Appendix:Proto-Yukian reconstructions
Appearance
Proto-Yukian reconstructions:[1]
Yukian (1985)
[edit]Gloss | Proto-Yukian |
---|---|
specific; nominal suffix | *-a |
locative | *-ap |
animate suffix on substantives | *-aʔ |
imperative mode | *-aʔ |
comitative-instrumental ("with, by") | *-aʔ |
redbud | *čahay |
give | *čan |
fern, brake | *čaples |
thrasher | *činčol’ |
squeeze | *čip |
cocoon rattle | *čippot |
lizard, scaly | *čisam |
robin | *čitit |
iris | *čiwiš, *čiwaš |
hummingbird; butterfly | *čiyi |
kingfisher | *čučuk(a) |
whip | *č’ak |
wash things | *č’ak’ |
eel; sinew | *č’ak’am |
white | *č’al |
guts | *č’aw |
jay | *č’əʔəy |
whirl | *č’il |
bird | *č’imit’ |
star | *(mam)č’ipas |
warm | *č’ok’il’ |
fly (N) | *č’op(a/i) |
mosquito | *č’op č’ala |
narrow | *č’oy |
clean | *č’uč |
pine needles | *č’uh |
snail | *č’uhtalam |
fall | *č’uk’ |
mush basket | *č’ulil’ |
baby (toddler) | *č’unč’ič’ |
leak | *č’uy |
locative | *-əp |
durative aspect | *-h |
little ones; children | *halč’(aʔ) |
top; end | *hal’ |
want | *ham |
hungry, be | *hamlot’ |
morning star | *hamol’ |
behind; back | *hamp |
rain (N) | *hamuč’im |
house | *han |
but | *han |
tomorrow; morning | *haw |
net bag | *hay |
carry in arms or hands | *haʔ |
forget; lose | *haʔam |
bring | *haʔm |
egg | *hə |
perception? | *hə- |
camp | *həč |
strong | *həč’am |
under | *həhin |
arm | *həhs |
split | *hək |
step over | *hək’ |
hear | *həl |
puberty ceremony for girls | *həmnəmwok |
sing; song | *həmp |
house | *hən |
crow (N) | *hənčam |
heavy | *hənət’ |
sweathouse | *hənpin |
nose | *həntil |
snot | *hənt’ut’ |
rib(s) | *həpot’ |
clam shell beads | *həs |
doctor, to | *həʈam, *həʈmV |
hear, not to | *hətəw(i)l |
potato sp. | *həʈ’ |
fish; salmon | *həw |
like | *həw |
eat; food | *həway |
cook | *həway yuʔ |
yes | *həw’ |
look for; hunt (for) | *həy |
think | *həy- |
how | *həyma |
rub | *həʔ |
dog | *həʔwəšit’ |
now | *həʔyi |
wear | *hih(l) |
seed | *hil |
all | *hil(i) |
animals | *hiliki, *lilik |
move | *him |
antler(s); horn(s) | *hin(i) |
thimbleberry | *hipila |
slip | *hiš |
race | *hiwil |
liver | *ho |
big | *hohʈ(am) |
little; bad | *hokoč |
burden net | *hom |
thin; light | *hop’ |
paddle for mush | *hotp’uč’ |
acorn mush or soup | *hot’ |
many; lots | *hoʈ |
face, of the (prefix) | *hu- |
cheek | *hu- |
perception? | *hu- |
outside | *huč |
Huchnom | *hučnom’ |
sharp-pointed | *huč’ohs |
bread | *huhtil’ |
eye | *hul |
ghost | *hulk’ilal |
coyote | *hulk’oy’ |
bead-drill | *hulmol’ |
face | *hulyoʔ |
spider | *hulmuni- |
sling | *hum- |
straight | *humas |
forehead | *hunč |
bullsnake | *hunk’an’ |
love | *huš |
sweet | *huši |
together | *huʈ’ot |
middle | *huy |
breast, female; milk | *huy |
