Appendix:Proto-Mazatec reconstructions
Proto-Mazatec reconstructions:[1]
Kirk (1966)
[edit]| No. | Gloss | Proto-Mazatec |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | limps | *caʔú |
| 2 | stutters | *ca³kha̻¹ʔá³ |
| 3 | runs | *ca³nká³, *thu³khá⁴² |
| 4 | fears | *ca³nkhú̻¹, *cu³nkhú̻¹ |
| 5 | goes out (fire) | *ca³ʔú³ |
| 6 | if | *cá³² |
| 7 | fast | *cá⁴ |
| 8 | girl | *ca⁴khí̻¹ |
| 9 | cotton | *ca⁴nká⁴ |
| 10 | lazy | *ce²ʔé² |
| 11 | big | *cé³ |
| 12 | full | *cé³ |
| 13 | lights (a fire) | *cé³ |
| 14 | new | *-cé⁴ |
| 15 | coyote | *ce⁴hé̻² |
| 16 | his | *ce⁴ʔé⁴ |
| 17 | coati | *chá¹ |
| 18 | pretty (animals, books) | *chau³kú̻³ |
| 19 | pretty (persons) | *chau³thí̻¹ |
| 20 | clean | *ché⁴³ |
| 21 | moss | *chi̻á̻¹ |
| 22 | tobacco | *chi̻ú̻⁴ |
| 23 | toasted | *chú² |
| 24 | kicks | *chú̻² |
| 25 | gives | *chuá³ |
| 26 | do | *-ci¹ʔi¹- |
| 27 | lends | *ci¹ʔi¹ke³yá³ |
| 28 | paints | *ci¹ʔi¹ki³ʔí² |
| 29 | rests | *ci¹ʔi¹kha¹yá³ |
| 30 | plays (an instrument) | *ci¹ʔi¹kha³né̻³ |
| 31 | purges | *ci¹ʔi¹kha³ʔá³ |
| 32 | constructs, makes | *ci¹ʔi¹nts³há², *we¹ʔe¹nts³há² |
| 33 | pats (corn cakes) | *ci¹ʔi¹té⁴³ |
| 34 | uncle | *ci³ní̻³¹ |
| 35 | shrimp | *ci³ñá̻¹ |
| 36 | crooked | *ci³tí̻³ |
| 37 | everything | *ci³ʔí³ |
| 38 | nausea | *ci³ʔí³ |
| 39 | yours (sg.) | *ci⁴ |
| 40 | penis | *ci̻¹ʔá̻² |
| 41 | non-existant | *cí̻² |
| 42 | born | *cí̻⁴³ |
| 43 | plays with | *cuta̻hú̻ |
| 44 | curassow | *cu¹ʔé¹ |
| 45 | blouse | *cu¹ʔú¹ |
| 46 | walk | *cu¹ʔwá³ |
| 47 | says | *cú² |
| 48 | pretty (music, sound) | *-cú² |
| 49 | girl | *cu²tí³ |
| 50 | raft, boat | *-cú³ |
| 51 | sand | *cu³mí̻¹ |
| 52 | sun | *cu³ʔwí¹ |
| 53 | hugs | *cu⁴wa³khá¹ |
| 54 | ashes | *čahú |
| 55 | person prefix (singular male) | *cǎ¹- |
| 56 | squirrel | *ča¹hnú̻⁴ |
| 57 | onossum | *ča¹sé̻³ |
| 58 | squirrel | *ča¹tu⁴ʔyá¹ |
| 59 | load | *ča¹ʔá¹ |
| 60 | parent-in-law | *ča¹ʔá¹ |
| 61 | brown | *čá̻³ |
| 62 | holy | *ča³kú̻³, *či³kú̻³ |
| 63 | breaks, broken | *ča³khá̻³, *či³khá̻³, *wa³khá̻¹ |
| 64 | forgets | *ča³yaá³ |
| 65 | bad, wicked | *ča³ʔú³ |
| 66 | cramp | *ča⁴há̻¹ |
| 67 | liver | *ča⁴hnká⁴, *či⁴hnká⁴ |
| 68 | firewood | *ča⁴kí̻¹, *či⁴kí̻⁴ |
| 69 | armadillo | *ča⁴ʔá² |
| 70 | thunder-lightning | *ča⁴ʔú̻⁴ |
| 71 | earthquake | *ča̻ú̻¹ |
| 72 | trap | *čę́ |
| 73 | brother of spouse | *čhá⁴ |
| 74 | cooks | *čhá̻² |
| 75 | egg | *čhaú⁴¹ |
| 76 | expensive | *čhí¹ |
| 77 | pays | *čhí¹ |
| 78 | ripens | *čhí² |
| 79 | chirimoya | *čhí³ |
| 80 | iguana | *čhi³nkí³ |
| 81 | sews, embroideries | *čhi⁴né̻⁴ |
| 82 | zapote | *čhi⁴nté¹ |
| 83 | cherry | *čhi⁴ʔyá⁴ |
| 84 | take it | *čhu³weí¹ |
| 85 | grasshopper, locust | *čhu⁴wá⁴, *čha⁴wá⁴ |
| 86 | woman, wife | *čhú̻⁴¹ |
| 87 | closes | *čhuá² |
| 88 | parrot | *či¹kí⁴ |
| 89 | breast | *či³kí³ |
| 90 | fly (n) | *či³sé̻³ |
| 91 | uvula | *či³tá̻³ |
| 92 | hunchback | *či³thú³ |
