Appendix:Proto-Siouan reconstructions
Proto-Siouan reconstructions:[1]
Rankin et al. (2015)
[edit]| Gloss | Proto-Siouan |
|---|---|
| 1st inclusive actor prefix | *wąk- ~ *wą·k- |
| 1st inclusive actor prefix | *ų- |
| 1st singular actor prefix (underlying) | *wa- |
| 1st singular actor, syncope product (allomorph) | *w- |
| 1st singular disjunctive | *wí·-*ʔe· ~ *wį́·-*ʔe· |
| 1st singular patient (1) | *wą |
| 1st singular patient (2) (clitic) | *wį· |
| 1st singular possessor | *wą (?) |
| 1st singular possessor, inalienable | *wi· ~ *wį· |
| 2nd singular actor prefix | *ya·-, *ya-, < *aya- (?) |
| 2nd singular actor, syncope product (allomorph) | *š- |
| 2nd singular disjunctive pronoun | *yi·-ʔe· ~ *yį́·-ʔe· |
| 2nd singular patient clitic | *yi· ~ *yį· |
| 2nd singular possessor | *yi·- ~ *yį·- |
| above | *á(·)ka |
| absolutive | *wa- |
| ache | *Ré-ʔE |
| acorn | *ú·te |
| across > over, beyond, above | *ake |
| adverbializer | *-ha· |
| again (2) | *ši |
| ahead (1) | *(i-)htą́·(-rį) |
| ahead (2) | *-hto |
| alive | *i-rį́· |
| all, intact | [old reconstruction only] |
| ancestor, chief, elder, relative | *hų́·ka |
| anus, buttocks, vagina, passage | *(i-)ų́·še |
| apportative, + or - vertitive | *rhi-o- + verb of motion(?) |
| arise (2) > get up | *ki-rahÉ |
| arise (3) | *kitá(-re) {or} *kiktá(-re) |
| arm | *á·(-re) |
| armpit | *Roksí |
| arrive here | *re-hí· |
| arrive here vertitive | *ki-rhí· |
| arrive there | *hí· |
| arrive there vertitive | *ki-hí |
| artichoke, edible root | *hpą́·xi |
| ask | *wų́xE |
| augmentative (1) | *-xti |
| augmentative (2) | *xtE |
| aunt, father’s sister | *i-htų́·wį |
| autumn | *wahtą́·(-re) |
| axe | *-sepe |
| back | *i-rą́·he |
| bad (1) | *(i-)ší·(-ke) |
| bad (2) | *xí·(-ke) |
| badger | *xó·ka |
| bag, sack, container | *hpą́·he |
| ball | *htá·pe |
| bare | *šra |
| base, root, stump | *hú·tE |
| bathe | *hi·-rá |
| be | *rį |
| bear > black bear (2) | *wi-hų́te, *wa-hų́te |
| bear > grizzly | *wąthó |
| beaver | *wi-yá·pe |
| bed | *o-wų́ke, *o-ʔų́ke |
| beg | *Ráhe |
| behind, in back | *RásE |
| belly | *i-hté·si |
| belt, sash | *i-hpi(·)-ra |
| bend (3) | *š(V)kópE |
| bend (4) | *-SókE |
| bend (6) | *kšé·kE |
| bend (7) | *SiSi- |
| bend (8) | *-šohe |
| bend (9) | *kšą |
| bend > fold, curl | *ke-ší-šE |
| bend > limp, be lame | *škó· |
| berry, grape | *há·sE ~ *há·s-hu |
| beyond > other, across (1) | *ko· |
| big (1) | *ihtą́·(-re) |
| bile (2) | *wa·sí·(-re) |
| bird (1) | *awą́·-xe |
| bird (5) | *sí·ka |
| bird > game bird, turkey | *awą́·-re |
| bison | *wi-hté· |
| bitter | *hpá·(-re) |
| black (1) | *isá·pE |
| black > dark (1) | *isé·pE |
| black > dark (2) | *išé·pE |
| blade, edged tool | *wą́·hį |
| blanket (1), shawl, robe | *wa-ʔį́-he |
| blanket (2) | *ąši |
| blizzard | *húhi |
| blood | *(wa-)ʔí·(-re) |
| blow (1) | *pex |
| blow (2) | *puxą́he |
| blow (3) | *Sį́·kE |
| blue, green | *(i-)htó·he |