cook | *huy- |
possessive suffix (alienable) | *-iht |
declarative mode | *-ik |
declarative mode | *-iki |
reflexive-mediopassive-reciprocal | *-il |
move in order to | *-in |
continuative-iterative | *-is |
continuative-iterative | *-iš |
effective | *-it |
momentaneous aspect | *-k |
declarative mode | *-k |
bad | *kač’am |
come in | *kahp |
this (locative): here | *kak’i |
rose, wild | *kala/i |
this (locative): right over here | *kam’ |
swell | *kan |
flat | *kat |
this (locative): here | *kaʈaʔ |
this (locative): up here | *kay’ |
this (locative): here | *kaw |
this (agent) | *kaʔ |
this (patient) | *kaʔəh |
this (possessive) | *kaʔəht |
today | *kaʔinay’ |
rise | *kək |
soaproot | *kəlam |
flower | *kəwam |
long | *kəy, *kəyih |
acorn of valley oak | *kəyam |
leave | *ki |
declarative mode | *-ki |
flint | *kičalil |
feathers | *kihs |
fly (V) | *kik |
momentaneous aspect + mediopassive | *-kil |
placename | *kilikot/l |
enough | *kimas |
that (locative): over there | *kim’ |
stink; smell | *kin |
back (returning) | *kipəw |
that (locative): there; on that | *kiʈa |
that (locative?) | *kiw |
arrow | *kiw |
ask | *kiw(is)- |
elder | *kiwi |
that (agent) | *kiʔ |
follow | *kiʔ(-t) |
that (patient) | *kiʔəh |
that (possessive) | *kiʔəht |
lungs | *koč’ |
animal name ending | *kol’ |
dry | *kon |
feather | *kop |
point | *koy |
gopher | *koyaʔ |
go | *koʔ |
come (under GO) | *koʔm |
manzanita | *kuč’ |
meadowlark | *kuč’mol’ |
start | *kuht |
heel | *(mi)kuht |
mortar | *kuhtam, *kuhtim |
root | *kuhtkin |
north | *kuhtk’i |
twig | *kukis |
down | *kuk’i |
salt | *kum |
kelp | *kummol’ |
Salt People | *kumnom’(i) |
point (V) | *kup |
body hair | *kuš |
few | *kušw- |
up | *kuy |
whirl | *k’al |
blackberries | *k’alimam |
panther | *k’amol’ |
wet | *k’at’ |
light | *k’aw |
mushroom | *k’ay’ |
lean | *k’əh |
talk | *k’əhin |
tail | *k’əhs(il) |
knee | *k’ənk’ |
talk | *k’əy(mil) |
locative | *-k’i |
still (calm; quiet) | *k’ih |
marrow | *k’ihlul |
belly | *k’ihp |
pregnant | *k’ihp hohʈ |
bone | *k’iht |
bone whistle (under WHISTLE) | *k’iht pimol’ |
itch | *k’ik’ |
coals | *k’il |
daughter or son | *k’il |
toward; against | *-k’il |
dry up | *k’im |
cry | *k’in |
swim | *k’iskil |
crooked | *k’iy |
die | *k’ol |
pounding basket; mortar | *k’ol |
wash the body | *-k’ol |
pestle | *k’olam |
backbone | *k’olki |
apron; dress | *k’olkuht |
different; other | *k’ol’ |
noise | *k’om |
put in pliable things | *k’oʔ |
Athapaskan | *k’oʔol |
stretch | *k’uč |
navel | *k’uč’ |
claws; nails | *k’uhs |
rest | *k’us’noh |
stretch | *k’uʔ |
perfective aspect | *-l |
grasshopper | *lač’am |
break | *lahʈ |
goose | *lak |
leave | *lak’ |
lake | *lal |
doctor; shaman | *lamšim |
brother, younger | *lan’ |