| 93 | fever | *či³ʔí̻³ |
| 94 | cold (sickness) | *či³ʔi̻³scé¹ |
| 95 | unmatured | *či³ʔnté¹, *čhi³ʔnté¹ |
| 96 | glass | *ču⁴cí̻¹ |
| 97 | arrow | *či⁴hnú̻⁴ |
| 98 | dream | *či⁴ní̻³ |
| 99 | shirt | *či⁴nká³ |
| 100 | pig | *či⁴nká⁴ |
| 101 | drunk, intoxicated | *či⁴ʔí⁴ |
| 102 | wait (imper. pl.) | *ču¹yá³ |
| 103 | parrot | *ču¹ʔá¹ |
| 104 | chayote | *ču¹ʔmí̻¹ |
| 105 | arrives at, reaches | *ču³ |
| 106 | bat | *ču³tʸha³wa³hnká³ |
| 107 | animal | *čú⁴ |
| 108 | weevil | *ču⁴ki³šú³ |
| 109 | centipede | *ču⁴ne̻¹hé⁴ |
| 110 | porcupine | *ču⁴ni̻³ñú̻³ |
| 111 | hot season | *ču⁴nta³wá¹, *ču⁴ntu³wá¹, *ča⁴- |
| 112 | worm | *ču⁴ntú³¹ |
| 113 | cockroach | *ču⁴té³¹ |
| 114 | measure, mark | *ču⁴wá⁴ |
| 115 | servant | *ču⁴ʔntá³ |
| 116 | bedbug | *ču⁴ʔú¹ |
| 117 | bud | *ču⁴ʔú⁴ |
| 118 | time, place | *čú̻ |
| 119 | appearance, similarity | *čú̻³¹ |
| 120 | name | *haʔi̻̇́ |
| 121 | person prefix (plural male referent, male speaker) | *ha¹- |
| 122 | arrives | *ha³ʔí |
| 123 | worm (intestinal) | *há⁴ |
| 124 | face | *ha⁴nkha̻í̻ |
| 125 | around | *ha⁴ntaí³ |
| 126 | afterwards | *ha⁴ská̻³ |
| 127 | there | *há̻¹ |
| 128 | two | *haú² |
| 129 | long | *hé |
| 130 | he, this | *hé |
| 131 | finished | *he³hé³ |
| 132 | downward | *hé̻³ |
| 133 | you (sg.) | *hí³ |
| 134 | among | *-hí̻⁴³ |
| 135 | black | *hmá̻² |
| 136 | thing | *hmí̻² |
| 137 | sky | *hmí̻³ |
| 138 | person prefix (plural) | *hmi̻⁴- |
| 139 | light (in weight) | *hná̻ |
| 140 | falls (v.) | *hné̻ |
| 141 | smells | *hné̻⁴ |
| 142 | blood | *hní̻¹ |
| 143 | wing | *hnká⁴ |
| 144 | day after tomorrow | *hnkí³ |
| 145 | moment | *hnku³thú² |
| 146 | one | *hnkú³¹ |
| 147 | we (incl.) sing. | *hntá |
| 148 | dirty | *hntí¹ |
| 149 | salty | *hntʸá³ |
| 150 | too long | *hntʸú³ |
| 151 | smooth | *hnú̻ |
| 152 | laugh | *hnú̻² |
| 153 | owl | *hnú̻¹ |
| 154 | cornfield | *hnú̜ |
| 155 | woods, wild place | *-hñá̻¹ |
| 156 | sits, is | *-hñá̻³ |
| 157 | chile pepper | *hñá̻⁴ |
| 158 | dark | *hñú̻² |
| 159 | on the surface | *hú̻³ |
| 160 | sounds, resounds | *hwa³né̻³ |
| 161 | sighs | *hwa³ʔa¹cé³ |
| 162 | chooses | *hwa³ʔa¹hí̻⁴³ |
| 163 | passes by | *hwa³ʔa³ |
| 164 | clear, clean | *-hwá³¹ |
| 165 | lonesome | *hwaú¹ |
| 166 | sleeps | *hwé² |
| 167 | use up | *hwé² |
| 168 | slowly | *-hwí² |
| 169 | goes | *hwí² |
| 170 | willing | *hyú³ |
| 171 | neck | *ka¹sí̻³ |
| 172 | completive aspect | *ka²- |
| 173 | curassow | *ka³hwá³ |
| 174 | alone | *ka̻²ʔá̻² |
| 175 | twenty | *ká̻⁴³ |
| 176 | unwilling | *kaí³ |
| 177 | and | *kaú⁴- |
| 178 | dead | *ke³ʔé̻³ |
| 179 | skunk | *khá¹ |
| 180 | across | *khá¹ |
| 181 | carries, fetches | *kha³ʔá¹ |
| 182 | roots | *kha⁴má̻⁴, *ha⁴má̻⁴ |
| 183 | gourd | *kha⁴ntú⁴, *ku⁴ntú⁴, *ha⁴ntú⁴ |
| 184 | step (n) | *kha⁴ntʸhaú¹, *ha⁴nthaú¹ |
| 185 | different | *kha⁴ʔí²¹ |
| 186 | daughter-in-law | *kha⁴ʔntá³, *ha⁴ʔntá³ |
| 187 | fights | *khá̻¹ |