| boat | *Wá·te (?) |
| body | *i-xú·ha |
| boil, cook | *(o-)hą́ |
| bone | *wa-hú·(-re) |
| botch, fail, miss | *ką- |
| brain (1) | *rąt- |
| brain (2) | *(rą·-)sú |
| brave (2) | *sihe |
| break (1) | *xóke |
| break (2) | *še |
| break brittle things > smash, crush | *-xúxE |
| break cord | *-psákE |
| break cord > break apart | *-páxe |
| break cord > break long things | *-ksakE |
| break long things | *-šíšE |
| break off (1) | *-ksá |
| break off (2) | *-ksE |
| break off pieces (2) | špé |
| break off pieces (3) | *-špí |
| break to small pieces | *-ptúxE |
| breast (female) | *á·si |
| breathe | *rį́·-ha(-he) |
| brother (1) mBrel | [old reconstruction only] |
| brother (2) mBrel | *i-ʔVka (?) |
| brother (3) wBrel | [old reconstruction only] |
| brother (5) BrYo | *(i-)sų́·(-ka) |
| brother-in-law (1) mWiBr, mSiHu | *i-htá·hą |
| brother-in-law (2) wHuBr, wSiHu | *(i-)ší·kʔe |
| bulrush, cane (plant) | *wasá |
| bungle | *šrą́-he |
| burn (1) | *aRé· |
| burn (2), prairie fire | *rą́ |
| burn (3) | *xú·-re |
| burn (4) | *wirá· |
| bury | *xé |
| butcher | *hpátE |
| buttocks (1) | *rį́te |
| buttocks (2) | *i-šį́tE |
| buy | *wį́he |
| buzzard (1) | *hé·- |
| buzzard (2) | *hé·-ka |
| buzzard (3) | *hé·-x(-ka) |
| cache | *ó-xe |
| calf of leg | *yá·se |
| call, shout | *pą́he |
| call someone by name, to name | *ra·tE |
| call to, invite | *ki-(ki-)ó·he |
| carry > pack on back | *kʔį́(-re) |
| chase | *rųxé |
| chert, flint | *wą́·he |
| chest, breast | *awą́·ke {or} *i-wą́·ke |
| chew | *ra-thé (?) |
| child > youth | *ší-ka |
| chin | *í·h-hku |
| choke | *-tkÉ |
| clavicle | *wás- (?) |
| clear | [old reconstruction only] |
| climb | *aRí· |
| cloud | [old reconstruction only] |
| coals (1) | *xrį́ |
| cold | *sarį́-he |
| collective suffix | *-sa |
| comb | *-xwé |
| comb > ravel out | *swé (?) |
| come | *hú·(-re) |
| come vertitive | *kihú· |
| contrastive | *ha |
| cook | *-htáke |
| cord, sinew, vein (1) | *i-hką́ |
| cord, string (2) | *ąka |
| cottonwood, poplar | *wawá·xE |
| cough | [old reconstruction only] |
| count | *ra-wé |
| cover (1) | *Sųhe |
| cover (2) | *-he |
| cranberry | *(wa-)hó·h-rąh-ka |
| crane | *ahpé·-(rhą) |
| cross | *pte |
| crow > blackbird | *wą |
| crow > raven | *hká·xi |
| crush (1) | *pú·SE (?) |
| crush (2) | *Sú·SE |
| cry | *xa·kE |
| cut (1) | *-ká (?) |
| cut (2) | *-kipE |
| cut (3) | *-ką́ |
| cut strips > chop, tear | *-sá·(-re) |
| dance | *ri·h-ší |
| darkness (1) | *hą́· |
| darkness (2) | *kpa· |
| darkness (3) | *si(-he) |
| daughter | *i-yų́·ke |
| day | *hą́·pe |
| deer, ruminant | *wi-htá· |
| defecate, dung (1) | *-yé ~ *-ré |
| defecate, dung (2) | *(wa-)į́-ki-ye ~ -re |
| demonstrative (1) | *ha |
| demonstrative (2) | *ʔa |
| demonstrative, locative (1) | *-ši |
| demonstrative > that, the aforesaid | *ʔe· |
| demonstrative > that, this | *he ~ *he· |
| dew | *(wa-)yú |
| die | *tʔé·(-re) |
| different | *i-r-hą́-he |
