Appendix:Proto-Hokan reconstructions
Appearance
This appendix contains Proto-Hokan reconstructions by Kaufman (2015).[1]
Note that Hokan is not universally accepted by all linguists. Some linguists consider Hokan to be a linguistic area (Sprachbund) or linkage rather than a a bona fide language family of truly related languages.
Kaufman (2015)
[edit]Key
[edit]Reconstructions are marked with # since they are preliminary.
Aspirated or glottalized consonants:
- [?glott/asp]: languages that an etymon survives in do not have aspirated or glottalized consonants
- [?asp]: languages that an etymon survives in do not have aspirated consonants
Distribution:
NC | Northern California | Chimariko, Yana, Karuk, Shasta-Okwanchu-Konomihu, Achumawi-Atsugewi |
C | Central California Coast | Salina, Esalen |
N | Northern languages | any of the previous languages and/or Pomo, Washu |
SW | Southwest | Yuman-Cochimi, Seri |
TM | Texas and Northeast Mexico | Pajalat [Coahuilteco], Yeméan-Yué [Comecrudoan-Cotoname] |
MA | Mesoamerica | Chontal, Tol |
S | Southern languages | any of the non-Northern languages |
Syllable structure
[edit]- #CV(H)CV*(ː)[CV(ː)](C)
- #([C(x)]V[H])$C(x/w)V(H)(Y)(C)$(+CV)
Function words
[edit]Proto-Hokan | English gloss | distribution | notes | see also/other notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
#ZERO | ‘third person’ | [N/S] | ||
#ha | ‘third person pronoun (marker) | [N/S] | ||
#mi ~ #ma | ‘second person pronoun marker’ | [N/S] | ||
#nyi | ‘second person singular pronoun marker’ | [N/S] | [i ~ a] | |
#nya [gen] ~ #nyi [N] | ‘first person singular pronoun marker’ | [N/S] | ||
#¢cV | ‘first person singular pronoun marker’ | [N/S] | [¢ ~ č] | |
#Ha | ‘first person singular/plural pronoun marker (exclusive?)’ | [N/S] | ||
#lye | ‘first person singular/plural pronoun marker’ | [N/S] | ||
#KV | ‘first person plural pronoun marker (inclusive?)’ | [N/S] | ||
#qhV | ‘second person plural pronoun marker’ (same as #KV?) | [N] | ||
#ma | free particle, ‘reciprocal; reflexive (+/- possessive)’ | [N/S] | (< #maky’ ~ #ma(L) ‘back’ and/or #mat ‘body’) | |
#i | ‘this’ | [N] | ||
#i | ‘first person singular pronoun marker’ | [NC] | ||
#sV | *demonstrative | |||
#sV | ‘first person singular pronoun marker’ | [NC+TM] | ||
#sV | ‘present tense marker’ | [N/S] | ||
#Ti | *demonstrative; ‘first person singular/plural pronoun marker’ | |||
#ya 1. | ‘this; here’ | [N/S] | ||
#wa ~ #wi 1. | ‘this; here’ | [N/S] | ||
#mE | ‘this’ | [N/S] | ||
#(h)U 1. | ‘yon’ | [N/S] | ||
#qa ~ #qi | ‘weak demonstrative’ | [N/S] | ||
#ʔaː- | ‘absolutive of intimately possessed noun’ | [S] | ||
#ʔaː- | ‘substance or mass noun prefix’ | [N/S] | ||
#Hiː- | ‘body-part prefix’; ‘possessed state of intimately possessed noun’ | [N/S] | ||
#kwhi- | ‘indefinite third person (+/- possessive)’ | [N/S] | ||
#kwhi- | ‘absolutive noun prefix’ | [N/S] | ||
#kwhi- | ‘derivational noun prefix’ | [S] | ||
#p’- | ‘absolutive(?) noun prefix’; ‘derivational noun prefix’ | [N] | ||
#ph(a)- | ‘adjective prefix’ | [N/S] | ||
#p(a)- | ‘adjective prefix’ | [N/?S] | ||
#ṭ- | ‘proclitic article’; ‘absolutive noun prefix’; ‘derivational noun prefix’ | [N] | ||
#ṭ(a)- | ‘adjective prefix’ | [N] | ||
#ly- | ‘proclitic count noun article’ | [S] | ||
#ly- | absolutive noun prefix | [N] | ||
#ly- | derivational noun prefix | [N] | ||
#l- | proclitic mass/plural noun article | [S] | ||
#l- | absolutive noun prefix | |||
#l- | derivational noun prefix | [N] | ||
#La | ‘*demonstrative’ | |||
#La | third person singular/plural pronoun marker | [N/S] | ||
#č- | derivational (?) noun prefix | [N/S] | ||
#Ch- | derivational noun prefix | [N/?S] | ||
#ši- | derivational (?) noun prefix | [N/S] | ||
#-ly | derivational noun suffix | [N/S] | ||
#-Na | absolutive noun suffix | [N] | Could be the same as #nya | |
#nya | ‘demonstrativeː location unspecified’ | [N/S] | ||
#pA ~ #pi | weak demonstrative | [S] | ||
#pA ~ #pi | definite article | [N] | ||
#pA ~ #pi | absolutive suffix | Kar, Esa | ||
#ta | weak demonstrative; third person pronoun marker | [N/S] | ||
#ta | definite article | [N] | ||
#ta | absolutive suffix | Kar, Esa | ||
#sa | ‘yon’ | [S] | ||
#si | ‘present/future tense’ | [N/S] | ||
#hE | weak demonstrative; definite article | [N] | ||
#hE | absolutive suffix | Yahi | ||
#-č’i | ‘diminutive noun’ | [N/S] | ||
#-La | ‘diminutive noun’ | [N] | [?*ly] | |
#+ʔ0-a | ‘female noun’ | [NC] | ||
#-yaw | ‘verb → noun’ | [N] | ||
#-uː | ‘verb → noun’ | [S] | ||
#-K | ‘same subject’ | [S] | ||
#-m | ‘different subject’ | [S] | ||
#+(ʔ)a | ‘vocative’ | [N/S] | ||
#-ky | ‘adjective suffix’ | [N/S] | ||
#-aRa | ‘noun → adjective’ | [NC] | ||
#K | ‘plural pronoun marker; noun plural marker’ (mostly postposed) | [N/S] | ||
#-š(i) | ‘dual and plural of noun/pronoun’ | [N] | ||
#-wi | ‘dual and plural of noun/pronoun/demonstrative’ | [N] | [i ~ a] | |
#-lye | ‘plural of noun/adjective/stative’ | [N/S] | ||
#n | ‘floating pluralizer’ | [N/S] | ||
#mina | ‘back; behind’ | [NC] | ||
#iThi | ‘down; bottom’ | [N/S] | ||
#=(ʔ)uL | ‘down’ | [NC] | [l ~ n] | |
#=Ri | ‘up’ | [N] | ||
#=ča | ‘up’ | [N/S] | [a ~ o] (weak set) | |
#=ema | ‘into’ | [NC] | ||
#=ta | ‘out’ | [NC] | ||
#=low | ‘apart, out’ | [NC] | ||
#=wV | ‘thither, towards there’ | [N/S] | [w ~ m] | |
#-uky | ‘hither’ | [N/S] | ||
#=PiL | ‘here and there’ | [N] | [p ~ p’] | |
#=KaL | ‘into one’s mouth’ | [N] | ||
#Ca | ‘away’ | [N] | adv/dir | |
#sa | ‘through’ | [N] | [s ~ š] adv/dir | |
#mi(y) | ‘to the side’ | [N/S] | [i ~ a] adv/dir | |
#ma(L) | ‘back; after’ | [N/S] | [l ~ n] adv/dir (< ‘*back’) | |
#(i)yow | ‘down’ | [N/S] | adv/dir (#i is *Hiː-) | |
#ri | ‘down’ | [N] | adv/dir | |
#=taN | ‘down’ | [NC] | [t ~ ṭ] adv/dir | |
#=KuLV | ‘into’ | [NC] | [l ~ n] adv/dir | |
#px̣uLu | ‘into the house’ | [NC] | [l ~ n] or #fuLu adv/dir | The former accounts for Chi, Kar. The latter accounts for Yan, Ach, ?Kar. It does not seem feasible to combine all these. Perhaps #xwuLu would account for all of them, but *xw is not known to occur before rounded vowels. |
#-lu | ‘by means of (instrument)’ | [N] | [l ~ n] loc case | |
#-awA | ‘from’ | [N] | [a ~ o] loc case | |
#-a | ‘at’ | [N] | loc case | |
#-ly(a) | ‘in(to)’ | [N/S] | loc case | |
#-ša | ‘(with)in’ | [N] | [a ~ o] loc case | |
#Ki | ‘at’ | [N/S] | adv/case/prep | |
#x̣aK’a | ‘together’ | [N] | adv/case | |
#(i)mE | ‘out (from); away (from)’ | [N/S] | adv/case (#i is *Hiː-) | |