| 188 | very | *khai¹nká³ |
| 189 | together, with | *khaú³ |
| 190 | not yet | *khé³ |
| 191 | spins (thread) | *khé̻ |
| 192 | retches, cramps, pulls | *khé̻³ |
| 193 | breathes | *khe̻³stá³, *khe̻³ntá³ |
| 194 | smokes (tobacco) | *khé̻⁴³ |
| 195 | when | *khi¹ʔá¹ |
| 196 | completive aspect | *khi³- |
| 197 | cries | *khi³ʔntá¹ |
| 198 | famine | *khi³ntʸá¹ |
| 199 | appearance of | *khi³ʔí³ |
| 200 | barks | *khi³ʔñú̻³ |
| 201 | lame | *khi⁴ʔnká³, *či⁴ʔnké¹ |
| 202 | far | *khí̻³¹ |
| 203 | sews | *khu³yá³ |
| 204 | ticklish | *ki¹cí⁴ |
| 205 | right (adj) | *ki²ší⁴ |
| 206 | completive aspect | *ki³- |
| 207 | everywhere | *ki³hntá² |
| 208 | metal | *ki⁴čá⁴ |
| 209 | charcoal | *ki⁴šú̜⁴ |
| 210 | toad | *ku¹tú |
| 211 | monkey | *ku³ní̻⁴³ |
| 212 | truncated, limb (of person) cut off | *ku³tú³ |
| 213 | guards | *ku³ʔntá³ |
| 214 | alive, awake | *kú̻³ |
| 215 | look | *kʷe⁴ní̻³ |
| 216 | abstract thing | *kʷhá⁴ |
| 217 | happiness | *kʷha⁴chuá³, *kʷha⁴chaú³ |
| 218 | puts on | *kʷa⁴há⁴, *nkʷa⁴há⁴ |
| 219 | truth | *kʷha⁴ki²ší⁴ |
| 220 | war | *kʷha⁴sčá̻¹ |
| 221 | law, order, ruler | *kʷha⁴te¹šu³má̻³ |
| 222 | gift | *kʷha⁴thaú² |
| 223 | finish off | *kʷhé |
| 224 | 1p. will go | *kʷhí³ |
| 225 | this, he | *kʷí³ |
| 226 | this | *kʷi³šu³ʔwí⁴ |
| 227 | do, able, make | *má̻³ |
| 228 | no | *ma̻³ha̻í̜² |
| 229 | needs, uses | *ma̻³čhé̻¹ |
| 230 | fine, tax | *ma̻³čhi¹nthaí² |
| 231 | edible | *ma̻³či³né̻³ |
| 232 | visible | *ma̻³nce³hé̻⁴³, *ma̻³ce³hé̻⁴³ |
| 233 | accustomed to | *ma̻³nká³ |
| 234 | understand | *ma̻³nkha̻í̻¹ |
| 235 | fulfill | *ma̻³ntu⁴hú¹ |
| 236 | gathered together | *ma̻³ña̻⁴há³ |
| 237 | half | *ma̻³sé̻³, *wa³sé̻³ |
| 238 | clears land | *ma̻ú̻² |
| 239 | wants | *me̻³hé̻² |
| 240 | upgrade, slone up | *mi̻³hí̻² |
| 241 | nominal | *na̻³- |
| 242 | corn nob | *na̻³hñá¹. *ni̻³hñá̻¹ |
| 243 | cloth, clothes | *na̻³hñú̻³. *ni̜³hñú̻ |
| 244 | land, country | *na̻³nkí³ |
| 245 | low | *na̻³nkí³ |
| 246 | dog | *na̻³ñá̻¹ |
| 247 | net (square) | *na̻³šá¹ |
| 248 | flower | *na̻³šú¹ |
| 249 | louse | *na̻³tí¹ |
| 250 | scorpion | *na̜³ya¹, *ntu³ya¹ |
| 251 | father | *na̻³ʔí̻² |
| 252 | vine | *na̻³ʔñú̻¹, *ni̜³ʔñú̻¹ |
| 253 | mother | *ná̜⁴ |
| 254 | rabbit | *na̻⁴ce¹, *ni̻⁴ce¹ |
| 255 | coffee-fly | *na̜⁴cé⁴ |
| 256 | grind stone (metate) | *na̻⁴cí¹ |
| 257 | cactus (maguey) | *na̻⁴cú⁴ |
| 258 | godmother | *na̻⁴ča³kú̻³, *na⁴či³kú̻³ |
| 259 | bed, offering table | *na̻⁴ča̻³ |
| 260 | banana | *na̻⁴čhá⁴ |
| 261 | thread | *na̻⁴čhú̻¹ |
| 262 | mother-in-law | *na̻⁴či¹ʔyá³ |
| 263 | squash | *na̻⁴čú⁴ |
| 264 | tongue | *na̻⁴he̜í̻⁴, *ni̜⁴he̜í̜⁴ |
| 265 | finger | *na̻⁴hna̻¹na̜cá⁴ |
| 266 | violin | *na̜⁴hní̜¹, *ni̜⁴hní̜¹ |
| 267 | tobacco | *na̜⁴hnú̻⁴ |
| 268 | turkey (female) | *na̜⁴hñú̻⁴, *ni̻⁴hñú̜⁴ |
| 269 | deep | *na̻⁴nká⁴ |
| 270 | water | *na̻⁴ntá¹ |
| 271 | cactus (nopal) | *na̻⁴ntá⁴ |
| 272 | duck | *na̜⁴nú̜¹ |