moon | *lašk’awol’ |
potato sp. | *lat |
lawi, cooking basket | *lawa |
crack | *ləč |
acorn | *ləl |
step; animal to move | *ləl |
tarweed (seed) | *lihp |
throat | *lik’am |
rock | *lil |
rock carrier | *lil haʔ- |
animals | *lilik, *hiliki |
knife | *lilkus |
seaweed | *lil pal |
knife | *lilpan |
resultative/patient progressive ("getting") | *lim |
hurry | *lis |
do | *lit |
kill | *liʔ, *liʔik |
bow | *liʔwəht |
cough | *loh |
slow | *loʈ |
chop; chip | *luh |
punch down | *luk |
fat; grease | *lul |
smooth | *lulam |
imperfective aspect | *-m |
motion toward the speaker | *-m |
hemp, Indian | *mah |
elbow | *mahalam |
Round Valley | *mahʔuk’am |
wake up | *mak’- |
penis | *mal |
acorn or black oak; berry; nut; seed | *mam |
star | *(mam)č’ipas |
they | *mas(i) |
distributive suffix | *-mas |
dove | *mayu (?) |
new | *məh(il’) |
owl, great horned | *məhk’uʈ(aʔ) |
creek | *məl |
trout sps. | *məlhəm’, *məlwis |
fight | *məm |
shoot | *mət |
creek | *mət’ |
forked | *məʈ |
who; someone | *məy’ |
toe | *mi |
we (inclusive agent) | *mi |
thumb | *mi(pat’) hohʈ |
be | *mih |
road | *mihš |
your (singular alienable) | *miht(aʔ) |
sky; up | *mihʈ |
heel | *(mi)kuht |
around | *mik’al’ |
deer | *mil |
meat | *mil |
woodpecker, hairy | *mil- |
imperfective aspect + mediopassive | *-mil |
ambulative aspect ("be on the way to ..., be going to ...") | *-mil |
elk | *milatihtam |
oak, white | *mili |
used to (aspect) | *-mil’ |
lie (falsehood) | *minsil’ |
foot | *mipan |
hand | *mipat’ |
palm of hand | *mipat’-hət’ |
thumb | *mi(pat’) hohʈ |
you (patient); your (inalienable) | *mis |
fingers | *misəw |
mother, your (singular) | *misk’an’ |
drink | *miʔ |
you (singular agent) | *miʔ |
leg | *miʔil’ |
acorn of white oak | *mohšam |
grassgame | *mol |
three | *molmaʔ, *molmi |
twins? | *molsam |
agentive-instrumental | *-mol’ |
hide | *mon |
gather | *mop |
you (plural agent) | *mos’ |
your (plural) | *mos’iyaht |
press together | *mot- |
flicker (yellowhammer) | *moymol’ |
mountain | *muhmol’ |
laugh | *muhš |
many; lots of | *mun |
sister? | *mun’ |
woman | *mus(p) |
anise, sweet | *musin |
chief, female | *musp ʈiʔol’ |
worm; maggot | *muy’ |
demonstrative locative suffix | *-m’ |
move in order to | *-n |
head | *nan |
dam | *nan |
saliva | *nanuk’ |
woodrat | *nawč- |
sucker | *nawt’uk’ |
yellowjacket | *naw’ |
pull | *nay |
girl | *nayp |
mountain filaree | *nay’ |
forget; lose | *naʔam |
mouth, of the | *nə- |
fir | *nəh |
jaw | *nəhək |
forget; not to know | *nəhəm |
know | *nəhənak |
mouth | *nəhin |
dark; night | *nəhk |
freeze; ice | *nəhʈ |
tree sp. | *nəhʈ |
gray squirrel | *nəhʈam |
beard | *nəhukuš |
teach | *hək’oh |
lie; lay (singular) | *nəm |
tongue | *nəmlat |
bed | *nəmmol’ |