#aypV | ‘away’ | [N/S] | [?glott/asp] adv/case | |
#+(i)ma | ‘with (instrument and accompaniment)’ | [N/S] | *adv/case/dir (#i is *Hiː-) | |
#+yey | ‘with, by means of’ | [N] | *adv/case/dir (?#y1 = *Hiː-) | |
#+yV | ‘in’ | [N/S] | *adv/case/dir (?#y = *Hiː-) | |
#Iwi | ‘on (top), above’ | [N] | [i ~ a] adv/case/dir | Related to words for ‘*mountain’. |
#K’a | ‘near’ | [N/S] | adv/case/dir | |
#K’a(m) | ‘toward, hither’ | [N] | adv/case/dir | |
#+an | ‘toward’ | [N] | [n ~ l] *adv/case/dir | |
#ma | ‘thither, there, elsewhere’ | [N/S] | adv/case/dir | |
#nya | ‘when, while, after’ | [N/S] | free particle | |
#(i)ny(i)+ | subordinator | [N/S] | ||
#Ka- | ‘imperative/future’ | [N/S] | This is related to #Kam free preposed particle ‘future’ | |
#Kam | ‘future’ | [S] | free preposed particle | |
#Pa- | ‘plural (human) object’ | [S] | [?glott/asp] | |
#m- | ‘plural verb’ | [N] | ||
#-iʔi | ‘infinitive’ | [N/S] | [i2 ~ a] | |
#-ṭA | ‘agentive’ | [N/S] | ||
#-p | ‘passive’ | [N/S] | [?asp] | |
#-Tu | ‘go and VERB’ | [N] | ||
#-iL | ‘go and VERB’ | [N] | [i ~ a] | |
#-la | ‘imperative’ | [N/S] | ||
#-i | ‘present/imperative’ | [N] | (= demonstrative #i ‘this/here’) | |
#-s(i) | ‘present/future/same time’ | [N/S] | ||
#-xyA | ‘future/optative’ | [N/S] | [xy ~ x̣x] | |
#-a | ‘past/aorist’ | [N] | ||
#-aT’ | ‘completive’ | [N/S] | ||
#-nI | ‘remote past’ | [N] | [?n ~ l] | |
#-phi | ‘hypothetical/if’ | [N] | [i ~ a] (*ph or *px̣) | |
#-ta | ‘desiderative/polite imperative’ | [N/S] | ||
#-lye | ‘conditional/would’ | [N/S] | ||
#-kyi | (function unclearː seems to have many developments; completive/past/preterit is the most common) | [N/S] | ||
#+n | ‘imperative enclitic’ | [N] | ||
#+ma | ‘customary’ | [N] | ||
#+(a)yu | ‘again/repeated/habitual’ | [N/S] | ||
#Hipa | ‘in the past’ | [N] | free particle | |
#m(a)- | ‘stative/static (adjective/intransitive)’ | [N/S] | ||
#qV- | ‘stative/static (intransitive/adjective)’ | [N/S] | ||
#sV- | ‘transitive (causative) | [N/S] | (weak set) | |
#aː- | ‘instrumental/causative’ | [SW] | ||
#K- | ‘instrumental/causative | [SW ?+Wsh] | ||
#pa- | ‘transitive/active’ | [N/S] | ||
#ta= | ‘causative’ | [N/S] | (= tv *’to make, do’) | |
#Pa= | ‘with the mouth’ | [N/?S] | (< *’to say; shout’). | |
#kya= | ‘by speech’ | [N/S] | ‘by speech’ | (< *’to speak, talk’) |
#kya=now | ‘to talk; tell’ | [N/S] | ||
#qa= | ‘by biting/chewing, with teeth/jaws’ | [N] | [Chi q’] | |
#¢ca= | ‘with the mouth/teeth’ | [N/S] | [¢ ~ č] | (< *‘to bite’) |
#px̣u= | ‘by blowing’ | [N] | (< *‘to blow’) | |
#mi= ~ #ma= | ‘with the foot’ | [N] | (< *‘foot’) | |
#pew= | ‘with the foot’ | [N] | (< *‘foot’) | |
#is= | ‘with the hand’ | [N/S] | (< *‘to take, hold, bring’) | |
#tu= | ‘with the hand’ | [N] | Not derived from any known noun or verb root. | |
#-aː | ‘to do X times’ | [SW] | numeral → verb | |
#-(h)i | ‘to do X’ | [N] | noun → verb | |
#-ni | ‘adjectival; durative/intransitive/static’ | [N] | ||
#ma | ‘*person; who?’ | [N/S] | See #tama ‘man; people’ | |
#am ~ #aw | ‘*something; who?; what?’ | [S/?N] | (?same as #ma) | |
#(a)čhi | ‘thing; what?’ | [N/S] | ||
#Lu | ‘where?’ | [N/S] | [l ~ n] (fairly weak set) | |
#kya | ‘general interrogative’ | [N/S] | ||
#kyi | ‘general interrogative’ | [N] | ||
#Ku | ‘general interrogative’ | [N] | (?= *kyu) | |
#xya | ‘general interrogative’ | [N/S] | [a ~ o] (fairly weak set) | |
#-n | ‘interrogative suffix (?on verbs)’ | [N/S] | ||
#maː | ‘negative’ | [N/S] | ||
#kyhu(wa) | ‘negative’ | [N/S] | ||
#(a)x̣u | ‘negative’ | [N/S] | ||
#sey | ‘negative’ | [N/S] | ||
#T’V | ‘negative’ | [N/S] | (weak set) | |
#pa | ‘negative’ | [NC ?+Yum] | [a ~ o] | |
#Ka | ‘perhaps’ | [MA] | ||
#+kyh(i) | ‘emphasis (especially with pronouns)’ | [N] | ||
#+pa | ‘emphasis | [N/S] | ||
#itá | ‘and’ | [N] | ||
#(xi)Pu | ‘first’ | [N/S] | ||
#še | ‘one’ | [N/S] | ||
#pey | ‘one’ | [N/S] | ||
#pha | ‘one; only; alone’ | [N/S] | ||
#ky’a | ‘one’ | [N] | ||
#(q-)x̣ow(a) | ‘two’ | [Pom, Esa, Tol] | ||
#haqhu | ‘two’ | [Ach, Ats, Cho] | ||
#(q-)x̣ow=háqhu | ‘two’ | [Chi, Sha, Yum] | [a ~ o] compound | |
#x̣a | ‘first half of three’ | [N] | [a ~ o] | |
#ma | ‘second half of three’ | [N] | ||
#Xó múky’a | ‘three’ | [N/S] | (?#Xo = *x.a ~ *x.o; ?#ky’a = ‘*one’) | |
#ap=Xa | ‘three’ | [S] | (#Xa = *x.a ~ *x.o) | |
#lAP | ‘three’ | [Coast] | ||
#tow | ‘to count [Kar]; four [Yan, EPom]; five [Kar]’ | [N] | ||
#em+a | ‘five’ | [N] | ||
#sUy | subtract one | [SW] | ||
#laʔ(a)wa | ‘little, few’ | [MA] | ||
#+kyu | ‘a little; just’ | [NC] |
Lexicon
[edit]Proto-Hokan | English gloss | distribution | notes | see also/other notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
#aLa | ‘person, tribe; husband’ | [N] | ||
#aLa | ‘to sit, live, stay’ | [NC] | ||
#tama | ‘man; people’ | [N/S] | [Pom; s^- noun prefix] | |
#ewE | ‘deer’ | [N/S] | ||
#aːʔ | ‘deer’ | [N] | ||
#ipá | ‘deer; ?body’ | [N/S] | [Pom; š- noun prefix] | |
#ipów | ‘doe; elk’ | [N] | [?a > o] | |
#[i/a]pa | ‘person; man; husband; kinsman; ?body’ | |||
#ipa | ‘to be alive; be there’ | [S] | ?Same as #[i/a]pa ? | |
#[i/a]px̣a | ‘person, people, tribe, race’ | [N] | The relation of this form to #[i/a]pa ‘person’ cannot at present be explained. | |
#apí | ‘meat’ | [MA] | ||
#(h)iː-ši | ‘meat, flesh; body’ | [N/S] | ||
#(h)iː-ši | ‘person, Indian; man, male, husband’ | [NC] | ||
#iː-šey | ‘skin; blanket’ | [N] | This may be related to #(h)iː-ši | |
#[u/i]pa=ši | ‘meat, flesh; body’ | compound | ||
#(i)maHṭ | ‘meat, flesh; body’ | [N/S] | [?asp]; Yum ‘reflexive’ | |
#Ači | ‘center, middle’ | [NC] | ||
#i-maK | ‘middle’ | [S] | [?glott/asp] | |
#(i)maky’ | ‘back’ | [N/S] | Pom ‘reciprocal’ | |
#ma(L) | ‘back’ | [N] | ||
#mina | ‘back; behind’ | [NC] | ||
#síly(i) | ‘behind, rear’ | [N/S] | ||
#aš(i) | ‘back’ | [N/S] | [?š ~ s] | |
#LiK | ‘back’ | [S] | ||
#(i-)Suw | ‘backbone’ | [NC] | [w ~ m] | |
#Tim | ‘edge; side’ | [NC] | ||
#wesyu | ‘horn’ | [N] | [w ~ m] | |
#emV | ‘horn’ | [S] | ||
#i-kwha+yV | ‘horn; bird’s topknot, crest’ | [N/S] | ||
#al | ‘forehead’ | [N/S] | (Cho -pali) | |
#uly | ‘forehead’ | [N/S] | (pYum *mpuːly) | |
#piL | ‘forehead’ | [N/S] | [l ~ n] [?glott/asp] | |
#iLe | ‘forehead; up(wards)’ | [N] | ||
#q’ula | ‘brains’ | [N] | [*q’ or *kw’] | |
#pha | ‘brains’ | [N/S] | (weak set) | |
#ut’a | ‘head; brains’ | [N] | ||
#xyaLaw | ‘brains; head’ | [NC] | ||
#(i-)La(xw) or #(i-)La(x̣u) | ‘head’ | [N] | [l ~ n] | |
