Appendix:Proto-Oto-Manguean reconstructions

Proto-Oto-Manguean reconstructions:

Kaufman (1983)

gloss	Proto-Oto-Manguean
to sit	**hku
to dawn	**(n)xə(n)
fire; fever	**xi
three	**hɔ(n)
to choose	**xʷə
to blow; to whistle	**xʷi
ripe	**hwe
to die	**(h)wə
flattened; squashed	**(ʔ)ma(h)
root	**mA
cloud; dew; rain	**nwa
to weave	**(n)wa
to hit	**(n)pah
bark	**kʷa
deer	**kʷa
rabbit	**kVwa
cocoa beans; edible pod	**kVwa
cure; medicine; herb	**lya
road	**lyɔ
flower	**lih
salt	**re(n)
sugar cane	**ro
eight	**(h)Nye
two	**(n)yU
hand	**(n)ya
teeth	**ʔ(Y)nu
and	**ʔ(Y)ne
bad	**cɔ
grindstone	**ci
Indian	**sa(n)
up	**sɔ
word	**ʔɔn
turkey hen	**ʔO
opening	**ʔA
to bury	**ʔA
to shake	**(n)pi
little	**ci
slowly	**(h,n)wi
two	**wi
hard; stone; metal	**kɨ
to defecate	**tɨ
butterfly	**seh
short	**ʔte
elbow	**me
early evening; dark	**nə
eye	**(n)tə
I	**na
nopal	**nʔta
to work	**ʔta
leaf	**kɔ
this	**lɔ
dog	**lyɔ
net	**nɔ
fingernail	**-ku
cornfield	**nu
water jug	**su
to close	**ko
milk	**co
just, only	**to
Indian	**Hwi(n)
to die	**tɨ(n)
seed	**kyen
corndough	**l/c-ɔxen
corncob	**re(n)
deep	**xən
ear of corn	**yən
blood	**yən(h)
hail	**can
nine	**Xa(n)
night, dusk; dream, sleep	**yan
honeybee	**yɔn
thorn	**yɔn
black	**tun
oven	**tun
mother	**co(n)
yellow	**næ
sing; pray; music	**sæ
to do	**cæ
to dance	**tæ
cactus	**lawæ
market	**ʔwæ
to bathe	**sæ
corn	**sæ(n)ʔ
skin, bark	**tuwa
animal	**kiyɔ
foot	**c/l-a(h)ku
sharp	**cɪʔyə
ear	**l/y-ɔkɔ(n)
blood; meat	**ryi(+)ne
ixtle	**siya
guts; heart	**(n)seʔə(n)
white	**tyuwa
mouth	**c/l-oʔwɔ
mountain; cliff	**xeyA
coyote	**(n)aʔyu
squash	**lɔken
cotton	**syi lyɔ
cotton cloth	**lyɔ tyE
wide; far; long	**si (n)tU
infant; small	**weʔ ne
nose	**syi (n)yɨn
house; fence; church	**(n)ku ʔwa