| 273 | grandmother | *na̻⁴sčá¹ |
| 274 | salt | *na̻⁴šá⁴ |
| 275 | cliff, mountain | *na̻⁴ší⁴ |
| 276 | town | *na̻⁴ši⁴na̻³ntá¹ |
| 277 | deer | *na̻⁴ší̻¹ |
| 278 | throat | *na̻⁴šú⁴ |
| 279 | spindle | *na̻⁴thí⁴, *ni̻⁴thí⁴ |
| 280 | corn flower | *na̜⁴tí̜¹, *ni̜⁴tí̜¹ |
| 281 | coconut | *na̻⁴tʸú¹, *ni̜⁴tʸú¹ |
| 282 | father | *na̻⁴ʔmí̜³ |
| 283 | devil | *na̻í̻⁴¹ |
| 284 | foot | *nca⁴kú⁴, *ncu⁴kú⁴, *cu⁴kú⁴ |
| 285 | intestine | *nce³ʔé³, *ce³ʔé³ |
| 286 | brother | *nce⁴ʔé⁴ |
| 287 | hand | *nchá³, *ncá⁴ |
| 288 | hair | *nchá⁴ |
| 289 | huaje | *nché⁴ |
| 290 | honey | *nché̜¹ |
| 291 | onion | *nchú⁴ |
| 292 | narrow | *ncí |
| 293 | hummingbird | *ncí̜⁴ |
| 294 | mouth | *ncu³ʔwá³, *cu³ʔwá³ |
| 295 | foot (your sg.) | *ncu⁴kuí³, *cu⁴kuí³ |
| 296 | swamp | *nčá³ |
| 297 | corn drink (stole) | *nča³há¹ |
| 298 | dust | *nča³hú³, *ča³hú³ |
| 299 | tomorrow | *nča³hú̻², *nču³hú̻² |
| 300 | broom | *nča⁴hú⁴ |
| 301 | secretly, thief | *nče³hé̻¹, *ce³hé¹ |
| 302 | cooked corn | *nčé⁴¹ |
| 303 | talks | *nčhá⁴ |
| 304 | complain | *nčha⁴tí⁴³ |
| 305 | women, wives | *nčhí̜¹ |
| 306 | rich | *nči⁴ná̻¹ |
| 307 | aunt | *nču³kʷhá̻³ |
| 308 | corn on the cob | *nču⁴tí̻⁴ |
| 309 | bite | *né̻³ |
| 310 | braids | *ni̻⁴hé⁴ |
| 311 | thing | *-ni̻³ |
| 312 | nominal | *ni̜³- |
| 313 | euries | *ni̜³hí̜², *ña̜³hí̜² |
| 314 | sleepy | *ni̜³hñá̜¹, *na̜³hñá̜¹ |
| 315 | mat | *ni̜³hñá̻³ |
| 316 | spinal column | *ni̜³nta³yá¹ |
| 317 | bone | *ni̜³nta³¹ |
| 318 | clay griddle | *ni̜³thá³ |
| 319 | slippery | *ni̜³ntú² |
| 320 | hill | *ni̜³ntú³ |
| 321 | needle, spine | *ni̜³ntú³¹ |
| 322 | star | *ni̜³ñú̻³ |
| 323 | morning-star | *ni̜³ñú̜³ce³ |
| 324 | water jug | *ni̜³sá³ |
| 325 | mouse | *ni̜³sé̻³ |
| 326 | gourd | *ni̜³sú³¹ |
| 327 | land | *ni̜³ʔnté³ |
| 328 | pen | *ni̜³ʔñá̜³ |
| 329 | corn (dry ear) | *ni̜⁴hí̻⁴ |
| 330 | fox | *ni̜⁴ntá⁴ |
| 331 | pimple | *ni̜⁴ntú³ |
| 332 | corn cake | *ni̜⁴ñú̜⁴ |
| 333 | bird | *ni̜⁴sé³ |
| 334 | basket | *ni̜⁴sí̻⁴ |
| 335 | rib | *ni̻⁴sí̻⁴ |
| 336 | night | *ni̜⁴šthé̻⁴ |
| 337 | day | *ni̜⁴štʸhí̜ |
| 338 | smoke | *ni̜⁴ʔntí⁴ |
| 339 | teeth | *ni̜⁴ʔñú̜⁴, *na̜⁴ʔñú̜, *nte⁴ʔñá̜⁴ |
| 340 | subordinating conjunction | *nka³- |
| 341 | leg | *nka³sú³ |
| 342 | cave | *nka⁴haú⁴, *nki⁴haú⁴ |
| 343 | stomach | *nka⁴ncu⁴ʔá⁴, *ka⁴ncu⁴ʔá⁴ |
| 344 | many | *nkhí̻² |
| 345 | neck | *nki¹sí̻³, *ya¹sí̻³ |
| 346 | went | *nki³hí², *ki³hí² |
| 347 | afternoon | *nki³šú̻² |
| 348 | under | *nki³ʔnté³, *ki³ʔnté³ |
| 349 | chin, jaw | *nki³ʔwá³ |
| 350 | yesterday | *nku²ʔhñá̻ |
| 351 | day before yesterday | *nku²skiá⁴, *nku²čá⁴ |
| 352 | door | *nkʷha⁴nthuá⁴ |
| 353 | saliva | *nta¹na̜³tʸá¹, *nta¹na̻³té¹ |
| 354 | sweat | *nta¹ntu³wá¹ |
| 355 | urine | *nta¹ntu⁴wá⁴ |
| 356 | river | *nta¹šhé⁴ |
| 357 | saliva | *nta¹ʔá³ |
| 358 | good | *nta³há² |
| 359 | sunshine | *nta³wá¹, *ntu³wá¹ |
| 360 | waist | *nta³yá³, *nti³yá³ |