| dig > scratch | *kʔé(-re) |
| directional locative | *í·- |
| dog | *wašų́ke, *wi-šų́·ke |
| do, make | *ʔų́· |
| do, make, work; to cause | *hi_E |
| door (2) | *wiyé(-pe) ~ *wiyé(-he) |
| dove, pigeon | *wayú·tka ~ *warú·tka |
| dream | *hąwre, *ihą́wre |
| dress, skirt, etc. | *rhé |
| drink | [old reconstruction only] |
| drink, inhale smoke | *hį· |
| drip (2) | *xʔéhe |
| drip (3) | *šʔehe |
| dry (1) | *ú·sE |
| dry (3) | *šéka |
| duck, waterfowl | *wį́·xa |
| dwell, dwelling, house | *ahtí· |
| eagle (1) | *xurá· |
| ear (1) | *rą́·tpa |
| ear (2), external opening | *rąxu·- |
| earth, ground, land | *awą́·- |
| eat | *rú·tE |
| egg | *itká |
| elbow (1) | *išpá |
| elbow (2), forearm | *istó |
| elk | *ų́·phą |
| elm | *pʔé < *wa-ʔé· |
| emphatic, contrastive, but | *-šV |
| emphatic topic | *ya |
| end, finish > last (1) | *há·ka |
| end, point, tip (1) | *-tpE |
| enter (1) | *-kpE |
| enter (3) | *o-phÉ |
| erect | *sį́he |
| even (1) | *tkú·sE |
| even (2) | *tkúxE |
| exist > born | *htų |
| eye | *ištá |
| face | *í·te |
| fall (2) | *-šípe |
| fall > lie down | *xapÉ |
| fart | *píhe, *pį́he |
| father (1) (referential) | *-á·ti |
| father (2) (vocative) | *tá·ti |
| fat, stout | *yépE |
| fat, tallow | *šį·(-re) |
| feather | *(wą·)šų́ |
| female, woman | *wi-he {or} *wįhe |
| fight | *-hki·- |
| find by seeking | *ire |
| fire | *(wa-)hpé·te |
| firm (1) | *tį́he |
| fish | *wi-hó· |
| five (1) | *kiSų́· |
| five (2) | *isá·ptą |
| flesh | *i-yó· |
| float (1) | *ha |
| float (2) | *pixi |
| flower (1) | *xyéhe |
| flower (2) | *xyá |
| foam, boil | *púxE, *pí·xE |
| focus marker | *ri |
| fog (1) | *awąší· |
| fog (2) > smoke | *pʔohe |
| fold > wrap | *pe-rhą́ |
| food | *ʔé |
| foot | *i-sí |
| foot, instrumental | *rą·- |
| force, instrumental | *raka- |
| ford, wade | *yo_phe |
| forehead (1) | *i-hté |
| four | *tó·pa |
| fox | *ahtóx-ka |
| frog (2) | *(w)ahpeSka |
| frog (3) | *wašą́·ka, *wi-šą́·ka |
| frost (1) | *waxo· |
| frost (2) | *waxé·(re) |
| frozen | *atá·he |
| full | *-hpi |
| future (1) | *ktE |
| gamble | *hkiʔų |
| gather (1), pick up | *pahí-he |
| gather (3) | *ru·wE |
| general deictic (1) | *i- |
| general deictic (2) | *o· |
| ghost | *wa-rą́·xi |
| give | *kʔu(-re) |
| give away | *ka-hi_E |
| glance off | *-khį́tE |
| go | *re·(he) |
| good (1) | *ihpí· |
| good (2) | *Sté |
| good (3) | *tą́ |
| good (4), heal | *ki-sí |
| goose | *wį́·- |
| gourd > rattle | *Vhpé·xe |
| gourd > squash | *ahkó·(re) |
| go vertitive | *ki-ré·(he) |
| grandfather (1) | *i-htúką |
| grandmother | *i-hkų́· |
| grasp | *-šihe |
| grasp > hold, take | *rú·sE |
| grass (1) | [old reconstruction only] |
| grass (3) | *xą́·he |
| grass (4) | *xá·tE |
| grave | *awą́·xE |
| gray (1) | *xó·tE < **axó·tE |
| gray (2) | *šó·tE < **ašó·tE |
| grease (1) | *sará· |
| grease (2) | *i·kri |
| grind | *-htó·pe |
| grind, pound | *pVhé· |
| groove | *-skí·tE |
| grouse | *-hpú·ska |