head | *nən |
taste | *nətam |
peppery | *nət’əwiš |
chin | *nəʈ’am’ |
see | *nəw |
poke | *nəʔ |
breech cloth | *nəʔa |
hole | *nih |
door | *nihin |
marry | *nok (?) |
Pomo | *nokonmi |
mussel | *nok’ |
fight | *noloh |
people of | *-nom’(aʔ) |
mark | *noy |
live | *noʔ |
sand | *nuč’ |
sand | *nuʔ |
singular suffix | *-p |
leaf; wing | *pal |
condor, California | *pal |
butterfly | *pal-, *palpol (?) |
maple | *palkənši |
hang | *pan |
flat | *pat’ |
hips (?) | *paʈ’- |
get up | *paʔ |
volitional mode | *-paʔ |
tattoo | *pəčas |
cover (N) | *pəhk |
shout | *pək’ |
one | *pək’ |
dig | *pəl |
wedge | *pəmol’ |
tarweed | *pəšil’ |
abalone | *pət’am |
madrone | *pəyk’i |
rattlesnake | *pəy’ |
whistle | *pi |
whistle | *pihil’ |
snow; hail | *pil |
sun | *pilaht(i) |
sunrise | *pilaht puh- |
sunset | *pilaht ʔili- |
woodpecker, pileated | *piltəsi- |
summer | *piltwan |
lie; lay (plural) | *pin’ |
mouse, meadow or water | *pip |
from; away from | *-pis |
tracks | *piʔ |
kidney | *pohoʈ’ |
digger pine | *pokam |
pepperwood; California laurel | *pok’am (*ʔol) |
poke; hammer; crack by hitting | *pop |
gray; brown | *pot’ |
barn swallow | *pot’a, *pot’aʔ (?) |
ashes; dust | *pot’il |
one | *powi(k) |
eight | *powi mipat’ |
one year | *powi/a ʔonaʔ |
blow with the mouth | *puč’ |
short (not long) | *puh |
short (not tall) | *puhič’ |
miss (a shot) | *pul |
sage; wormwood | *pun- |
boil | *put’ |
lightning | *p’ah |
roll | *p’al |
fall | *p’an |
wind (N) | *p’ans |
door; shut; hole | *p’ihʈ |
poker | *p’iš |
clover sp. | *p’oht |
put in solids | *p’oy |
continuative-iterative | *-s |
plural suffix | *-s |
eagle | *sah, *sahol’ |
baby (infant) | *sak’ |
tooth | *səhk |
lizard | *sət’i(ya)m |
defecate | *səy |
buttocks | *sihs |
skunk, big | *sihskin(a) |
green; blue | *sik’ |
lilac | *sik’a |
wind to blow | *simi |
buckeye | *sim’t |
rabbitskin | *sipak |
gig | *sis- |
clover | *siʔ |
tule | *son |
shoulder | *sop’ |
turtle | *sop’(aʔ) |
acorn meal | *soy |
gray | *suk |
Ponderosa pine | *suk’ |
hang | *sul |
yesterday; night | *sum |
throw | *sup |
duck; mallard | *sus(a) |
friend | *susal’ (*susil’ ?) |
hole | *sut’ |
shade; shadow | *sut’ |
foam | *suy’ |
trout; fish | *suʔič’ |
brains | *suʔmam, *sum’am |
bag | *ša |
sugar pine | *šač |
raccoon | *šamam |
cold weather | *šat’ |
raw | *šay |
ear | *šəm |
bite | *šəš |
winter | *šəwan |
magnesite | *šihp |
black | *šik’ |
shell; bark | *šil |
huckleberries | *šiman |
dirty | *šimit’ |
onion, wild | *šip |
willow | *šip(a/i) |
blackbird | *šipa |
leach | *šiš |
ground squirrel | *šiš, *šiša |
ripples | *šiw |
acorn of tan oak | *šok, *šok’iš(i) |
shell; skin | *šoʔ |
body | *šul |
sit; stay | *šuʔ |
effective | *-t |
find | *tahk |
pile; nest | *tal |