#xwa | ‘head’ | [S] | ||
#x̣u | ‘head; head hair’ | [N] | ||
#(ya)x̣u | ‘nose’ | [N/S] | [a ~ o] | |
#fi or #px̣i | ‘nose’ | [N/S] | ||
#yam | ‘nose’ | [NC] | ||
#iːLi | ‘snot; phlegm; nose; glands in throat; to blow nose’ | [N] | [l ~ n] | |
#(i-)La | ‘nose; snot’ | [N/S] | [l ~ n] | |
#x̣elye(T) | ‘hair; head’ | [N/S] | ||
#(kwh)aHwaly | ‘bark; skin’ | [N/S] | ||
#pi | ‘to skin; skin’ | [N/S] | ||
#i-ʔIy | ‘head; hair; fur’ | [N/S] | ||
#q’uwow | ‘hair’ | [N/S] | ||
#to | ‘feather’ | [NC] | ||
#imI | ‘body hair, fur; feather; skin’ | [N/S] | ||
#i-má(y) | ‘sinew; root; body hair; head hair’ | [N/S] | ||
#i-pa (i-)ma(y) | ‘sinew’ | phrase or compound | ||
#sama | ‘root (+ sinew)’ | [N/S] | [s ~ š] | |
#ači | ‘root’ | [N] | [č ~ čh] | |
#ašá | ‘eye’ | [Ach, EsaːN] | [*š or *xy] | |
#wiy | ‘eye’ | [N/S] | ||
#(e)wíy | ‘to look (for, at)’ | [N/S] | [i ~ a] | |
#[u/i]-0-íw | ‘eye; face’ | [N/S] | ||
#0-iw=x̣aʔ | ‘tears’ | [x̣ ~ xy] compound (= *"eye water") | ||
#ʔu | ‘to see’ | [SW ?+Cho ‘eye’] | ||
#imá | ‘to see; look; find’ | [N/S] | ||
#ma(s) | ‘face; forehead’ | [N] | [s ~ š; a ~ o] | |
#iTi | ‘to look’ | [NC] | ||
#aP | ‘to look for’ | [NC] | ||
#miC’i | ‘to blink’ | [NC] | ||
#kweyá | ‘to hear’ | [N/S] | ||
#Tew | ‘ear; to hear’ | [N] | ||
#[i/a]-ma-ly(-Ku) | ‘ear; to hear’ | [ly ~ ny] | ||
#i-sa | ‘ear’ | [Sha, Ach, SerːN/S] | ||
#i-sa-má | ‘ear’ | [N/S] | ||
#q’o(y) | ‘neck; throat; to swallow’ | [N/S] | ||
#ni | ‘throat’ | [Sal, AchːN] | ||
#ti | ‘shoulder’ | [N] | ||
#[iː/u]-pu(K) | ‘nape; neck; shoulder; arm’ | |||
#mi(y)=puK | ‘knee; thigh’ | [i ~ a] compound | ||
#pha | ‘strong’ | [NC] | ||
#Pam | ‘arm; hands’ | [NC] | [?asp] | |
#px̣aL | ‘shoulder; arm; knee’ | [N/S] | ||
#phuruC’i | ‘knee’ | [NC] | ||
#moqHo | ‘knee’ | [N] | [qh ~ q’] | |
#...tul | ‘joint; knee’ | [N/S] | [l ~ n] | |
#pA¢a | ‘knee; leg’ | [?asp] | ||
#ax̣ | ‘to yawn’ | [N/S] | ||
#Tams... | ‘to yawn’ | [s ~ ¢] | ||
#(a-)ha | ‘mouth’ | [N/S] | ||
#(a)ha | ‘to open mouth; yawn’ | [NC] | ||
#(h)aːwa | ‘mouth’ | [N] | ||
#aphu | ‘mouth’ | [NC] | ||
#=KaL | ‘into one’s mouth’ | incorp dir | ||
#pa | ‘to shout, holler, call; speak, say’ | [N/S] | [a ~ o] | |
#Pa= | ‘with the mouth’ | [N/?S] | incorp prepound | |
#ifu | ‘to cry; mourn’ | [N] | ||
#wa | ‘to cry’ | [N/S] | [a ~ o] | |
#wo&wo | ‘to bark’ | [N/S] | (?= *’to cry’ + reduplication) | |
#wa¢ | ‘to shout’ | [NC] | ||
#x̣a | ‘to weep, cry’ | [N/S] | ||
#mi | ‘to weep, cry, shout’ | [N/S] | ||
#qow | ‘to shout’ | [N/S] | ||
#(aː)si | ‘name; to name’ | [N/S] | [s ~ š] | |
#(o)sí | ‘to count’ | [S] | [s ~ š] | |
#isí | ‘to say’ | [N] | ||
#(i)ṭi | ‘to say, tell’ | [N] | [ṭ ~ ṭh] | |
#áʔi | ‘to speak; say’ | [N/S] | ||
#iky’a | ‘to say; talk’ | [N] | [a ~ o] | |
#kwa | ‘to talk; say’ | [S] | [a ~ o] | |
#Ney | ‘to say, tell’ | [N/S] | ||
#Ley | ‘to speak’ | [S] | ||
#kya | ‘to speak, talk; by speech’ | [N/S] | (incorp prepound) | |
#kya=now | ‘to talk; tell’ | [N/S] | ||
#ya(ː) | ‘to speak; tell’ | [N] | ||
#yaN | ‘throat’ | [N/S] | ||
#CHan | ‘to speechify’ | [N] | [Ch ~ C’] | |
#Lif | ‘lip’ | [N/S] | ||
#ipawa | ‘tongue’ | [NC] | ||
#[i/a]-pály | ‘tongue’ | [N/S] | [ly ~ ny] | |
#pely | ‘to lick’ | [ly ~ ny] | ||
#hen | ‘to lick’ | [NC] | ||
#Pal | ‘cheek’ | [p ~ p’] | ||
#šuʔ | ‘chest; breast’ | [N] | ||
#¢co¢’ | ‘breast’ | [MA] | ||
#šiʔlya | ‘breast(s); milk’ | [N] | [a ~ o] | |
#i¢hi | ‘breast; milk’ | [N/S] | ||
#uc/hi | ‘breast; milk’ | [NC] | ||
#[i/a]¢í(¢) | ‘to suck’ | [N/S] | [¢ ~ č] [?asp; probably *¢h] | |
#(p)x̣u(y) | ‘to whistle’ | [N/S] | ||
#x̣u | ‘to blow’ | [N] | ||
#(i)px̣ú | ‘to blow’ | [N/S] | ||
#px̣u= | ‘by blowing’ | [N] | incorp prepound | |
#px̣uš | ‘to blow’ | [N/S] | ||
#phusuː(l) | ‘to blow’ | [N/S] | [s ~ š] | |
#[U/a]-pis | ‘to suck, smoke; tobacco, cigarette, pipe’ | [N/S] | ||
#isa | ‘to breathe; sigh’ | [N] | [s ~ š] (weak) | |
#(a-/?mi-)saːky(=i(T)) | ‘rib; lungs’ | [N/S] | ||
#paːra+wi | ‘ribs’ | [N/S] | ||
#ša | ‘rib’ | [S/?N] | [š ~ s] | |
#i/a-sí | ‘to drink’ | [N/S] | [s ~ š] | (Yan, Sha, Ats /c/ due to influence of word for ‘water’ and perhaps also ‘to suck’) |
#iméʔ | ‘to drink’ | [N/S] | ||
#lyuH | ‘to drink; sip’ | [N/S] | ||
#aː-xyáʔ | ‘water’ | [N/S] | ||
#i-xyaʔ | ‘juice’ | [N/S] | ||
#0-iw=x̣aʔ | ‘tears’ | [N/S] | [x̣ ~ xy] compound (= *"eye water") | |
#Xáʔ+la | ‘damp, wet’ | [N/S] | ||
#foly | ‘wet’ | [S] | ||
#yuH | ‘to vomit; spit’ | [N/S] | ||
#yuHq | ‘to vomit’ | [N/S] | ||
#qx̣et’ | ‘to spit’ | [N] | ||
#hay | ‘to spit (out)’ | [NC] | ||
#i-mí | ‘foot; with the foot’ | [N/S] | (incorp instrument) | |
#ma(y) | ‘foot, footstep, track; with the foot’ | |||
#xya-ma | ‘foot, footstep, track’ | [N] | ||
#miː=wily | ‘thigh’ | [N/S] | [ly ~ ny] compound (= *"foot belly") | |
#yo=wi(ly) | ‘thigh’ | [N/S] | ?compound (?= *"X belly") | |
#LaL | ‘foot’ | [NC] | [l ~ n] | |
#pew | ‘foot; with the foot (incorp instrument); to step’ | [N/S] | [Chi /ph/] | |
#Ku | ‘leg, foot’ | [N/S] | [*q or *kw] | |
#sey | ‘foot, leg’ | [N] | ||
#Pa... | ‘hips’ | [N] | ||
#(iː-)px̣u(y) | ‘fat, grease’ | [N/S] | ||
#éya | ‘liver’ | [S] | ||
#fusi | ‘liver’ | [N/S] | ||
#č-eya=fusi | ‘liver’ | [Sha, OkwːNC] | compound | |
#uwa | ‘liver’ | [AchːNC] | ||
#uwa=fusi | ‘liver’ | [Ats, KarːNC] | compound | |
#ima | ‘liver; heart’ | [N] | ||
#maš | ‘heart’ | [N/S] | [a ~ o] | |
#saHmaH | ‘heart’ | [s ~ š] | ||
#(X)ása(L) | ‘heart’ | [N/S] | [á ~ o; l ~ n] | |
#i-waHy ~ #yaHy | ‘heart’ | [N/S] | cf. #uwa ‘liver’ | |
#iC-wa(ːy) | ‘chest’ | [NC] | [¢ ~ č] | |
#Cuqu(N) | ‘heart’ | [N] | [n ~ l] | |
#(ʔ)qUw(L) | ‘belly; guts’ | [N/S] | [?u ~ a] | |
#[i/u]qhá | ‘belly’ | [N] | ||
#(a-)lyafu | ‘navel’ | [N/S] | [ly ~ ny; a1 ~ o] | |
#i-ʔip | ‘navel’ | [N/S] | ||
#wily | ‘belly; groin’ | [N/S] | ||
#miː=wily | ‘thigh’ | [N/S] | compound (= *"foot belly") | |
#yo=wi(ly) | ‘thigh’ | [N/S] | ?compound (?= *"X belly") | |
#[I/a]-ṭu | ‘belly, stomach; navel; guts’ | [N/S] | ||
#PiN | ‘belly’ | [N] | ||
#(i-)pheṭ | ‘to fart; skunk’ | [N] | ||
#phIš | ‘to fart; skunk’ | [N/S] | ||
#phi... | ‘to fart’ | [NC] | ||
#i-px̣a | ‘guts’ | [N/S] | ||
#a-px̣a | ‘shit’ | [N/S] | ||
#waqx̣ | ‘to shit’ | [N/S] | ||
#(i-)čére(q) | ‘(to) shit; dirt(y)’ | [N/S] | [r ~ l ~ n] | |
#phily | ‘dirty’ | [N/S] | [i ~ a] | |
#čaq | ‘ugly, nasty’ | [N/S] | ||
#ala(y) | ‘ugly, bad’ | [N/S] | ||
#ši | ‘(hot like) chile’ | [S] | ||
#iky’a(y) | ‘bitter, sour’ | [N/S] | [a ~ o] | |
#kwha | ‘bitter’ | [N/S] | ||