| growl, bellow | *tá·xe |
| growl > grunt (1) | *xrą́ |
| growl > grunt (2) | *xrį́ |
| growl > snore, snort | *xró- |
| guts, intestines | *(i-)ší·pe |
| hail | *-Wá·su |
| hail > freeze | *aRá·-hkara {or} *aRá·-hkarą |
| hair, fur, feathers | *i-hį́· ~ *i-hį́ |
| hair of head | *rą·tų́ |
| hand (1) | *rąpé > *i-rąpe |
| hand (2) | *ų́·ke (?) |
| hand > claws, nails | *i-šá·ke |
| hand, instrumental | *ru- |
| handle, stem | *(i-)hú·pa |
| hang down (1) | *sese |
| hang down (2) | *xehe |
| hard (1) | *sá·ki |
| hard (2) | *suki |
| hard > cane, walking stick | (*i-) *sakE (*hi_E) |
| hard > strong, ripe | *suta (?) |
| have | *a-_rį́ |
| hawk (1), falcon | *kye-tą́he ~ *kye-tų́he |
| hawk (2), Buteo | *kyąSká |
| hawthorn, black | *wa-wóha {or} *wa-wúha |
| hazy, bluish, cloudy | *(a)só·tE |
| head, back of, hair | *rą-išú· |
| head, nose (1), front end | *ahpá |
| hear | *rąx-ʔų́ |
| heart | *i-yą́·te ~ *i-rą́·te |
| heat | *aRá·-są |
| heat/cold, instrumental | aRá·- |
| heavy | *tké {or} *tiké |
| here, now | *ko· |
| heron, crane | *ó·xka |
| hickory nut | *hpą́· {or} *hpį́· (?) |
| hide, skin, cloth | *roxpe |
| hill | *-hé· |
| hiss (2) | *siríhe |
| hiss (3) | *širíhe |
| hit, pound | *aphá |
| hole, dig | *ho·pi |
| hole, hollow | *xʔote |
| hollow, empty (1) | *xaró(·)S- (?) |
| hollow sound > stamp, stomp | *rą-hkó·kE |
| horn | *ahé |
| horn, spoon, shell | *ą·šé |
| hot, warm | *ahká·tE ~ *aRá·-hkatE |
| hot weather | *wąšte |
| how | *ta·ska |
| howl | *wohé |
| hunt, seek | *-_Ré· |
| husband | *kirą· |
| husk, pull off (1), flay | *-xáhe |
| I (agt.) on You (pat.) contraction | *wa + *yi |
| ice | *(wa)rų·xe |
| indefinite/interrogative (1) | *ha |
| indefinite/interrogative (2) | *-pa |
| in, locative | *o- |
| interrogative (1) | *to· |
| interrogative (3) | *-wa |
| interrogative (4) | *we· |
| interrogative, indefinite > something, what | *ta· |
| island | *wíte |
| itch (1) | *xa- |
| jaw | *ré·pa |
| juice, liquid | *hų́pV |
| jump | *psí-kE |
| juniper, red cedar | *xąte |
| kernel, seed | *sú· |
| kettle | *yeSE |
| kill (1) | *kité |
| kill (2) | *tʔé·-hi_E |
| knee, lap, thigh | *ši-(r)-ą́te ~ *ši-(r)-ų́te |
| knife | *sąhi (?) |
| knock (1) | *táxE |
| knock (2) | *htášE |
| knock over, lean | *(a)khą |
| know (1) | *ų-spé· |
| know (2), recognize | *i-hų |
| lake, water | *waRé· ~ *ye· |
| laugh | *-xahe ~ *-xehe |
| lay | *ʔų́pE |
| leaf (1) | *á·pe |
| left (side or hand) | *(i-)rátka |
| leggings | *hų́·si |
| leg, thigh | *yeka |
| let’s see, well, um | *hį- |
| lick | *srípE |
| lid, cover | *i-ha |
| lie, be lying, positional | *wų́·kE |
| lightning, forked (?) | *-karí- |
| lightning, sheet (?) | *ąpV |
| lip | *išti |
| lip (upper), snout | *ahpú·ti |
| little, young, child | *yį́kE |
| liver | *ahpí· |
| locative (4) | *ro |
| locative (5) | *rą |
| locative (6) | *-ta |
| locative (7) | *-ti |
| long (1) | *srétE |
| long (2) | *hą́skE |
| long ago, far away | *hte·-hą |