| 361 | thorn | *nta³ʔyá¹ |
| 362 | person prefix (singular male, male speaker) | *nta⁴- |
| 363 | sugar cane | *nta⁴haí³ |
| 364 | nest | *nta⁴wá⁴, *ntu⁴wá⁴ |
| 365 | funeral | *nta⁴wa⁴ša⁴ʔyá⁴, *ntu⁴wa⁴ša⁴ʔyá⁴ |
| 366 | net bag, hammock | *nta⁴ʔyá³ |
| 367 | dough | *nta⁴ʔú⁴ |
| 368 | over the edge of | *nthaí² |
| 369 | wind | *nthaú⁴ |
| 370 | owl (small variety) | *ntekhá, *tekhá |
| 371 | rainbow | *nteʔyá⁴ |
| 372 | gentle, tame | *nte¹ʔé¹ |
| 373 | steam, fever | *nte¹ʔí⁴ |
| 374 | tail | *nte³ci³ʔí̻³ |
| 375 | ashes | *nte³sú³ |
| 376 | market | *nte⁴cí̻⁴ |
| 377 | outside | *nte⁴cí̻⁴ |
| 378 | deer | *nte⁴hé⁴ |
| 379 | nose | *nte⁴thú̻⁴ |
| 380 | herb | *nte⁴yá⁴, *nte⁴ya⁴skú³ |
| 381 | purslane | *nte⁴ya⁴čí⁴ |
| 382 | saltwort | *nte⁴yá⁴hu̜¹ |
| 383 | herb-greens | *nte⁴ʔé² |
| 384 | buttocks, bottom | *nte⁴ʔé⁴ |
| 385 | seed | *nthé⁴ |
| 386 | buzzard | *nti¹kié¹ |
| 387 | sister | *nti³čhá³ |
| 388 | midday | *nti³sé̻³, *nči³sé̻³ |
| 389 | house | *nti³ʔyá³ |
| 390 | town hall | *nti³ʔyá³ma̻³se̻³, *nti³ʔyá³wa³se̜³ |
| 391 | gopher | *nti³ʔyú³ |
| 392 | road | *nti⁴yá¹ |
| 393 | road (main) | *nti⁴ya¹té¹ |
| 394 | ant | *nti⁴ʔyú³ |
| 395 | sweet potato | *ntu¹scé¹, *nta¹scé¹ |
| cassava | *ntu¹yá¹, *nta¹yá¹ | |
| 397 | long | *ntu³hú² |
| 398 | sad | *ntu³sí³ |
| 399 | hear (2p. sg.) | *ntu³ʔyeí¹, *nta³ʔyeí¹ |
| 400 | soap | *ntu⁴hú⁴ |
| 401 | jail | *ntu⁴wa⁴yá¹, *nta⁴wa⁴yá¹ |
| 402 | steam bath | *ntu⁴yá³ |
| 403 | boss | *ntʸá⁴ |
| 404 | crow | *ntʸa⁴há¹ |
| 405 | horn (animal) | *ntʸa⁴há⁴ |
| 406 | stone, rock | *ntʸa⁴hú⁴ |
| 407 | hears | *ntʸe¹ʔé¹ |
| 408 | comb | *ntʸe⁴tí¹ |
| 409 | forked stick | *ntʸhí³ |
| 410 | no | *ntʸi²kʷí³ |
| 411 | fire | *ntʸi³ʔí¹ |
| 412 | pupil (eye) | *ntʸi¹ʔí¹šku̻⁴ |
| 413 | grass | *ntʸi⁴hí⁴ |
| 414 | weak | *ntʸkhú̻¹ |
| 415 | medicine | *ntʸkí⁴³ |
| 416 | marker, boundary | *-ntʸú¹ |
| 417 | comes | *ntʸu³wá¹ |
| 418 | opossum | *ntʸu⁴hwí³, *ntʸa⁴hwí³ |
| 419 | year | *nú̻¹ |
| 420 | we (incl.) | *ñá̻¹ |
| 421 | nine | *ña̻³há⁴³ |
| 422 | seven | *ña̻³tú⁴³ |
| 423 | difficult | *ña̜³ʔí̜³ |
| 424 | fifty | *ña̜⁴ča̜²té³ |
| 425 | forty | *na̜⁴čá̻³ |
| 426 | four | *ñu̜³hú² |
| 427 | ear | *ñu̜³hú̜³ |
| 428 | avocado | *ñu̜³má̜¹ |
| 429 | bumblebee | *ñu̜³mé̜³ |
| 430 | fingernail | *ñu̜³nkú³ |
| 431 | bean | *ñu̜⁴hmá̻¹, *na̜⁴hmá̜¹ |
| 432 | corn (kernel) | *ñu̜⁴hmé̜¹, *ña̜⁴hmé̻¹ |
| 433 | poor | *ñu̜⁴má̜⁴ |
| 434 | bat | *ñu̜⁴nkú¹ |
| 435 | church | *ñu̜⁴nkú⁴ |
| 436 | moon | *sá¹ |
| 437 | more | *sá³ |
| 438 | find | *sa³kú¹, *su³kú¹ |
| 439 | fast | *sa³sá³ |
| 440 | likes | *sa³sé̻¹ |
| 441 | ashamed, bashful, alone | *sa³wá³, *su³wá² |
| 442 | better | *sa⁴nta³há² |
| 443 | clown | *sa⁴sé¹ |
| 444 | green (color) | *sa⁴sé⁴, *su⁴sé⁴ |
| 445 | soon | *sa⁴ʔí⁴ |
| 446 | acid | *sá̻³ |
| 447 | section (of an orange) | *scá¹ |
| 448 | covers | *scá³ |
| 449 | cheek | *scá³ |