#(C-)ax̣a | ‘gall’ | [NC] | ||
#(ky-)ax̣xa | ‘bitter’ | [N/S] | ||
#qha | ‘egg’ | [N/S] | ||
#yaqoly | ‘ballocks’ | [N] | ||
#suly | ‘ballock; penis’ | [N/S] | ||
#Si | ‘penis’ | [NC] | ||
#i/a-pEs | ‘vagina’ | [N/S] | [s ~ š] | |
#wi¢ | ‘vulva’ | [NC] | [i ~ a] | |
#wey | ‘vagina’ | [N/S] | ||
#wi | ‘buttocks’ | [N/S] | ||
#pi | ‘buttocks’ | [S] | cf. Paj /piː/ ‘fornication’. | |
#[i/a]-px̣u | ‘buttocks’ | [NC] | ||
#mAL | ‘sexual organs’ | [TM] | ||
#(h)u¢(a) | ‘to fuck’ | [NC] | ||
#su | ‘to piss’ | [N/S] | [s ~ ¢] | |
#iHpwa | ‘tail’ | [N/S] | ||
#[i/a]-p’uL | ‘tail’ | [N] | [l ~ n] | |
#0-0u | ‘to be’ | [N/S] | ||
#(a)¢i | ‘to be (singular inanimate); sit’ | [N] | [¢ ~ č] [?asp] | |
#iːKeL | ‘to sit (singular), be’ | [N] | ||
#(i)na | ‘to sit (animate dual), live, be’ | [N] | ||
#Lu | ‘to sit (plural), dwell’ | [N] | ||
#ču | ‘to sit, dwell, lie on ground’ | [NC] | ||
#K’uHLA | ‘to sit (singular), stay, dwell’ | [NC] | [l ~ n] | |
#(a)kya | ‘to sit’ | [N] | ||
#aH-kya | ‘house’ | [N/S] | [a ~ o] | |
#(i/a-)wa | ‘to sit’ | [N/S] | ||
#a/iː-wá | ‘house’ | [N/S] | (pPom ‘door’ goes here) | |
#aHma | ‘house; to sit, dwell, (be a)live’ | [N/?S] | ||
#x̣u(ly) | ‘door’ | [*x̣ or *h] | ‘door’ [MA] | |
#(a)wá | ‘to walk, go, come’ | [N/S] | ||
#ahoː | ‘to walk, run’ | [NC] | ||
#iyá | ‘to go’ | [N/S] | ||
#ha | ‘to go’ | [N/S] | ||
#(i)ni | ‘to go’ | [N/S] | ||
#iʔpa | ‘to arrive’ | [N/S] | [i ~ a] | |
#ifi | ‘to come’ | [N/S] | ||
#iyúː | ‘to come’ | [N/S] | ||
#ey | ‘to give’ | [S] | ||
#awi | ‘to give’ | [NC] | [?i ~ a] | |
#[a/i]qa | ‘to give’ | [N/S] | [a ~ i] | |
#(i-)p-áy | ‘to carry’ | [N/S] | [a ~ o] | |
#(i)kyi* | ‘to carry’ | [N/S] | ||
#áHKa | ‘to carry in hand/on back’ | [N] | ||
#ky’a | ‘to carry’ | [S] | [a ~ o] | |
#aP(u) | ‘to carry’ | [N] | ||
#uly | ‘to carry a long object’ | [N/S] | ||
#Ila | ‘to carry’ | [NC] | See #iL ‘to do with the hand’. | |
#aL | ‘to fetch; go and VERB’ | [NC] | ||
#yow | ‘to take, get’ | [N/S] | ||
#is | ‘to take, hold, bring; with the hand’ | [N/S] | [s ~ š] (incorporated prepound) | |
#muːT | ‘to hand’ | [NC] | ||
#[i/a]mu | ‘to hold, take, carry’ | [NC] | ||
#imí | ‘to bring’ | [S/?N] | ||
#ma | ‘to bring, carry; hold, have’ | [N/?S] | ||
#ma | ‘to give’ | [S] | [a ~ o] | |
#ma(n) | ‘hand (arm, elbow, finger)’ | [N/S] | ||
#iL | ‘(to do with the) hand’ | [NC] | See #Ila ‘to carry’. | |
#noly | ‘hand; to grasp’ | [S] | ||
#i-ta(ly) | ‘hand; arm; shoulder’ | [*t ~ *ṭ; ly ~ ny] | ||
#ta(n) | ‘leaf’ | [N] | ||
#i-šály | ‘arm; wing; shoulder’ | [N/S] | ||
#man | ‘to fall’ | [N/S] | ||
#me | ‘to fall’ | [S] | ||
#phey | ‘to fall; lie’ | [N] | ||
#mi(ː) | ‘to lie down’ | [N] | May be related to #man ‘to fall’. | |
#(a)Pá(ː) | ‘to lie down; put; fall; throw’ | [N/S] | ||
#Pat | ‘to lie down; sit’ | [N/S] | ||
#Poʔ | ‘to sleep’ | [N/S] | ||
#[a/i]simá | ‘to sleep’ | [N/S] | [s ~ š] | |
#imí | ‘to sleep’ | [i ~ a] | ||
#wI | ‘sleepy(ness)’ | [N/S] | ||
#AX | ‘(to be) sick; (to feel) pain’ | [N] | ||
#Pa | ‘to be sick; die’ | [N/S] | ||
#Po | ‘to die; dead’ | [NC] | ||
#puy ~ #piy | ‘to die; dead’ | [S] | ||
#q’aLa | ‘to die; dead’ | [Pom, KarːN] | ||
#yum | ‘dead’ | [NC] | ||
#ma | ‘to die; dead’ | [N/S] | ||
#maT=Xa | ‘to be thirsty’ | [SW] | ?compound (?< *"to die water") | |
#[i/a]ma | 1.‘to kill’; 2.‘to hunt; fish’ | |||
#[i/u]maL | ‘to strike, hit’ | [NC/?+Sal] | ||
#K’u | ‘to kill’ | [N/S] | ||
#toLi | ‘to strike, beat; kill’ | [N] | [l ~ n] | |
#xyáHkwa | ‘flint; arrowpoint; knife’ | [N/S] | ||
#(a)sáːK’a | ‘obsidian (?+ flint)’ | [N] | ||
#(aː)K’ow | ‘to sever, cut off; chop’ | [N] | [w ~ m] | |
#wow | ‘to cut’ | [NC] | ||
#T’aP | ‘to split’ | [N/S] | ||
#PIs | ‘to cut; split;[i ~ a] kill’ | [N] | [s ~ š] | |
#takyh | ‘to separate, split, tear’ | [N/S] | ||
#C’u | ‘to cut, break’ | [N] | ||
#qha(w) | ‘to break; cut’ | [N/S] | ||
#Xaw | ‘to break, cut’ | [N/S] | [weak set] | |
#X!aw | ‘to crush’ | [NC] | [w ~ m] | |
#LIw | ‘to press, mash; pet, stroke’ | [N] | ||
#Law | ‘to grind (with pestle)’ | |||
#les | ‘to smash, grind, crush’ | [N/S] | [s ~ š] | |
#čha | ‘to mash, pound into mush’ | [NC] | ||
#pi | ‘to pound’ | [N/S] | ||
#(a)pIy | ‘stone’ | [MA] | ||
#[a/i-]píH | ‘bone; egg; ballock’ | [N/S] | ||
#[i/a]-xyáʔ | ‘stone’ | [N/S] | ||
#xyáʔ=PI(y) | ‘mortar, metate; stone’ | [xy ~ x̣x] compound | ||
#i(H)0-a | ‘bone’ | [N/S] | ||
#a(ː)K | ‘bone’ | [N/S] | [K ~ K’] | |
#KhÁlye | ‘bone’ | [S] | ||
#[i/a/u]-laxw | ‘nails; claw’ | [N/S] | [a ~ o] | |
#(i-)phiH | ‘nail, finger- or toe-’ | [N] | ||
#x̣eC’ | ‘to scrape with claws; claw’ | [N] | ||
#kw’a | ‘to scratch’ | [N/S] | ||
#xwaly | ‘to scratch[; grind, pound] | [N/S] | [a ~ o] | |
#(T)aXas | ‘to scrape; scratch’ | [SW/?+Kar] | [s ~ š; a2 ~ i] (?causative prepound pHok *ta=) | |
#acex̣i | ‘to scratch’ | [NC] | [?asp] | |
#LaP | ‘to slap; hit’ | [N/S] | [l ~ n] | |
#Laʔt | ‘to mash, scrape, split, crack’ | [N] | [l ~ n; a ~ o] | |
#Lam | ‘to mash; bedrock mortar’ | [N/S] | ||
#čuL | ‘to grind (with pestle) | [NC] | [l ~ n] | |
#ikya | ‘to grind; pestle; pounding basket’ | [N/S] | ||
#waː | ‘to grind; pound’ | [N/S] | ||
#[a/i]ta | ‘to grind [*a]; pound [*o]’ | [N/S] | [a ~ o] | |
#to | ‘to remove, take off’ | [N] | [weak set] | |
#aš | ‘corn gruel’ | [S] | ||
#qx̣ar | ‘to chip’ | [N/S] | ||
#ʔihi | ‘to shell acorns’ | [NC] | ||
#C’al | ‘to break, split, squeeze, wring’ | [N/S] | ||
#qaP | ‘to split; break with teeth’ | [N/S] | ||
#kyat | ‘to cut; break; bite’ | [N/S] | [a ~ o] | |
#qa | ‘to bite; by biting, with the teeth’ | [N/S] | [Chi q’] (incorp prepound) | |
#¢ca | ‘to bite; with the mouth/teeth’ | [N/S] | [¢ ~ č] (incorp prepound) | |
#u¢’i | ‘to chew’ | [NC] | ||
#[í/a]-0-a(w) | ‘tooth’ | [N/S] | [?a ~ o] | |
#i-ʔ¢ow | ‘tooth’ | [NC] | [¢ ~ č] | cf. pTol *wic/ ‘tooth’ < *í7c/ow ? |
#ʔ¢owa(ːK) | ‘jaw; chin’ | [NC] | [¢ ~ č] | |
#qawa | ‘jaw; chin’ | [N] | ||
#q’usa | ‘*jointː elbow; jaw, chin’ | |||
#phi | ‘to pierce and separate; burst, snap’ | [N] | ||
#qiK | ‘to jab; nudge, crack’ | [N/S] | ||
#ša | ‘to move a long object lengthwise; sting, pierce, stab, poke hole’ | |||
#sa | ‘arrow’ | [NC] | ||
#Xa | ‘bamboo; reed’ | [S] | ||
#Xá=ša | ‘arrow; reed’ | [S] | compound (= *"reed arrow") | |
#Cu | ‘to poke, pierce, spear; spear arrow, needle’ | [N/S] | ||
#C’oq | ‘to stab’ | [N] | ||
#LUmi | ‘spear’ | [NC] | ||
#ip(H)u | ‘to sting; stab; awl’ | [NC] | [p ~ p’ ~ ph} | |
#si | ‘thorn; to pierce; awl, nail’ | [N/S] | ||