| long, extended in time or space > distant, then | *hą |
| look at (1) | *-xát- |
| loose, knock loose | *-hó· |
| lost | *xapÉ |
| louse | *(w-)hé· < **(wa-)hé· |
| lungs | *yá·xu |
| make hole | *ko·pE |
| make marks > mark, scratch | *ká·xE |
| male | *waro·(-ka), *wi-ró·(-ka) |
| man, person (1) | *wą́·ke |
| many, much | *ahu· ~ *ahų· |
| marked > spotted, striped (1) | *kré·sE |
| marked > spotted, striped (2) | *kré·xE |
| marked > spotted, striped (3) | *kré·šE |
| mark, scratch > score, mark | *xohe |
| marrow | *yu·pe ~ *yu·pa |
| mean, intend | *kahÉ |
| medicine | *wą·hką |
| meet | *ki-hi·(-hpa) |
| melt (1) | *sire (?) |
| melt (2) | *ską |
| metal, copper, iron | *awą́·se |
| middle | *rą́ta |
| middle; inside | *yó·ka ~ *ró·ka |
| mire (1) | *SatakE |
| mire (2) | *satá· |
| mix (2) | *-hihe |
| moccasin (1) | *hų·pE |
| moist (1), soft, wet | *Ró·(-he)(-ka) |
| moist (2) | *takį́ (?) |
| moist, thaw, soft | *xpą́he |
| moon, sun, orb | *wí·rą |
| mortar | *ho· |
| mosquito | [old reconstruction only] |
| mother (1) (referential) | *i-hų́· |
| mother (2) (vocative) | *i-rą́ |
| mouth | *ʔí·he |
| mouth, instrumental | *ra- |
| muskrat, prairie dog (1) | *sįtpe |
| name | *yá·še |
| narrow, small | *kisú·ke |
| navel | *i-ré·tpa |
| near | *á·ška |
| neck (1), nape | *i-htá·-hu |
| neck (2), side of neck (?) | *i-htá·-še |
| neck (3) | *ą́·pe |
| necklace | *wa(-r-)ą́·pe-ʔį |
| negative (1), dubitative | *ku |
| negative (2) | *aši |
| negative (3) | *rį |
| nephew (1), male’s sister’s son | *i-htų́·- |
| nephew (2), female’s brother’s son | *i-htó·S- (?) |
| new (1) | *rą́·-ka |
| niece (1), male’s sister’s daughter | *i-htų́·- |
| niece (2), female’s brother’s daughter | [old reconstruction only] |
| nine | [old reconstruction only] |
| none, be/have, lack | *-į́kE |
| nose (2), end, point, tip (2) | *hpa-sú· |
| nudge | *rihe |
| oak (2) | *ú·te-hu· |
| oak (3) | * |
| old | *xʔó·he |
| old man | *įšʔá·ke |
| old, mature | *rų́· |
| old, mysterious(?) | *xʔihe |
| one (1) | *rų·-sa |
| onion | *šį́· |
| on, locative | *á·- |
| open | *ru-šé- |
| open > break open | *-paSE |
| open up | *-xotE |
| order > control | *ší |
| outside | *htą·- |
| owl (1), moth | *(wa-)ąhpó·ka |
| paddle, swim | *i-wą́he |
| past (suffix or post clitic) | *-rą < *ʔų (?) |
| peek | *-sʔį́· |
| peel (1) | *-sku(he) |
| peel (2) | *-šku |
| peel (3) | *-sápE |
| peel (4) > skin | *-šá-pE |
| peel (5) > skin | *-xapE |
| peel (6) | *raka-xipE |
| penis | *i-yé |
| pinch (1) | *-skápE |
| pinch (2) | *-wįS |
| pine tree | *Wa·si |
| play (1) | *warį́xE |
| plum | *aką́te |
| point at | *sohe |
| porcupine | *ahpá·hį |
| portative, comitative, have | *ʔa- |
| possessive root | *hta(-we) |
| potato, ground nut | *waRó·, *wiRó· |
| pound | *-ški |
| press | *-šípE |
| price, wages | *wa-iši |
| pull, push (2) | *ru-tí |
| push (2) | *htą́· |
| push instrumental | *pa- |
| push (pull) | *-tą́· |