| 450 | bag, pocket | *scá³ |
| 451 | guayaba | *scé³ |
| 452 | rain | *scí¹ |
| 453 | drizzle | *sci¹šá⁴ |
| 454 | old | *sčá¹ |
| 455 | big | *sča¹nká³, *sči¹nká³ |
| 456 | orphan | *sča⁴ʔá̜⁴ |
| 457 | little | *sčí¹ |
| 458 | able | *sču¹kʷhá⁴ |
| 459 | thick (liquid) | *sé³ |
| 460 | sings | *sé⁴² |
| 461 | candle | *sé̜¹ |
| 462 | stench (like decayed flesh or copper) | *sé̜³ |
| 463 | enters | *se̜³ʔé³ |
| 464 | believes | *se̜³ʔe̜³hí̜³ |
| 465 | bitter, gall | *shá³ |
| 466 | look for | *-shaí² |
| 467 | hot | *shué² |
| 468 | bothers | *si³ci¹ʔí¹ |
| 469 | yellow | *si³né̜² |
| 470 | dirt | *sí⁴³ |
| 471 | tick | *-sí̜³ |
| 472 | plays | *ská¹ |
| 473 | until | *ska³ʔntá³ |
| 474 | able (physically) | *ská⁴, *ká⁴ |
| 475 | falls (v.) | *ská⁴³ |
| 476 | left (adj.) | *skhú̜¹ |
| 477 | belch | *skiá |
| 478 | wait for (imper. sg.) | *sku³yá³ |
| 479 | crane | *skʷá⁴ |
| 480 | powder | *skʷá̻⁴ |
| 481 | tired | *stá³, *ntá³ |
| 482 | voice | *stá⁴, *ntá⁴ |
| 483 | sandal, shoe | *sté¹, *nté¹ |
| 484 | wasp | *sté³ |
| 485 | fish | *stí⁴ |
| 486 | holiday | *su¹ʔí¹ |
| 487 | vomit | *sú³ |
| 488 | the same | *su³wá² |
| 489 | on, above | *sú̜² |
| 490 | world | *sú̜³ʔnté³ |
| 491 | work | *šá¹ |
| 492 | skirt | *šá¹ʔú¹ |
| 493 | jaguar | *šá³ |
| 494 | early | *ša³tí¹ |
| 495 | porcupine | *ša³ʔnkiú¹ |
| 496 | monkey (small variety) | *ša³ʔwí³, *šu³wí³ |
| 497 | faint (barely visible) | *šá⁴ |
| 498 | mildew | *šá⁴ |
| 499 | ravine, gorge, gully | *ša⁴nká¹, *šu⁴nká¹ |
| 500 | opens | *ša⁴ʔá⁴ |
| 501 | bridge | *ša⁴ʔmá̻⁴, *šu⁴ʔmá̻⁴ |
| 502 | chicken | *ša⁴ʔntá⁴, *šu⁴ʔntá⁴ |
| 503 | lace | *ša⁴ʔwá⁴, *šu⁴ʔwá⁴ |
| 504 | emanation (from non-edible dead body) | *ša⁴ʔyá⁴ |
| 505 | liquor | *šá̜¹ |
| 506 | poor | *ša̜⁴ʔá⁴ |
| 507 | hawk | *šhá⁴ |
| 508 | three | *šhá̜² |
| 509 | six | *šha̜ú̜⁴³ |
| 510 | sin | *šhé¹ |
| 511 | big | *šhé³ |
| 512 | corn (young ear) | *šhe⁴ʔé⁴ |
| 513 | quiet | *šhiú³ |
| 514 | eight | *šhí̻³¹ |
| 515 | mosquito | *ši¹ʔí⁴ |
| 516 | dry | *ší² |
| 517 | belch | *ši²ʔntí⁴ |
| 518 | connective (that) | *ši³- |
| 519 | lard | *ši³né̻¹ |
| 520 | small | *ši³ší³ |
| 521 | flea | *ši³ʔyá¹ |
| 522 | man | *ši⁴ʔí̜³ |
| 523 | adobe | *ši⁴ʔnté⁴, *čhi⁴ʔnté⁴ |
| 524 | apart | *ší̜² |
| 525 | hunt | *ší̜⁴ |
| 526 | trousers | *šká¹ |
| 527 | cricket | *ška³hntí³ |
| 528 | leaf | *šká⁴ |
| 529 | broom | *ška⁴čá³ |
| 530 | palm leaf | *ška⁴hé̜¹ |
| 531 | thin | *ške³ʔé̻¹ |
| 532 | alligator | *škhá³ |
| 533 | spouse of sister or daughter | *škha³ʔntá³ |
| 534 | frog | *škhé⁴ |
| 535 | weak | *škhú⁴ |
| 536 | glutton | *ški³ʔá² |
| 537 | numeral | *škí⁴ |
| 538 | whirlwind | *škí̜²¹ |
| 539 | eye | *škú̜⁴ |
| 540 | unripe, raw | *škʷhé̻¹ |
| 541 | deaf | *šta³yá³¹ |
| 542 | mushroom | *štha̻í̻³ |
| 543 | rubbish | *šthé¹ |
| 544 | nest | *šthé¹ |
| 545 | forehead | *šthé³ |
| 546 | children | *ští³ |
| 547 | disrobes | *ští̻³ |
| 548 | rotten | *štú |