#na | ‘to hit; kill’; + ‘to stab (Cho)’ | [S] | ||
#kya | ‘to shoot’ | [N/S] | [a ~ o] | |
#isL... | ‘to shoot’ | [NC] | [l ~ n] | |
#pa | ‘to hit’; + ‘to break (Cho)’ | [N/S] | ||
#(u)Pakyh | ‘to hit, strike’ | [N/S] | [a ~ i] | |
#PaN | ‘pestle, mortar’ | [Coast] | ||
#PaK | ‘to burst; cut’ | [N/S] | ||
#PaT | ‘to break, crack; poke; shoot’ | [N/S] | ||
#PáL(a) | ‘to push, knock; shoot’ | [N] | ||
#Pax̣xu | ‘bow’ | [Coast] | ||
#x̣aky’ | ‘bow’ | [N/S] | ||
#x̣op’u | ‘bow’ | [N/S] | ||
#Puʔo | ‘to shoot; hunt’ | [N] | ||
#(a)ṭ’íK | ‘to kill’; + ‘to shoot (Sal)’ | [N] | ||
#ṭ’eK | ‘to cut’ | [Cho] | [Sal] ~ #ṭeK’ | |
#ipá | ‘tree, stick; arrow; classifier/postpound in tree names’ | |||
#i-ʔÍy | ‘tree, wood’ | [N/S] | ||
#(a-)x̣áy | ‘tree’ | [N/S] | ||
#=lyI | ‘plant/tree postpound’ | |||
#axya | ‘cottonwood’ | |||
#IXa | ‘willow’ | [SW ?+Cho *ʔeːx ‘wood’] | [w] | |
#a-Hów or #a-Háw | ‘fire; (fire)wood; to make a fire’ | [N/S] | [a ~ o] | |
#iyu | ‘to catch fire; fire’ | [N] | ||
#ArUy | ‘hot’ | [N/S] | ||
#lyap’ | ‘hot; to burn, start a fire’ | [S] | ||
#Tu | ‘hot; to be burnt; burn’ | [N/S] | ||
#iNi | ‘hot; to burn’ | [i ~ a] | ||
#(i)pI(K’) | ‘to burn; be ripe, cooked’ | [N/S] | ||
#ipé | ‘day’ | [N/S] | ||
#pily | ‘(to be) hot, warm; heat; to heat; burn’ | [N/S] | [i ~ a] | |
#aphey | ‘ashes’ | [N/S] | ||
#ma | ‘to burn’ | [N/S] | NC +nominalizerː ‘ashes’ | |
#i-ma | ‘fire; heat’ | [NC] | ||
#ma(H) | ‘ripe, cooked; to ripen, be cooked’ | [N/S] | ||
#maq’ | ‘to roast’ | [NC] | ||
#muHt’ | ‘to cook; roast’ | [N] | ||
#šily | ‘to roast’ | [SW] | [ly ~ ny] | |
#pha | ‘to bake’ | [N/S] | ||
#axwa | ‘smoke’ | [N/S] | ||
#x̣owK | ‘coal’ | [NC] | ||
#Xuly | ‘dry’ | [S] | ||
#ky’ar | ‘dry’ | [N] | ||
#aHma(ṭ’) | ‘earth’ | [N/S] | ||
#šiqx̣oʔ | ‘earth’ | [N] | ||
#yax̣ | ‘earth; dirt; sand’ | [NC] | [a ~ o] | |
#Tap | ‘dust, flour’ | [NC] | [?asp] | |
#t’a | ‘dust, dirt’ | [N] | ||
#T’as | ‘sand’ | [NC] | [a ~ i; s ~ ¢] | |
#poṭ | ‘to shatter/scatter; mud; dust’ | [N/S] | ||
#alʔa | ‘sun’ or ‘asterism’ | [N/S] | ||
#q’ara | ‘moon’ | [N] | ||
#a/i-nya | ‘sun; day’ | [N/S] | ||
#č’uwaR | ‘sun’ | [NC] | ||
#(a)mu | ‘star’ | [N] | ||
#xyamu | ‘star’ | [N/S] | ?compound (?= *xya=mu "water star") | |
#...ša... | ‘star’ | [N/S] | ||
#ša | ‘clear, shining’ | [N/S] | See #ma-sa, etc. ‘white’ [N/S] | |
#íša(X!) | ‘sun; day’ | [N/S] | ||
#asi | ‘sun; day’ | [N] | [s ~ š] | |
#ipé | ‘day’ | [N/S] | ||
#(a)xyaʔ | ‘morning, daylight’ | [N] | ||
#alayi | ‘dawn’ | [N/S] | ||
#xyaʔ=alayi | ‘to be daylight’ | [YanːNC] | compound | |
#(h)aw(a) | ‘(to) dawn’ | [MA] | ||
#uT | ‘to light, shine’ | [N] | ||
#mič | ‘to shine’ | [NC] | [i ~ a] [?glott/asp] | |
#č’aqx | ‘shining’ | [NC] | ||
#la... | ‘to shine; glitter; gleam’ | [N/S] | ||
#[a/i]meto | ‘(to) thunder; lightning’ | [N/S] | ||
#maq’ | ‘thunder’ | [N/S] | [a ~ o] | |
#(a)naH | ‘to thunder’ | [S] | ||
#NuL | ‘to thunder’ | [NC] | [n ~ l] | |
#xya¢c‘ | ‘cold [*a]; winter [*u]’ | [N/S] | [a ~ o; xy ~ x̣x] | |
#ásce | ‘cold’ | [s¢ ~ šč] | ||
#mAtU | ‘cold; to freeze’ | [N] | [t ~ th] | |
#q’iw | ‘cold; to freeze’ | [N] | ||
#iyiw | ‘snow, ice; cold, cool’ | [N/S] | ||
#Tih(e) | ‘snow’ | [N] | [i ~ a] | |
#pha¢c | ‘snow; rain’ | [N/S] | ||
#ipáː | ‘cloud; rain’ | [N/S] | ||
#[a/i]kwhey | ‘rain; cloud’ | [N/S] | ||
#(i)taky | ‘rain’ | [NC] | ||
#sa | ‘fog’ | [N/S] | ||
#¢c’iPu | ‘fog’ | [N] | [?asp] | |
#K’aw | ‘hail’ | [N] | ||
#(I)wi | ‘mountain; top; on’ | [N/S] | ||
#(h)awa | ‘mountain; top; on’ | [N/S] | [a2 ~ o] | |
#ma | ‘to climb, (go) up’ | [N] | ||
#emaʔ(y) | ‘sky; up; above’ | [N/S] | [a ~ o] | |
#paL | ‘to rise up’ | [NC] | ||
#[a/i]pa(ly] | ‘top; sky/above’ | [N/S] | ||
#tam | ‘to arise, get up; above’ | [N/S] | ||
#Ki | ‘to lift, raise; get up’ | [N] | ||
#u¢i¢ ~ i¢u¢ | ‘to arise; lift’ | [NC] | [?asp] | |
#al | ‘to climb’ | [N/S] | ||
#K’ah | ‘upstream’ | [NC] | ||
#ULU | ‘downriver’ | [NC] | ||
#Taqa | ‘relatives’ | [NC] | [?asp] | |
#(aː)t’u(n) | ‘brother’ | [N] | ||
#Péyu | ‘brother’ | [N/S] | ||
#ʔapho | ‘brother’ | [NC] | ||
#ča | ‘brother’ | [NC] | [?asp] | |
#Kaːča | ‘elder brother’ | [SW] | ||
#aLi | ‘brother, male cousin’ | [NC] | ||
#wala | ‘wife’s brother’ | [NC] | ||
#[a/i]či | ‘sister’ | [N] | [?asp] | |
#pi | ‘sister’ | [N/S] | ||
#TaL | ‘sister’ | [S] | ||
#isa | ‘elder sister’ | [N/S] | ||
#...aq | ‘younger sister’ | [N/S] | ||
#awa | ‘husband; man; person’ | [NC] | ||
#ʔay | ‘father’ | [N/S] | [?i ~ a] | |
#[i/a]Ka | ‘father’ | [N] | ||
#ičhi | ‘father’ | [NC] | (Yan /ch/, Chi /č/) | |
#tat(a) | ‘father’ | [N/S] | Symbolic and widespread. | |
#pa | ‘father’ | [N/S] | Symbolic and widespread. | |
#mam | ‘father’ | [TM] | Common in Meso-America. | |
#(aː)Ko(wiʔ) | ‘father; male; older male (relative)’ | [N/S] | ||
#Kuʔu | ‘older female (relative) | [N/S] | ||
#(a)ní | ‘mother’ | [N/S] | ||
#aṭxE | ‘mother’ | [N] | ||
#+ʔ0-a | ‘female’ | [N] | ||
#ta | ‘mother’ | [a ~ o] | ||
#ta | ‘woman; female’ | [N/S] | ||
#imátV | ‘woman; mother; female breast; milk’ | [N/S] | ?compound. Probably ends in #ta. | |
#mari | ‘woman’ | [NC] | ||
#ma | ‘mother; breast; milk’ | [S] | Symbolic and widespread. | |
#mamO | ‘woman; female’ | [N/S] | [a ~ o] | |
#qe | ‘woman’ | [S] | ||
#luwA | ‘wife’ | [N/S] | [w ~ m] | |
#[i/a]Paː(wV) | ‘father’s father’ | [N/S] | See #pa ‘father’ | |
#[a/i]maː(wV) | ‘father’s mother’ | [N/S] | See #ma ‘mother’ | |
#kyaː(wV) | ‘mother’s mother’ | [N/S] | ||
#kwaː(wV) | ‘mother’s father’ | [N/S] | ||
#(a)Cu(wV) | ‘parent’s mother = grandmother’ | [NC] | ||
#taʔ | ‘parent’s brother = uncle’ | [N] | See #tat(a) ‘father’ | |
#ewí | ‘father’s brother’ | [N/S] | ||
#muta ~ #muC’i | ‘parent’s sister = aunt’ | [N/S] | ||
#api | ‘father’s sister’ | [S] | See #pi ‘sister’ | |
#šeː | ‘mother’s sister’ | [N/S] | [š ~ s] | |
#ṭhu | ‘mother’s sister’ | [N] | ||
#ṭhuL | ‘old’ | [N] | ||
#wima | ‘in-law’ | [N] | ||
#-ami- | ‘child’s spouse’s parent = co-parent-in-law’ | [N] | ||
#maky’u | ‘uncle; nephew/niece; parent-in-law’ | [N] | ||
#pané | ‘large, big’ | [S] | ||
#(i)¢a | ‘large’ | [N] | ||
#ChiL | ‘big’ | [N/S] | (Yan ch; Cho c ~ c’) | |
#(i)čhu(L) | ‘long, tall, far, deep; big’ | [NC] | [l ~ n] | |
#K’uly | ‘to climb; arise; lift’ | [N/S] | ||
#kyoː(y) | ‘to grow’ | [N/S] | ||
#(a)KU | ‘long, tall; big’ | [N/S] | [?*ky] [k ~ k’] | |
#kyuly | ‘tall, high, deep’ | [S] | ||
#Kur | ‘far, distant’ | [S] | ||
#aqoly | ‘long’ | [N/S] | ||