| put | *k-rą́(-kE) |
| put in, fill, plant | *ó·-šu |
| quantifier (1) | *-rą |
| quantifier (2) | *wi |
| rabbit | *wąšetįka (?) |
| raccoon | *wi-he(-ka) |
| rain (2) | *xo·he |
| rattle (1a) | *sawúhe |
| rattle (1b) | *šawúhe |
| rattle (1c) | *xawúhe |
| rattle (2a) | *surą́he |
| rattle (2b) | *širą́he |
| rattle (2c) | *xirehe |
| rattle, rumble | *kʔó·he |
| raw | *sá·he(-ka) |
| red (1a) | *se |
| red (1b), red hawthorn | *šE |
| red (2) | *ašú·te |
| rib | *i-rú·te ~ *i-rú·ta |
| rib; back, lower | *ru·hi |
| rice, wild, Zizania aquatica | *wa-sį́ |
| right (side) | *rati(-ke) {or} *Rati(-ke) |
| rim, bottom of kettle | *(i-)ré·te |
| rip (1) | *parásE (?) |
| rip (3) | *-paráxE |
| ripe, cooked | *aRú·tE |
| river | *awá·tahi (?) |
| road (1), path | *yą́·ku |
| roast (1) | *yó·-kʔį |
| rock (1) | *(wa-)ʔį́·(-re) |
| rock (3) | *rį́·sV |
| rock (4), pebble | *į́-xʔe |
| roll | *-rąhe |
| rough (1) | *xá· |
| rough (3) | *xá·ka |
| rough (4) | *xá·pE |
| round (2) | *wró· |
| round (3) | *poska |
| run (2) | *wa-htą́he |
| run (3), get out | *hątá |
| sacred (1a) | *xópE |
| sacred (1b) | *xopE-rį |
| sacred (2a), snake | *wa·hką́ |
| sand (1) | *hpú·sahe |
| sand (2) | *hpu·xáh-kE |
| say | *e-_he·(-re) |
| scar (2) | *širá· (?) |
| scatter (2) | *sirihe |
| scrape (1) | *-sképE |
| scrape (2) | *-tké |
| scrape (3) | *-kʔóxE |
| scrape (4) | *tká |
| scrape clean > scrape up, scrape off, clear off | *-xąhe |
| scrape clean > wipe clean, clear off | *-Suhe |
| scrape > dig, scratch | *kʔá(-re) |
| scrape > peel | *-xikE (?) |
| scrape > scratch, grate, rake | *kʔéxE |
| scrape > scratching noise, scraping noise, sweep | *kʔá·xE |
| scrape > smooth, shave (1) | *kʔésE |
| scrape > smooth, shave (2) | *-kʔósE |
| scratch | *-xrátE |
| scratch > dig, dig out | *-škE |
| see (1) | *arą́wE(-he) (?) |
| see (2) | *atá·(-re) |
| separate (1) | *sąhe |
| separate (2) | *-wesE |
| separate (3) | *xa·- |
| separate (4) | *-xąhe |
| separate > forked | *šąh + ka < *šą́he |
| set upright | *-hsa |
| seven (1) | *ša·kú·pa |
| sew | *-hta· |
| shadow, soul | *rą́·xi |
| shake (3) | *-tahe |
| shake (4) | *yąyą́·he, *rąrą́·he |
| shake > move (1) | *xaką́·he |
| shallow | *xé·pE |
| sharp (1) | *pusa |
| sharp (2) | *hpá·hi |
| shin | *i-rą́-kpe |
| shine (1) | *ré·xE |
| shine (2) | *xą· |
| shine (4) | *šą· |
| shoot | *rį́ʔ |
| shoulder | *(a)-į-xkéte |
| shout | *srekE |
| show | *owį́he |
| side (1) | *są́·he |
| similar | *se |
| similitive | *ska |
| sinew | *-sų́he |
| sink > drown | *sipE |
| sister (1) mSiEl | *wį́he |
| sister (2) mSiEl | i-htą́·ke |
| sister (3) mSiYo | *i-htą́- |
| sister (4) wSiEl | *i-yų́·(-ʔi) |
| sister (5) wSiYo | *i-htą́·ke-aka |
| sister (6) | *(i-)rų́(-rį) |
| sister-in-law (1) mWiSi, mBrWi | *i-hą́ka |
| sister-in-law (2) wHuSi, wBrWi | *i-šíkhą |
| sitting, be; sitting positional | *rą́·-kE < **wų́·-ke |
| six | *aká·we |
| skim (1) | *-se(-re) |