negative | *tal (?) |
snare | *tas |
good | *tat |
menstruation | *təl |
negative | *təl |
sick; ache; hurt | *tih, *tih(i)l(-) |
smooth | *tihk |
mountain; hill | *tihtam |
effective + mediopassive | *-til |
rope | *tit |
mountain; hill | *tit |
comb | *titamol’ |
chase | *tiw-, *tiwiyim (ʈiw-?) |
hard | *tiwhoʔ (*ʈiwhoʔ ?) |
neck, back of | *tiyam |
killdeer | *tiyat |
fawn | *tom |
lupine | *toti |
dance type | *totowok’ |
move | *tuk |
quail | *tulihš |
push | *t(’)uʔ |
tie | *t’əy |
parent? | *t’ih |
head hair | *t’ol |
tie a knot | *t’op |
heart | *t’uh |
chest | *t’uhna- |
gig | *t’uk’ |
pitch; resin; red | *t’uy’, *t’uy’il |
spear | *t’uʔmol’ |
demonstrative locative suffix | *-ʈa |
shake (a body part) | *ʈak’ |
eat | *ʈal (?) |
cut | *ʈay |
leg | *ʈət’ |
chase | *ʈiw- (?) |
hard | *ʈiwhoʔ (?) |
jump | *ʈiʔ |
chief | *ʈiʔol’ |
log | *ʈoʈ’ |
strike | *ʈuk |
move | *ʈuk (?) |
basket | *ʈuk’ |
play ball | *ʈ’ak’ |
anger; bad weather | *ʈ’aw |
war | *ʈ’əw |
add; count | *ʈ’il |
flea | *ʈ’ohk(a/i) |
bald | *ʈ’ok |
ankle | *ʈ’ok’am |
burden basket, (woman's?) | *ʈ’ot’ |
fall | *ʈ’oʈ |
demonstrative locative suffix | *-w |
wide | *wah |
time (nominal suffix) | *-wan |
sifting basket | *wanmol’ |
cover | *waw |
wolf | *wayis(m)ol’ |
obsidian | *way’ |
pay | *wək |
after; behind | *wək |
sprinkle | *wəl |
towhee | *wəš- |
oats, wild | *wəš(it’) ka/il- |
grizzly bear; coyote | *wəšit’ |
far | *wič’ |
old (inanimate) | *wihs |
seed paddle | *wilk |
roar | *wim |
coot; shoveler? | *wišil matma |
drive | *wit |
bitter | *wit |
turn | *wit |
mountain | *wit |
Eden Valley | *witʔuk’am |
work | *wit/ʈiyam |
work | *wiʈ |
hit by throwing | *wiʈ |
poison oak | *wiʔil |
dance | *wok’ |
bend; stoop | *wos-, *woʔ- |
pinole | *woʈ’ |
smoke (N) | *woyam |
tobacco | *woy(m)ol’ |
pipe, tobacco | *woy(m)ol’ ʔal |
bend; stoop | *woʔ-, *wos- |
progressive | *-y |
stand (of inanimates) | *yak |
parching basket | *yəhšam |
come hither | *yak |
stand | *yəš |
name | *yəw |
build a fire | *yihk |
fire | *yihkam |
funeral | *yihkamnam nawanmak |
play | *yik’ |
have | *yoʔ |
stand (of inanimates) | *yoʔk (?) |
new moon | *yuki- |
Yuki | *yu·ki |
shake (ground or tree) | *yuy |
demonstrative locative suffix | *-y’ |
interrogative mode | *-ʔa |
clothes | *ʔač |
catch; hold | *ʔah |
grandchildren | *ʔahamčat’ |
people; person | *ʔahtat |
wood; stick | *ʔal |
potato | *ʔalič’ |
lead; bring (an animal) | *ʔalil |
baby basket | *ʔalwil |
always | *ʔan |
kinterm prefix | *ʔan- |
mother | *ʔank’an’ |
brother or sister, older? | *ʔank’ič’ |
uncle | *ʔank’ikan’ |
father | *ʔank’un’ |
urine | *ʔas |
eat | *ʔaw |
buzzard | *ʔayam |
net, to set | *ʔaʔ |
I (agent) | *ʔə |
thunder | *ʔəhlawmol’ |
neck | *ʔəhšil’ |