#qam | ‘big, large; long, tall, far’ | [N/S] | ||
#phow | ‘far; beyond’ | [N] | ||
#pa¢’ | ‘wide, broad; far’ | [N/S] | [a ~ o] [?asp] | |
#wa | ‘long; large’ | [NC] | ||
#To | ‘long, tall; far’ | [S] | ||
#tan | ‘many, much’ | [NC] | ||
#taK | ‘great; plural’ | [N/S] | ||
#taː | ‘lots; big’ | [NC] | ||
#aTaXu | ‘many’ | [S] | ||
#ṭhay | ‘much, many; big’ | [N/S] | ||
#Paː-ṭhay | singular | [N/S] | (*pa- adjective prefix) | |
#pe(L) ~ #pa(ly) | ‘much, many, numerous; all’ | |||
#ifiʔ | ‘to grow’ | [N/S] | [weak set] | |
#kyu(m) | ‘all’ | [N] | ||
#pu | ‘all’ | [N/S] | ||
#-č’i | ‘diminutive suffix’ | [N] | ||
#¢chi | ‘small’ | [S] | ||
#qiC’i | ‘little, small’ | [N/S] | ||
#isíly | ‘narrow; thin; little’ | [N/S] | [s ~ š] | |
#KuʔSu | ‘narrow’ | [S] | ||
#ʔur | ‘short; small’ | [N/S] | ||
#qu | ‘small, little, young; son, daughter; baby, infant’ | [N/S] | [q ~ ky; ky ~ ky’] | |
#qawi | ‘small; baby; child; boy; girl’ | [N] | ||
#ala | ‘child; small’ | [N] | [a1 ~ o] | |
#(u)wa(y) | ‘child; offspring’ | [S] | ||
#xyaC’(iny) | ‘girl’ | [N/S] | ||
#x̣ič | ‘girl’ | [N/S] | [?glott/asp] | |
#pu | ‘bear’ | [N] | ||
#ima | ‘bear’ | [N/S] | (pPom *l-, Coc t- noun prefixes) | |
#muxwa | ‘badger; porcupine’ | [N/S] | ||
#qx̣asč’iB | ‘porcupine (quills)’ | [NC] | Irregular phonology. | |
#x̣assE | ‘otter’ | [NC] | ||
#wan | ‘weasel’ | [NC] | ||
#wI | ‘coyote’ | [N/S] | ||
#mayč’V | ‘coyote’ | [N] | ||
#čhi | ‘dog’ | [N/S] | ||
#(a)pVrax̣ | ‘fox’ | [KarːNC + Yum] | ||
#haːw | ‘fox’ | [ChiːNC + Yum] | Also found outside Hokan. | |
#(a)pVrax̣=haːw | ‘fox’ | [YumːSW] | compound | |
#tu | ‘fox’ | [N] | ||
#qhuw(a | ‘fox; lynx; dog’ | [N/S] | [n/w]) | |
#nyam | ‘bobcat (wild cat); cougar (mountain lion)’ | [N/S] | ||
#talom | ‘wild cat’ | [N] | ||
#xwiyU | ‘wild cat’ | [MA] | ||
#Kuly | ‘jackrabbit’ | [N/S] | [ly ~ ny] | |
#he | ‘jackrabbit’ | [N/S] | ||
#(a)ma | ‘rabbit’ | [N] | ||
#x̣olyʔa | ‘rabbit’ | [N/S] | [x̣ ~ xy] | |
#he=ma=x̣olyʔa | ‘jackrabbit’ | [Chi] | compound | |
#apxar | ‘cottontail’ | [SW] | ||
#numi | ‘rabbit’ | [N] | ||
#a¢hey | ‘squirrel’ | [N/S] | ||
#qali | ‘squirrel’ | [N] | ||
#wisila | ‘chipmunk’ | [NC] | ||
#muqiq’ ~ #muq’aq | ‘mole; gopher’ | [N] | ||
#maL | ‘gopher; rock squirrel’ | [NC] | [l ~ n] | |
#x̣aLas | ‘gopher’ | [NC] | ||
#amI | ‘gopher; ?coati’ | [N/S] | ||
#pEyam | ‘agouti; coati’ | [MA] | ||
#máqily | ‘rat’ | [N/S] | ||
#XaBa | ‘rat’ | [N] | Irregular phonology. | |
#p’usaL | ‘mouse’ | [s ~ š] | ||
#čem... | ‘bat’ | [č ~ č’] | Also found outside Hokan. | |
#č’iy | ‘bird’ | [N/S] | ||
#(a)čuwi | ‘bird’ | [NC] | ||
#č’ipay | ‘eagle; bird’ | [S] | ||
#ša | ‘eagle’ | [N/S] | ||
#awiča | ‘golden eagle’ | [NC] | (Chi č-, Ach l- noun prefixes) | |
#čupx̣a | ‘bald eagle’ | [NC] | ||
#emaL | ‘bald eagle’ | [NC] | ||
#sVkwily | ‘hawk’ | [N/S] | [i ~ a] | |
#čuKču(K) | ‘fish hawk’ | [NC] | ||
#čiqx̣či(qx̣) | ‘fish hawk’ | [N] | [č ~ č’] | |
#Liq’Liq’, etc. | ‘sparrowhawk’ | [l ~ n] | ||
#C(’)Vʔur or #ʔCur | ‘hawk; condor’ | [N/S] | ||
#huš | ‘buzzard’ | Widespread and symbolic. | ||
#¢cíHkyuli | ‘owl’ | [N] | Though symbolic may show regular phonology. | |
#anyá | ‘crow; black (Yum)’ | [N/S] | [ny ~ ly] | |
#q(x̣)aːq | ‘crow’ | [N/S] | Widespread and symbolic. | |
#¢c’ewaL | ‘bluejay’ | [N] | [¢’ ~ č’] | |
#ṭaq’ | ‘woodpecker’ | [N] | ||
#č’Am | ‘woodpecker’ | [N] | ||
#č’uratu or #č’urata | ‘woodpecker’ | [NC] | [a2 ~ o] | |
#KurAT | ‘woodpecker’ | [NC] | ||
#čiTa | ‘magpie’ | [NC] | [?glott/asp] | |
#¢c’ikpapka(k) | ‘robin’ | [NC] | Symbolic; may have originally been conventionalized as *c/’ikwakwa, then reshaped. | Also found outside Hokan. |
#¢c’oːq’ | ‘yellowhammer’ | [NC] | [c/’ ~ č’] | |
#tiːL | ‘killdeer’ | [N] | [l ~ n] | Symbolic and widespread. |
#p’uč’i(N) | ‘hummingbird’ | [NC] | ||
#(l)alaq, etc. | ‘goose’ | [N/S] | Widespread and presumably symbolic. | |
#taLawax̣ ~ #tawax̣aL | ‘crane’ | [N] | ||
#q’aṭ’q’aṭ’ | ‘crane; duck’ | [N] | Symbolic. | |
#qaLa | ‘duck’ | [NC] | ||
#¢c’aTaTa | ‘kingfisher’ | [N] | Also found outside Hokan. | |
#šaqáːqa | ‘(valley) quail’ | [N] | Symbolic. | |
#ṭaKaKa | ‘(valley) quail’ | [ṭ ~ ṭ’] Symbolic. | ||
#ky’uho | ‘(mountain) quail’ | [N] | ||
#qx̣úmVli | ‘quail’ | [Coast] | Symbolic. | |
#Tu | ‘turkey’ | [S] | Forms like this are widespread in Meso-America. | |
#(wa)ṭaK’ | ‘frog’ | [N/S] | Also found outside Hokan. | |
#x̣ančif | ‘frog’ | [NC] | Possibly a compound. | |
#qoto | ‘frog; tadpole’ | [N] | Also found outside Hokan. | |
#čiwu | ‘lizard’ | [NC] | [w ~ m] | |
#úyVLV | ‘lizard sp.’ | [N] | Symbolic. | |
#ep... | ‘iguana’ | [S] | ||
#Vwi | ‘snake’ | [SW] | ||
#(q)x̣owa | ‘rattlesnake’ | [NC] | ||
#mi/aK...i | ‘rattlesnake’ | [N] | Irregular phonology. | |
#wisi (?~ #(w)usi) | ‘rattlesnake; to rattle’ | [N/S] | ||
#(q)hap’i | ‘turtle’ | [N/S] | [C/T] | |
#axya naly | ‘turtle; gourd, rattle’ | [N/S] | phrase/compound | |
#(a)šwá | ‘fish’ | [N] | ||
#či | ‘fish’ | [SW] | ||
#KaL | ‘fish; trout; eel’ | [N] | [k ~ k’] | |
#TaLi | ‘salmon’ | [N] | ||
#VsKáK | ‘salmon’ | [NC] | [a ~ o] May be a compound. | |
#maL | ‘salmon trout’ | [N] | [l ~ n] | |
#[a/i]č(V)wuːn | ‘dog salmon’ | [NC] | [w ~ m] | |
#čamU(ly) | ‘suckerfish’ | [N] | [č ~ š] | |
#Cim | ‘whale’ | [N] | Also found outside Hokan. | |
#¢car | ‘mussel’ | [NC] | [¢ ~ s] | |
#čax̣ | ‘mussel’ | [NC] | ||
#paKa | GLOSS? | [NC] | [a1 ~ o] | |
#aCho | ‘snail’ | [MA] | ||
#x̣a(n)ču | ‘crawfish’ | [NC] | May be a compound. | |
#kwelya | ‘*bug sp.’ | [MA] | [weak semantics] | |
#č’iwa=ips(iT) | ‘ant’ | [N] | ||
#lyaP | ‘butterfly’ | [N/S] | [?glott/asp] | |
#phaLóLo | ‘butterfly; bat’ | [N] | Symbolic. | |
#apoL | ‘cocoon’ | [NC] | [l ~ n] [?glott/asp] | |
#¢c’ata | ‘grasshopper’ | [NC] | [?a2 ~ o] | |
#Cew | ‘grasshopper’ | [NC] | ||
#K’iʔú | ‘yellowjacket’ | [NC] | ||
#mum | ‘fly’ | [N] | Also found outside Hokan. | |
#čuf | ‘fly; mosquito’ | [NC] | ||
#saʔmUly | ‘fly; mosquito’ | [N/S] | ||
#silimu ~ #¢’imilu | ‘fly; flea’ | [NC + SW] | Symbolic. | |
#ime+lya | ‘flea; louse’ | [N/S] | ?+lya = diminutive? | |
#ʔily | ‘louse; flea’ | [N/S] | ||
#iK’ey | ‘flea; louse’ | [N] | ||
#ač’i | ‘louse; flea’ | [N/S] | ||
#¢c’in | ‘tick; louse; nit’ | [N/S] | ||
#aHkwi | ‘louse’ | [N/S] | ||
#pélya | ‘worm; flea/louse’ | [N/S] | ?+lya diminutive? | |
#(a)pi | ‘worm’ | [N/S] | ||
#p’éLa | ‘slug’ | ?+lya diminutive? | ||
#mO... | ‘worm; centipede’ | [MA] | ||
#amTaB | ‘earthworm’ | [NC] | Irregular phonology. | |