| skim (3) | *-xe·(re) |
| skinny, thin | *xaráhe |
| skunk | *awąka |
| sky | *wą́·xi |
| sleep | *hiyą́·(-re) |
| slide (2) | *-xro |
| slide (3) | *šrókE |
| slide (4) | *siróhe |
| slip (3) | *-srútE |
| slip (5) | *-šrútE |
| slip (6) | *-šutE |
| smoke tobacco, pipe | *ų·pa |
| smooth (2) | *xó·he |
| snow (1) | *(wa-)wá· |
| snow (3) | *(wa-)wá·-hu(-re) |
| soft (1) | *tapą́·-he |
| soft (3) | *šró |
| son | *i-yį́ke |
| song | *wųhé |
| son-in-law (1) | *i-htų́te |
| son-in-law (1) | *i-hta-ų́te (?) |
| son-in-law (2) | *-Róhą |
| son, third or younger | *i-há·ka |
| so, thus | *kų |
| south | *ákʔa |
| speak, talk | *i-(r)ʔe |
| spider | *-kox- |
| spill | *waxų́-he |
| spine (1) | *rą́xa-hu |
| spine (2) | *rą-hú·(-re) |
| spit (1) | *šó· |
| spit (2), foam | *htá·Se |
| split (1) | [old reconstruction only] |
| split (4) | *-sa·tE |
| split (7) | *-šakE |
| split (8) | *šátE |
| split (9) | *ša |
| spotted (1) | *(a-)pų́·sE |
| spotted (2) | *pų́·xE |
| spotted > striped | *pų́·šE |
| spouse | *i-rarą {or} *i-rarį |
| spread (3) | *pa·rí(-he), *pa·rį́(-he) |
| spread > flat (1) | *parás-ka |
| spread > flat (2) | *pará·sE |
| spread > flat (3) | *pará·xE |
| spread > flat (5) | *pará·šE |
| spread out | *-xá· |
| spring (season) | *(wa-)wé·he ~ *(wa-)wé·h-ʔų |
| squeeze (1) | *-šką́·tE |
| squeeze (2) | *-sképE |
| squeeze (3) | *-šképE |
| squeeze (4) | *-skíkE ~ *-skį́kE |
| squeeze (5) | *-xkíkE ~ *-xkį́kE |
| squeeze (6) | *-škíkE ~ *-škį́kE |
| squeeze (7) | *ru-ški |
| squeeze (8) | *srí |
| squirrel > flying squirrel | *šíka |
| stab (1) | *yá·phe |
| stab (2) | *póxE |
| standing, continue, standing positional | *hą́(-kE) |
| standing, inanim. classifier | *rahÉ |
| star (1) | *įtka |
| star (3) | *Ske (?) |
| steal (1) | *wa-_rų́· |
| stick (1) | *skapE |
| stick (4) | *a-rakE |
| stink (2) | *(i)xu- |
| stink (3) | *yą́ɣe |
| stomach, paunch | *a-į́·xe |
| stop (1) | *stąhe |
| stretch (1) | *-ra· |
| stretch (3) | *šį́he |
| strike (3) | *-satá· |
| strike (4) | *-xtákE |
| strike (5) | *-šta· |
| strike (6) | *-htÉ |
| stuff | *xíhe |
| suck (1) | *-xoke |
| suck (2) | *ra-xópE |
| summer | *waRó·ke |
| sun | *(wa-)wi·rą |
| surround, head off, intercept | *(a-)ąSE |
| swallow (bird) | *awą́·-šo(-kE) |
| sweet (1) | *sikú·-e |
| sweet (2) | *šikú·-e |
| swell (1) | -pá·he |
| swell (2) | *phó |
| swell (3) | *poh |
| swell (4) | *pox- |
| sycamore ? (birch, maple) | *(wa)-yą́· są |
| tail (1) | *(i-)sį́·te |
| tail (2) > bird tail | *í·pi (?) |
| tear | *-kásE |
| teen formative | *ake |
| tell | *(o-)_rá·ke |
| ten (1) | [old reconstruction only] |
| ten (2) | *piraka (?) |
| testicle (1) | *ašų́·t-ka |
| testicle (2) | *i-šų́·te |
| thank you | *hahó |
| that (1) | *ka· |
| that (2) > demonstrative, reference marker, relative | *ko |
| that (3) | *še· |
| the | *-kį |
| thick | *šó·kE |
| thigh | *ų·te ~ *ą·te |
| thin | *waréhe |
| think (1) | *e_yehe |
| think (2) | *(ru-)ki-yą́ |
