90 above | |
92 | **ṣapu | *šapo | mapajo, algodón silvestre (a tree sp. with natural wool) | *c̣apu | mapajo | Doubless related to items 90 and 91 above. | |
93 | **ṣau | *ṣ̌ao | bone | *c̣au | bone | ||
94 | **ṣinV | (*ṣ̌ina) | Ch šina during the night (e.g., pi-bo-na-šina-ka-ʔita-kɨ Yesterday on the way here at night they ate. Cn šina̧, ši̧ soon, another day, during a day/night | *c̣ine/a | night, afternoon | ||
95 | **ṣɨu | *ṣ̌io | Shell's *[š]io | marihuí (gnat sp.) | *çɨu | marihuí | |
96 | **ṣi-, **ṣɨ-wɨ | *ṣ̌ɨ-ta | tooth | *c̣e | tooth | ||
96a | *ṣ̌ɨ-wɨ | fishhook | *c̣ewe | hook | |||
97 | **sɨkʷɨ | *ṣ̌ɨkʷɨ | doorway | *c̣ekʷe | door, way | ||
98 | **ṣ̌ɨna | *ṣ̌ɨna | worm | *c̣ena | worm | ||
99 | **ṣɨNi | *šɨni | fat, grease | *c̣eri | fat | ||
100 | **ṣu (<**şau) | *-ṣ̌o | as second member of a compound | bone | *-c̣u | bone | as second member of a compound, cf. pT *ba(i)-cu elbow |
101 | **ṣuk(ʷ)ɨ | *ṣ̌okɨ | toucan | *cukʷe | toucan | ||
102 | **šipi | *bɨšpi (<*bɨ+šipi?) | eyebrow, -lash | *...? | Kav. šipi eyelid. Highly problematicalǃ | ||
103 | **ta- | *taʔɨ | foot | *ta- | foot, leg | ||
104 | **takʷa | *takʷa | liver | *takʷa | liver | ||
105 | **tamu | *tamo | cheek | (*tamu) | found only in Kav. tamo cheek | ||
106 | **tara-n- | *tará̧- | to roll, make something go round | *tařa | ring, corral, around | ||
107 | *taru-n- | (*taro̧-) | Csh tarú̧-ka- to make something move, Cn taru̧- to agitate, tremble | *tařu | oar, to row, beat | ||
108 | **tawa | *tawa | cane, bamboo, arrow | *ta(wa) | cane | ||
109 | **tɨ(ʔ)k⁽ʷ⁾V | *tɨʔk(ɨ) | Csh tɨɨ́ka- to grasp, seize (tr.) | *tekʷa- | to beat, kill, hunt | ||
109a | *tɨɨ́ki- | Cn tɨka- to wound, Ch tɨkɨ́- to break | to grasp, seize (intr.) | ||||
109b | tɨka- | to break something (tr.) | |||||
110 | **tu¹- | (*tu-) | Cn tua there, that | *tu¹- | general 3rd person (sg. and pl.) pronoun | ||
110a | tori | thereto | |||||
111 | **tu²- | (*tu-) | Cn to conceive, make pregnant | *tu² | round, bent, and many compoundds which have reference to that particular shape | ||
111a | tuku | to swell | |||||
111b | turu | round, circular | |||||
112 | **tu-, **tu-bu | (*tu-) | Csh tubu- undo, cut up | *tubu- | to cut, shorten | ||
112a | tuca- | cut, slice, wound | |||||
112b | tucapa- | disunite and make fall | |||||
113 | **yuṣi | *yoṣ̌i-ni | demon, spirit | *duci | spirit | etc. | |
114 | **ẓɨNi, **ẓiNi | *ṣ̌ɨni | but cf. Ch siri old | old | *ziri | old | |
115 | **ẓ... | *ṣ̌oo | green, not ripe | *zawa | green, unripe | but cf. pT *sawa yellow, ripe | |
116 | **žikɨ, **žɨki | *ṣ̌ɨki | but cf. Csh šiki cornrob | corn | *jike | corn | Both of these forms may, however, be ancient Arawak loans. |
References
[edit]- ^ Girard, Victor. 1971. Proto-Takanan Phonology. (University of California Publications in Linguistics, 70.) Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.