#phA | ‘leaf’ | [N/?+Cho] | ||
#ṭ’a(L) | ‘leaf’ | [N] | ||
#La | ‘leaf’ | [MA] | [a ~ o] | |
#xyan | ‘leaf’ | [NC] | [xy ~ x̣] | |
#[i/a]pa | ‘flower’ | [S] | [?asp] | |
#(a)paq | ‘to bloom’ | [S] | [?asp] | |
#iso | ‘seed; fruit; sperm’ | [N/S] | Probably has pHok prefix *Hiː-. | |
#yi¢ | ‘seed; fruit’ | [SW] | ||
#(a)mu | ‘log’ | [N] | cf. #mu ‘to lie down’. | |
#yuːw | ‘log’ | [NC] | [w ~ m] | |
#axya | ‘cottonwood’ | [N/S] | ||
#sa | ‘pine sp.’ | [NC] | ||
#(is=)iwi(ly) | ‘yellow pine, etc.’ | [N/S] | [w ~ m; ly ~ ny] | |
#asu | ‘yellow pine, etc.’ | [NC] | [?a ~ o] | |
#čHuʔ | ‘pine’ | [N] | [čx̣ ~ č’] | |
#CHaL | ‘digger pine’ | [NC] | ||
#ačhow | ‘sugar pine’ | [NC] | ||
#Pu | ‘pine nut’ | [N/S] | ||
#kyHo | ‘pine nut’ | [N/S] | [kyx̣ ~ ky’] | |
#hu | ‘pine nut’ | [N] | ||
#huː=si | ‘pine needle/cone’ | [N] | compound (= * pine.nut X") | |
#naqx̣ | ‘cedar’ | [NC] | ||
#Tah | ‘fir’ | [NC] | [*x̣ or *h] | |
#(i)Pá | ‘juniper’ | [NC] | ||
#C’imC’im | ‘spruce’ | [NC] | ||
#maly | ‘acorn’ | [N] | ||
#yu | ‘acorn; oak’ | [N] | ||
#kyhuL | ‘white oak’ | [N] | ||
#TaK’ | ‘black oak’ | [NC] | ||
#kwap | ‘oak sp.’ | [N/S] | ||
#wey | ‘oak sp.’ | [N] | ||
#wey=yu | ‘acorn’ | [N] | compound (= *"oak.sp acorn") | |
#p’oːL | ‘chokecherry, wild cherry’ | [NC] | [l ~ n] | |
#pat(Ku) | ‘wild plum’ | [NC] | ||
#yOn | ‘buckeye’ | [NC] | Also found outside Hokan. | |
#p’ašáʔ | ‘buckeye’ | [N] | ||
#p’aHa | ‘pinole’ | [S] | ||
#faː¢a | ‘manzanita’ | [NC] | ||
#paṭtáqx̣ | ‘manzanita’ | [N/S] | ||
#Baha | ‘green manzanita’ | [NC] | Irregular phonology. | |
#Pahe | ‘pepperwood, peppernut (California laurel)’ | [N] | ||
#wa¢ | ‘madrone’ | [NC] | [¢ ~ s] | |
#IXa | ‘willow’ | [SW ? + Cho *7eːx ‘wood’] | [w] | |
#wat | ‘willow’ | [N] | ||
#Pačhu | ‘willow’ | [NC] | ||
#Pas | ‘willow’ | [N] | [?asp] | |
#sO | ‘clover’ | [N] | ||
#paT | ‘clover sp.’ | [NC] | ||
#xyaCa | ‘grass’ | [N/S] | ||
#qx̣atsi(r) | ‘grass; hay’ | [NC] | May be a compound. | |
#maːx̣a | ‘white grass’ | [NC] | ||
#maːkya | ‘grass sp.’ | [N] | [aː ~ oː] | |
#K’uhiL | ‘nettle’ | [NC] | [l ~ n] | |
#x̣any | ‘onion’ | [N/S] | ||
#šim | ‘pigweed; panic grass’ | [SW] | ||
#ʔúː+fa or #ʔúː+ha(+pi) and/or #ʔúː+fa+pi | ‘tobacco’ | [N/S] | [a ~ o] | |
#(ṭ-)x̣apily | ‘cattail, tule’ | [N/S] | (*t.- noun prefix) | |
#x̣aL | ‘tule’ | [N] | [a ~ o] | |
#x̣am | ‘squash’ | [SW] | ||
#K’aC’i | ‘wild grapes’ | [NC] | ||
#sely | ‘plant sp.’ | [SW] | [very doubtful] | |
#so | ‘bower, ramada’ | [S] | ||
#čaly | ‘wild potato’ | [N/S] | ||
#san | ‘wild potato (edible root)’ | [NC] | [a ~ o] | |
#qhawel | ‘wild potato; sweet manioc’ | [N/S] | [*qh or *qx̣] | |
#ʔaP | ‘soaproot’ | [N/S] | ||
#(i)ṭát | ‘thorn (spear, stinger, quill)’ | [N/S] | [a ~ o] | |
#(a)súL | ‘string’ | [N] | ||
#nuly | ‘maguey (fiber)’ | [MA] | ||
#(a)mály | ‘agave; biznaga’ | [S] | ||
#(ʔ)uːly | ‘cactus sp’ | [SW] | ||
#ʔa-ma | ‘yucca’ | [SW] | ||
#č’aLuK | ‘mushroom sp.’ | [l ~ n] | ||
#(P-)išiw | ‘raw; green; to heal, recover’ | [N/S] | [?glott/asp] | (*pa- or *pha- adjective prefix) |
#(xy)ašúy | ‘raw, unripe; green/blue; alive’ | [N/S] | ||
#(m)ásu | ‘green, yellow’ | [s ~ š] (*m- adjective prefix) | ||
#masó(L) | ‘red, brown’ | [N/S] | ||
#K!(i)-ʔíL | ‘yellow; ruddy; black’ | [N/S] | [*q or *kw] [l ~ n] | |
#lu | ‘yellow’ | [S] | ||
#ya | ‘yellow’ | [S] | ||
#ya=lu | ‘yellow’ | [YemːTM] | (= *"yellow yellow") | |
#px̣UL | ‘to paint’ | [NC] | ||
#px̣uN | ‘red earth’ | [NC] | ||
#(a-)xwá(-ṭ‘) | ‘blood; red’ | [N/S] | ||
#(i-)šiṭ | ‘blood’ | [NC] | ||
#apx̣ú | ‘white’ | [N/S] | ||
#ṭha(y) | ‘white’ | [N/S] | (Sal ma- adjective prefix) | |
#tam | ‘white (spot)’ | [N] | ||
#it’a(yu) | ‘white’ | [N] | (EPom ph- adjective prefix) | |
#ma-sa | ‘white; white man’ | [N/S] | [y/n/0] [s ~ š] | |
#ša | ‘clear; shining’ | [N/S] | Also listed elsewhere | |
#(a)mU | ‘dark; night’ | [S] | ||
#Pa | ‘night’ | [N/S] | ([a ~ o] Cho) | |
#px̣a(wi) | ‘night’ | [N] | [a ~ o] | |
#[U/i]phaL | ‘black’ | [N/S] | [a ~ o] | |
#nyily | ‘black; to write’ | [S] | ||
#(x̣)alVm | ‘night; pitch dark’ | [N] | ||
#x̣UR | ‘evening; dark’ | [N/S] | [l ~ n] | |
#tu | ‘night’ | [N] | ||
#we | ‘night’ | [N] | ||
#Tiy=nya | ‘night’ | [S] | [?asp] compound | (= *"X sun/day") |
#[y/n/t]ama(-C’i) | ‘armpit’ | [N/S] | ||
#Ca=kwif | ‘to ask’ | [S] | instrument prepound + root | (Cho /kwicuf/ shows metathesis/scrambling) |
#maL | ‘bad’ | [N/S] | ||
#(q)x̣uL | ‘bad; to fear; have unpleasant thoughts’ | [N] | ||
#(i)yaː | ‘(to be) afraid’ | [N/S] | ||
#puqha(ly) | ‘basket’ | [N] | [ly ~ ny] | |
#upu | ‘to weave’ | [S] | [?glott/asp] | |
#p’uː | ‘basket’ | [N/S] | ||
#(u)p’ay | ‘basket’ | [N] | ||
#Lus | ‘basket’ | [NC] | ||
#siT’iL | ‘basket’ | [NC] | ||
#x̣anow | ‘burden basket’ | [NC] | ||
#kw’iny | ‘to twist; twirl; twine’ | [N/S] | ||
#K’uny | ‘crooked; basket’ | [N/S] | ||
#ky’OL | ‘to bend; be bent’ | [NC] | This may go with the previous two. | |
#tu | ‘to roll (up/along)’ | [N/S] | ||
#iwiL | ‘to roll[; twist]’ | [N/S] | [w ~ m] | |
#wi(K) | ‘to weave’ | [NC] | ||
#(i)pi¢‘i | ‘to weave’ | [N/S] | ||
#CiL | ‘to curl; curled up’ | [NC] | ||
#a¢’ip | ‘to wring’ | [NC] | [?asp] | |
#iphowaly | ‘beads’ | [N] | ||
#pul | ‘to boil’ | [N/S] | [?asp] | |
#mUl | ‘to boil’ | [MA] | ||
#Pot | ‘to boil’ | [N] | ||
#C’o | ‘bunch’ | [N/S] | [weak set] | |
#pUly | ‘clothes’ | [MA] | ||
#[a/i]mo(ly) | ‘(mountain) sheep; blanket; shirt, dress; cotton’ | [N/S] | ||
#šap | ‘to close’ | [N/S] | [?glott/asp] | |
#č’aK | ‘to close’ | [N] | [?a ~ o] | |
#apuly | ‘to cover’ | [N/S] | ||
#aʔLi | ‘to cover’ | [N/S] | ||
#wuL | ‘to crawl’ | [N] | [w ~ m; l ~ n] | |
#(a)Ci | ‘to creep; crawl’ | [NC] | ||
#ima | ‘to dance’ | [N/S] | ||
#ihE | ‘to dance; sing’ | [N] | ||
#(eː)xye | ‘to sing; song; dance’ | [N] | ||
#[U/i]sow | ‘to sing’ | [S] | [s ~ š] | |
#qx̣oL | ‘to dent’ | [NC] | [*qx̣ or *qh] | |
#pu | ‘to plant; dig; hoe; (digging) stick’ | [N/S] | [p ~ p’] | |
#oːpu | ‘to dig; hoe’ | [N/S] | [p ~ p’] | |
#eːPu | ‘edible root’ | [N] | ||
#...ap | ‘to dig’ | [N/S] | [?asp] | ‘to dig’ [weak set] |
#ip’eL ~ #iLep’ | ‘to dig’ | [N] | ||
#wI | ‘to dig’ | [NC] | (cf. Yan w=eːpu- ‘to dig roots’) | |
#wasu | ‘digging stick’ | [N/?+Cho /as.ú7/] | [s ~ š] | |
#ThiN | ‘direction’ | [NC] | [i ~ a] | |
#xyaHtey | ‘to dream’ | [N] | ||
#meN | ‘to drill; disk[beads]’ | [NC] | ||
#ama | ‘to eat (drink; taste); food’ | [N/S] | ||
#iwa | ‘to eat’ | [N] | ||
#pi=LI | ‘to eat mush with fingers/hands’ | [N] | [l ~ n; i ~ a] | |