| think (3) | *-ʔį |
| this, here, now (1) | *hi |
| this, here, now (2) | *Re·- |
| this, here, now (3) | *re |
| this side (1) | *ro· |
| three | *rá·wrį |
| throat | *i-Ró·te |
| throw away | *ʔų́·-re |
| throw dart | *hkú·te |
| thunder (1) | *-krų· |
| thunder (2) | *tú·ha |
| tie (1) | *-šké |
| tie (3) | *xtE |
| time reference | *sʔi |
| tobacco | [old reconstruction only] |
| tongue | *i-ré·ši |
| tooth (1), edge, point | *i-hí· |
| tooth (2) | *í·h-Sa (?) |
| touch | *-htą́· |
| towards (1) | *-kta· |
| town (2) | wį́·t- (?) |
| trap | *kų |
| travel | *-ši |
| tree, bone, leg, stalk, stem, trunk | *-hú·(-re) |
| tree, wood | *wiyą́· |
| turn (1) > roll | *parą́(-he) (?) |
| turnip, Psoralea (1) | *wa-ąhe |
| turn over (1), roll (1) | *ptą·(-he) |
| turn over (4) | *kxų́he |
| turtle (1) | *wa-hké, *wi-hké |
| turtle (2) | *wa-hkí·-(se) |
| twin, pair | *rųSka |
| twist (1) | *pe + *wrį |
| twist (2) | *ru-rį́· |
| twist (3) | *wirį́, *wí·rį |
| twist > curly (1) | *wrį́sE |
| twist > curly (2) | *wrį́xE |
| twist > curly (3) | *wrį́šE |
| twist > wrap, fold | *ape· |
| two | *rų́·pa |
| uncle, mother’s brother | *i-Ré·ki |
| up, upwards, upper | *wą·- |
| urine (2), urinate (2) | *-Ré·xE |
| urine (2), urinate (2) | *haréˑxe |
| use, do with | *i-ʔų́ |
| vagina, vulva | *šą́·-re |
| vermin (1) | *-puS- |
| vermin (2) | *wa-krúS-ka |
| vermin (3) | *-kreSka |
| vermin (4) | *karą́škV |
| vermin (5) | *wakrí· |
| vine | *-tuhu |
| visible | *ahtá·ʔį(-he) |
| voice (1) | *hó·(-he) |
| vomit | karé· |
| vomit | *karé·(-pE) |
| walk (1) | *rį·(-re) |
| walk (2) | *wą́· |
| want (1) | *ʔi·he |
| want (2) | *kų́·he |
| warm (1) | *štákE |
| war, warpath | *(wa-)Ró·ta |
| wash | *rušá·(-re) |
| water | *yo |
| water, liquid | *wa-rį́· |
| wear about the shoulders | *ʔį·he |
| wear around the neck | *(-r-)ą́·pe-ʔį |
| weave (1) | *-sų́-tE |
| weave (2) | *sų ~ *šų |
| what size | *(r)ą |
| whistle (1), chirp | *so· |
| whistle (2) | *šo· |
| whistle (3) | *só·-pE |
| white (1) | *asą́·(-hą) |
| white (2) | [old reconstruction only] |
| who | *pe· |
| wife | *ųhe |
| willow, Salix sp. | *ayú·xi ~ *arú·xi (?) |
| wind (1) | [old reconstruction only] |
| wind (2) | *se ~ *xe |
| wind (3) | *xųwe |
| wing (1) | *xupa ~ *xųpa |
| winter | *wá·rą· |
| wipe > rub, sweep | *kįSE |
| wise, smart, mature | *ksá·-pE |
| with, instrument | *í- |
| woodpecker | *htó·ska |
| worm | *htáwą |
| wound | *(ó-)ʔo |
| wrinkle (1), ruffle | *xi |
| wrinkle (2) | *xʔį (?) |
| wrinkle (3) | *xí·pE |
| yawn | *ʔí·- -ra· |
| yellow | *sí·(-re) |
| yellow > brown | *xí·(-re) |
| yellow > tawny | *ší·(-re) |
| yes (1), to be so | *ahą́· |
| yes (2) | *é· |
| yesterday (1) | *sitó· (?) |
References
[edit]- ^ Rankin, Robert L. & Carter, Richard T. & Jones, A. Wesley & Koontz, John E. & Rood, David S. & Hartmann, Iren (eds.) 2015. Comparative Siouan Dictionary. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.