slide; crawl | *ʔəhy |
sharp-edged | *ʔəl |
guts; intestines | *ʔəm |
locative | *-ʔəm |
digging stick; cane | *ʔəms |
worm, fish | *ʔənam |
whirl | *ʔənəmk’al- |
I (agent) | *ʔəp(a) |
alder | *ʔəpa, *ʔəpi |
blood | *ʔəs |
hot | *ʔəs(it’) |
red | *ʔəsic’ |
woodpecker, red-headed | *ʔəsiyam |
belly; stomach | *ʔəsna |
again; still | *ʔəʈaʔ |
king salmon | *ʔəyšil |
uncle | *ʔəʔ |
near; close | *ʔič’ |
I (patient); me | *ʔih |
my (inalienable) | *ʔih(t) |
mother's sister, my | *ʔihkəs |
brother-in-law, my | *ʔihlayaʔ |
daughter, my | *ʔihnayt |
mother's sister, my | *ʔihnəyt |
father's (younger) sister, my | *ʔihpəča |
mother's father, my | *ʔihpit’ |
father's mother, my | *ʔihpop (*ʔihpəpʔ) |
father's sister, my | *ʔihpoyam |
daughter-in-law or mother of daughter-in-law, my | *ʔihsuhʈam |
brother-in-law, my | *ʔihtəšit’ |
my (alienable) | *ʔihti, *ʔihta |
mother's mother, my | *ʔihʈit’ |
poison | *ʔihwil |
son-in-law, my | *ʔihwit (*ʔihwiht ?) |
sister-in-law, my | *ʔihʔihčat’ |
father's father | *ʔihʔos |
flour | *ʔikluh |
louse | *ʔik’ |
say | *ʔim |
locative | *-ʔim |
blind | *ʔimil, *ʔimli- |
sleep | *ʔin |
dream | *ʔinam |
day | *ʔinay’ |
cloud | *ʔip |
edge | *ʔiʈ (*ʔihʈ?) |
grouse | *ʔiʈukam |
man; men | *ʔiwVp, *ʔiwVs |
what | *ʔiyika |
where | *ʔiyim’ |
when | *ʔiyowan |
locative | *-ʔiʔ |
run | *ʔoh |
breathe | *ʔohtam |
tree | *ʔol |
brush | *ʔolam |
forest | *ʔolhəhin |
redwood | *ʔolhohʈam |
mouse, white-footed | *ʔolk(’)a/oʈam |
hazelnut(s) | *ʔolmam |
burden basket (man's?) | *ʔolo |
little; small | *ʔolsil |
bark (of tree) | *ʔol šil |
bark (of tree) | *ʔol šoʔ |
in-law | *ʔolwi(hi)l |
old (animate) | *ʔolwihs |
earth; ground; land; dirt | *ʔon |
melt | *ʔon- |
south | *ʔonhal’iʔ |
mud | *ʔonk’at’ |
scorpion | *ʔonnaw |
turn over | *ʔon pak |
mole (animal) | *ʔonpo(ki)yam |
Sherwood Pomo | *ʔonpot’ilnom’ |
clay, blue | *ʔon sik’ |
clouds; fog | *ʔonwal |
earthquake | *ʔonyuy |
two | *ʔopaʔ, *ʔopi |
winnowing basket | *ʔopič’ |
pigeon | *ʔopli |
old woman | *ʔot’ |
ripe | *ʔot’ |
suck | *ʔot’ |
suck | *ʔoʈ’ (?) |
old woman | *ʔoʈ’ (?) |
frog | *ʔoʈ’, *ʔoʈ’aʔ |
lungs/back? | *ʔoʈ’am |
vomit | *ʔoʔ |
water | *ʔuk’ |
valley | *ʔuk’am |
mudhen | *ʔuk’čəy |
thirsty, be | *ʔuk’ ham |
ocean | *ʔuk’hohʈ |
Coast Yuki | *ʔuk’hohʈʔont’ilka |
otter | *ʔuk’mul |
watersnake | *ʔuk’pay’sik’i |
crayfish | *ʔuk’šiš |
there | *ʔumit |
man, young; men, young | *ʔummit’, *ʔummis |
carry on the back | *ʔun |
quiver | *ʔuna (*ʔuni ?) |
we (exclusive agent) | *ʔus |
our | *ʔusah, *ʔusaht |
wrinkle; shrink | *ʔuš |
afraid; fear | *ʔuʔ |
black bear | *ʔuʔmas |
References
[edit]- ^ Schlichter, Marie-Alice. 1985. The Yukian Language Family. Doctoral dissertation, University of California at Berkeley.