#Laš | ‘food; bread’ | [N/S] | ||
#nI | ‘(acorn) bread’ | [N] | ||
#Sow(iː) | ‘acorn bread; acorn cakes; acorn mush’ | [N/S] | [s ~ š] | |
#šiP | ‘(to die[fire];) to douse (fire)’ | [N/S] | [i ~ a] [?asp] | |
#axwir | ‘fence’ | [SW] | ||
#isax̣ay | ‘to fish’ | [NC] | Probably a compound. | |
#ṭ’el | ‘flat’ | [N/S] | ||
#liph | ‘flat’ | [N/S] | [i ~ a; l ~ n] | |
#phil | ‘flat’ | [N] | [i ~ a] | |
#šaːly | ‘to leak’ | [N/S] | [a ~ o] | |
#Pa | ‘to flow’ | [N] | ||
#cuw | ‘to flow; creek; river’ | [NC] | [w ~ m] | |
#panA | ‘river’ | [MA] | [a ~ o] | |
#LuPu | ‘lake’ | [N] | ||
#yu | ‘to fly’ | [N/S] | ||
#Ta | ‘to fly’ | [NC] | ||
#Kap | ‘to jump; fly’ | [N/S] | [a ~ i] [?glott/asp] | |
#paK | ‘to fill; full’ | [N/S] | [a ~ o] [?asp] | |
#[a/i]Pir | ‘to fill; full’ | [N/S] | [?asp] | |
#PiNiH | ‘to fill; full’ | [N] | [i1 ~ a] | |
#[a/i]p’uL | ‘to fill; full’ | [N] | ||
#mati | ‘to fill’ | [N] | ||
#aːKu(-hi) | ‘to gather, pick up (esp. acorns)’ | [N] | ||
#yu | ‘gathered in a pile’ | [NC] | ||
#Tu | ‘to harvest’ | [MA] | ||
#yisiː | ‘good; right (=/ left)’ | [N/S] | [i1 ~ a] | |
#C’um | ‘good’ | [N] | ||
#Xan | ‘good; pleasant’ | [S] | ||
#XaliK’u | ‘happy’ | [N/S] | ||
#KiL | ‘to be hanging/hung; to hang’ | [N] | [?asp] | |
#TaK | ‘to hang; droop’ | [NC] | ||
#sarey | ‘to hate; be angry’ | [N/S] | [s ~ š] | |
#¢ciw | ‘to fight’ | [NC] | ||
#TUː | ‘to fight’ | [SW] | ||
#fal | ‘to fight’ | [MA] | [a ~ o] | |
#xwa(y) | ‘enemy’ | [N/S] | ||
#we | ‘to have’ | [S] | ||
#mi¢a | ‘heavy’ | [NC] | [i ~ a] | |
#maL | ‘to doubt; hesitate’ | [N/S] | ||
#(iː-)mU | ‘hole’ | [N/S] | ||
#Culy | ‘hole’ | [N/S] | [C ~ S] [weak set] | |
#oːʔaya | ‘hole; cave’ | [N/S] | Probably a compound. | |
#TaK | ‘hoop’ | [NC] | [?glott/asp] | |
#Kowš | ‘hump’ | [SW] | ||
#samukwir | ‘to be jealous; to offer herself in marriage’ | [N/S] | [s ~ š] | Must be a compound. |
#áwa | ‘to be lacking; miss, be lonely for’ | [N] | ||
#asiy+o | ‘to laugh’ | [N/S] | [i ~ a] | |
#Xir+a | ‘to laugh’ | [N/S] | [i ~ a] | |
#CAL | ‘to laugh’ | [N] | ||
#[a/i]LiK | ‘to laugh’ | [N] | ||
#ili | ‘lazy’ | [N/S] | [i2 ~ a] | |
#Kisár+iK | ‘left(handed)’ | [SW] | ||
#x̣am | ‘to forget’ | [N/S] | [a ~ o] | |
#šam | ‘to miss’ | [N/S] | [a ~ o] | |
#ša | ‘to not know’ | [N] | ||
#aK’ | ‘lost’ | [S] | ||
#(a)ta 1. | ‘to do; make’; | |||
#hay | ‘to do; make’ | [N/S] | [a ~ o] [h ~ x̣] | |
#(u)mu | ‘to work; try; fix; finish’ | [N/S] | ||
#(a-)wir | ‘to finish’ | [N/S] | ||
#(a)ma | ‘to finish’ | [N] | ||
#q’a | ‘to finish’ | [N] | ||
#Pal | ‘near’ | [l ~ n] [?glott/asp] | ‘near’ | |
#maqx̣ | ‘near’ | [NC] | [a ~ o] | |
#iqir | ‘net’ | [NC] | ||
#(a)sU | ‘net; weir’ | [SW] | ||
#PeLa | ‘new’ | [N/S] | [?glott/asp] | |
#XeniX | ‘to make noise’ | [SW] | ||
#hiH0-a | ‘path; road’ | [N] | ||
#(a)nya | ‘path; road’ | [S] | ||
#šiṭ. | ‘pear-shaped’ | [N] | ||
#p’ila | ‘to play; toy’ | [N/S] | [p’ ~ p] | |
#loʔo | ‘to play’ | [S] | ||
#x̣otal | ‘poor’ | [N/S] | ||
#yu(N) | ‘to pull’ | [N] | ||
#Tu(w) | ‘to pull, drag out; pluck at’ | [N/S] | [?glott/asp] | |
#¢c’aL | ‘to put’ | [NC] | ||
#TuPi | ‘rotten’ | [NC] | [?glott/asp] | |
#(a)sa | ‘(to be) rotten’ | [SW] | [s ~ š] | |
#K’uK | ‘rough’ | [N] | ||
#aphEl | ‘round’ | [N/S] | ||
#ʔUr | ‘round’ | [N/S] | ||
#puL | ‘round’ | [N] | [l ~ n] | |
#x̣uLu | ‘round; kidney’ | [N] | ||
#LOL | ‘round; kidney’ | [N] | [l1 ~ n] | |
#iːKiR | ‘round’ | [N] | ||
#fas | ‘to rub; touch’ | [N/S] | [a ~ i] | |
#siri | ‘to rub; cricket; cicada’ | [N/S] | [s ~ ¢] | |
#q’aL | ‘to rub; brush; clean; wash’ | [N] | ||
#yuL | ‘to rub’ | [NC] | ||
#Kany | ‘to run (plural subject)’ | [N] | ||
#KaL(Vw) | ‘to run (plural subject)’ | [N/S] | ||
#SU | ‘to run’ | [N] | ||
#mu | ‘to run’ | [N] | ||
#yaH | ‘quick; fast’ | [N] | ||
#puːHes | ‘sack’ | [NC] | Also found outside Hokan. | |
#wiy | ‘to trade; buy; sell’ | [N/S] | [i ~ a] | |
#(i)lam | ‘to sew’ | [N/S] | [l ~ n] | |
#ši+yo | ‘shade’ | [N/S] | [i ~ a] | |
#winy | ‘to shake; shiver’ | [N/S] | ||
#(i)yu | ‘to shake’ | [N] | ||
#TaTa | ‘to shake’ | [N] | ||
#q’UH or #q’uʔwa | ‘shamanry; poisoning song’ | [N] | ||
#ma(ː)ṭ. | ‘poison; sorcery’ | |||
#xyaːLu | ‘ghost’ | [N] | ||
#0-0owP | ‘sharp’ | [N/S] | [weak set] | |
#šuP | ‘sharp’ | [NC] | [š ~ č] | |
#(w)ax̣raw | ‘sharp’ | [w2 ~ m] [weak set] Probably a compound. | ||
#lyu | ‘smooth’ | [N/S] | ||
#La | ‘soft’ | [NC] | [a ~ o] | |
#puyKa (~ #puKya) | ‘spotted’ | [MA] | ||
#KaS | ‘to stand’ | [N/S] | ||
#yaLiH | ‘to stand (animate)’ | [N] | ||
#(a)ho | ‘to stand’ | [N] | ||
#šalaH | ‘pitch; sticky’ | [N/S] | ||
#x̣awA | ‘pitch’ | [N] | ||
#pas | ‘to stick (to/together)’ | [NC] | [?glott/asp] | |
#meše(w) | ‘to stink; smell’ | [N/S] | [š ~ s] | |
#xwe | ‘to (have a) smell’ | [S] | ||
#px̣u | ‘to swell’ | [N/S] | ||
#peT | ‘swollen’ | [SW] | [?glott/asp] | |
#iThAp | ‘thick; fat; puffed up’ | [N] | ||
#wir | ‘straight’ | [N/S] | [w ~ m] | |
#išiP | ‘straight; in a line’ | [N] | ||
#fu | ‘true’ | [NC] | ||
#[a/u]sTuK’ | ‘(to) sweat’ | [NC] | Probably a compound. | |
#K’u | ‘to swim’ | [N] | ||
#px̣u | ‘to swim’ | [NC] | ||
#po | ‘to swim; bathe’ | [N/S] | ||
#¢caN | ‘to float; bathe’ | [NC] | ||
#yi | ‘to teach; learn’ | [N] | ||
#[i/u]ya | ‘to know; understand’ | [N/S] | ||
#(aː)Ki | ‘to think; have in mind’ | [N] | ||
#af | ‘to throw; pull’ | [N/S] | cf. Sp tirar ‘throw’ = Fr tirer ‘pull’ | |
#fa¢’ | ‘to throw’ | [N/S] | ||
#su(m) | ‘to throw’ | [N] | [s ~ š] | |
#T’am ~ #T’ap | ‘to throw’ | [S] | [?asp for #p] | |
#niH | ‘to throw’ | [MA] | ||
#(h)oL | ‘to throw at; hit’ | [N] | ||
#¢ca | ‘to tie’ | [NC] | ||
#ine | ‘to tie’ | [NC] | ||
#tiL | ‘to touch’ | [N] | [i ~ a; l ~ n] | |
#TaHP | ‘(to) trap’ | [NC] | [?glott/asp] | |
#tay | ‘trap’ | [N] | [?asp] | |
#EmaC’i | ‘to wake up’ | [N] | This may be a compound. | |
#qx̣UL | ‘to be hungry’ | [N] | ||
#K’uN | ‘to want, desire’ | [N] | ||
#kw’aw | ‘to marry; love’ | [TM] | ||
#miʔnya | ‘tasty; sweet; to like; love’ | [N/S] | [a ~ i; i ~ a] | |
#wiH | ‘(to be) sweet’ | [N/S] | ||
#a0-u | ‘sweet’ | [SW] | cf. Sal /(k)amášu/ ‘sweet’ | |
#(i)si+yV | ‘salt’ | [N/S] | ||
#(aː-)kyhaʔi | ‘salt’ | [N] | ||
#ʔčUKpV | ‘to wash’ | [N] | Probably a compound. | |
#pa | ‘to wash’ | [N/S] | ||
#paqh | ‘to wash’ | [N/S] | [a ~ o] | |
#pa¢ | ‘to wash clothes’ | [MA] | [a ~ o] | |
#[iː/a-]-ya | ‘wind’ | [N/S] | ||
#wA | ‘wind’ | [N/S] | ||
#amaṭ‘ | ‘year’ | [S] | ||
#...ma | ‘yesterday’ | [S] |