| 549 | short | *štu³wá¹ |
| 550 | behind | *štú̻³ |
| 551 | foam, spray | *šú¹ |
| 552 | lime | *šú¹hña̻ú̜ |
| 553 | landslide | *šú²¹ |
| 554 | boils | *šú³ |
| 555 | seed | *šu³hmá̻¹ |
| 556 | dew | *šu³ñú̜³, *sa³ñú̜³ |
| 557 | termite | *šu³wí¹ |
| 558 | navel | *šu³ʔú³ |
| 559 | lot (house site) | *šu³ʔwá³, *ša³ʔwá³ |
| 560 | paper | *šu⁴hú̻⁴ |
| 561 | person | *šu⁴tá⁴, *ču⁴tá⁴ |
| 562 | tomato | *šu⁴tí⁴, *čhu⁴tí⁴ |
| 563 | wasp | *šu⁴ʔwé⁴, *ša⁴ʔwé⁴ |
| 564 | tough, hard | *tahá, *ntahá |
| 565 | no longer | *ta⁴- |
| 566 | show me | *ta⁴kú³, *tu⁴kú³ |
| 567 | money | *ta̜ú̜ |
| 568 | goat | *te¹ncú⁴ |
| 569 | dances | *té² |
| 570 | ten | *té³ |
| 571 | brilliant, shiny | *té³ |
| 572 | wide | *te³yá¹, *té⁴³ |
| 573 | appearance, similarity | *te⁴kú̜³ |
| 574 | thick | *tha̻í̜³ |
| 575 | guards | *thaú² |
| 576 | loves | *thaú² |
| 577 | magic, sorcery | *the³ʔé³ |
| 578 | itch | *thé⁴³ |
| 579 | arises | *-thé̻⁴ |
| 580 | flies, follows | *thé̜⁴ |
| 581 | behind | *the̜⁴nkí³ |
| 582 | mixes | *thi¹hí̻⁴³ |
| 583 | round | *thí³ |
| 584 | goes and comes | *thi³yá³ |
| 585 | there are | *thí̻¹ |
| 586 | let’s go | *thi̻á̻³ |
| 587 | first | *thú̻² |
| 588 | out of | *thú³ |
| 589 | continuative aspect | *ti¹- |
| 590 | pig louse | *ti¹ʔwá⁴ |
| 591 | burns | *tí² |
| 592 | boy | *tí³ |
| 593 | empty | *ti³yá³ |
| 594 | cooking pot | *ti⁴hí¹, *nti⁴hí¹ |
| 595 | go (imperative) | *ti̜³ʔí̜³ |
| 596 | bald, stubble | *tká³ |
| 597 | head | *tkú⁴ |
| 598 | finger tip | *tku⁴nchá³, *tku⁴ncá⁴ |
| 599 | rough | *tkʷhé³ |
| 600 | tree-trunk | *tu²ci³ʔí̜³ |
| 601 | dove (n.) | *tu³hú³ |
| 602 | papaya | *tu³ku⁴nkhá³ |
| 603 | cherry | *tu³ntí̜⁴ |
| 604 | tree (yolosuchil) | *tu³tá³, *ta¹tá² |
| 605 | fruit | *tú³¹ |
| 606 | just, only | *tu⁴- |
| 607 | fierce, angry | *tu̜³wé¹ |
| 608 | white | *tʸa³wá³, *tʸu³wá³ |
| plate | *tʸa⁴wá⁴, *tʸu⁴wá⁴ | |
| 610 | arm, shoulder | *tʸhá³ |
| 611 | transparent, thin | *tʸha³wé³, *tʸhu³wé³ |
| 612 | fifteen | *tʸha³ʔú̻² |
| 613 | skin | *tʸha⁴wa⁴ší̜¹, *tʸhu⁴wa⁴ší̜¹ |
| 614 | cornhusk | *tʸhaú¹ |
| 615 | horn (musical instrument) | *tʸhaú³ |
| 616 | pus | *tʸhu³cé¹ |
| 617 | gum | *tʸhu³nkú¹ |
| 618 | mucus | *tʸhu⁴má̻¹ |
| 619 | fist | *tʸhu⁴nkú⁴ |
| 620 | cradle | *tʸhu⁴ʔwí⁴ |
| 621 | near | *tʸiñá̻³¹ |
| 622 | blind | *tʸká⁴ |
| 623 | knee, joint | *tʸkú¹ |
| 624 | elbow | *tʸku¹nca³mé̻³, *tʸku¹ncu³mé̻³ |
| 625 | kneels | *tʸku¹ʔnčí³ |
| 626 | short | *tʸkʷá̜ |
| 627 | snail | *tʸkʷá¹ |
| 628 | pieces (n) | *tʸu¹ʔá¹ |
| 629 | weave | *waʔá |
| 630 | verb auxiliary | *wa³- |
| 631 | buys | *wa³cé³ |
| 632 | hits | *wa³há¹ |
| 633 | hungry | *wa³hú² |
| 634 | burns | *wa³ká¹ |
| 635 | suckles, nurses | *wa³kí³ |
| 636 | shows, teaches | *wa³kú¹ |
| 637 | falsehood | *wa³na⁴čá⁴ |
| 638 | washes (clothes) | *wa³né̜¹ |
| 639 | flees | *wa³nká⁴² |
| 640 | bathes | *wa³nku²yá³ |
| 641 | defecates | *wa³ští⁴³ |
| 642 | thatches | *wa³té¹ |
| 643 | sweeps | *wa³te¹čá³ |
| 644 | sells | *wa³te¹ná̜³, *wa³te¹ñá̜³ |
| 645 | baptize | *wa³te¹ntá¹ |
| 646 | cuts | *wa³té́³ |
| 647 | cuts | *wa³te³khá¹ |
| 648 | lonesome | *wá⁴³ |
| 649 | counts | *we¹škí⁴ |
| 650 | plants | *we¹ʔe¹nthé⁴ |
| 651 | worships | *we³ntʸkhú̜¹ |
| 652 | hits, gives birth to | *we³ʔé¹ |
| 653 | knows | *wé⁴² |
| 654 | come here | *wí¹ |
| 655 | verb auxiliary | *wi³- |
| 656 | mates | *wi³šá̜³ |
| 657 | passable | *wi³thá³ |
| 658 | harvests | *wi³tʸhá¹ |
| 659 | wears | *yá |
| 660 | inside | *yá |
| 661 | wood, tree, stick | *yá¹ |
| 662 | cedar | *ya¹ka⁴kú̜³ |
| 663 | ladder | *ya¹ki³hú̜⁴ |
| 664 | bamboo-like reed | *ya¹na̜⁴šú⁴ |
| 665 | tree (chaca) | *ya¹na̜⁴ʔní̜⁴ |
| 666 | pine tree | *ya¹ni̜³čá³ |
| 667 | staff | *ya¹ni̜³sé³ |
| 668 | rubber tree | *ya¹nti³čhú̜³ |
| 669 | tree (guayacán) | *ya¹nti⁴hí⁴ |
| 670 | stringer, beam | *ya¹ntu³hú² |
| 671 | post (house) | *ya¹shaí³ |
| 672 | bench | *ya¹skú̜² |
| 673 | bamboo | *ya¹šá¹ |
| 674 | board | *ya¹té⁴³ |
| 675 | corn stalk | *ya¹tʸhaí¹ |
| 676 | tree (manchillo) | *ya¹ʔntí³ |
| 677 | sharp | *ya³hú² |
| 678 | meat | *ya³hú³ |
| 679 | meat (roasted) | *ya³hu³ki³čhá̜³, *ya³hu³há¹ |
| 680 | pointed | *ya³hu³ntʸkú̜², *ya³hu³thú̜² |
| 681 | carries | *ya³ʔá³ |
| 682 | heavy | *ya³ʔyí³¹ |
| 683 | fence | *ya⁴nču³ʔá¹ |
| 684 | rainbow | *yehña̻ |
| 685 | everything | *ye³hé³ |
| 686 | snake | *yé⁴ |
| 687 | turtle | *ye⁴hé⁴ |
| 688 | manure | *ye⁴ʔé⁴ |
| 689 | cloud | *yu³hwí³ |
| 690 | unoccupied | *ʔá³ |
| 691 | interrogative | *ʔa³- |
| 692 | opening | *ʔá³ |
| 693 | I | *ʔá̜³ |
| 694 | fern | *ʔi³hná̜ |
| 695 | soft | *ʔi³ntá⁴³ |
| 696 | embroidery | *ʔi³ntú⁴³ |
| 697 | four-hundred | *ʔiwá |
| 698 | hidden | *ʔmá̜³ |
| 699 | sick | *ʔmé̻³ |
| 700 | chest | *ʔmé̻⁴ |
| 701 | named | *ʔmí̜² |
| 702 | sore, hurt | *ʔmú̜ |
| 703 | brilliant, shiny | *ʔná̜⁴ |
| 704 | cold (weather) | *ʔnčá̜¹ |
| 705 | wet | *ʔnčí⁴ |
| 706 | blackberry | *ʔnčú³, *ʔnkiú, *shá |
| 707 | bunch (of bananas) | *ʔné̜¹ |
| 708 | language, word | *ʔné̜¹ |
| 709 | high, tall | *ʔnká³ |
| 710 | conceited | *ʔnka³kú̜³ |
| 711 | hoes | *ʔnkí⁴³, *nčí⁴³ |
| 712 | cocoa bean | *ʔnkiú¹ |
| 713 | hello | *ʔntá³ |
| 714 | young, little | *ʔntí¹ |
| 715 | twins | *ʔnti¹ʔñú̜⁴ |
| 716 | sterile | *ʔntí⁴ |
| 717 | rots | *ʔntú³ |
| 718 | dusk | *ʔñá̻⁴ |
| 719 | five | *ña̜ú² |
| 720 | hundred | *ña̜u̜³čá̜³ |
| 721 | strong | *ñú̜¹ |
| 722 | mecapal | *ʔnu̜¹stí̜¹ |
| 723 | grinds | *ʔwaú³ |
| 724 | drinks (v) | *ʔwi̇́⁴³ |
| 725 | nominal | *ʔyá³- |
| 726 | red | *ʔya³ni̻̇́² |
| 727 | puckery | *ʔya³si̇́³ |
| 728 | sweet | *̈ʔya³ší⁴³ |
| 729 | warm | *ʔya³sú⁴³ |
| 730 | ant (leaf cutter) | *ʔyá⁴ |
| 731 | drinkable | *ʔyú³ |
References
[edit]- ^ Kirk, Paul Livingston. 1966. Proto-Mazatec phonology. Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Washington.