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Appendix:Proto-Otomi reconstructions

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Proto-Otomi reconstructions by Newman & Weitlaner (1950):[1]

Newman & Weitlaner (1950)

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Abbreviations

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  • NE = Northeastern (or Sierra) Otomí
  • IXT = Ixtenco
  • NW = Northwestern (or Mesquital) Otomí
  • SW = Southwestern Otomí

List

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No. English gloss Proto-Otomi notes
1 to sleep *ʔãhã
2 grandchild *ʔbɛto
3 to come *ʔẽhẽ
4 to hurt *ʔə
5 chile *ʔi
6 woman's brother *ʔidã
7 sour *ʔiši
8 broom *ʔmbaši
9 one *ʔna
10 companion *ʔño
11 road *ʔñũ
12 man *ʔñʌhʌ
13 to write *ʔopho
14 nothing *ʔotho
15 flea *ʔɔ
16 bridge *ʔrani
17 potato *ʔrokʔa
18 to give *ʔuni
19 salt *ʔũ
20 to hear *ʔʌde
21 hen *ʔʌni
22 to do *ʔʌtʔe
23 maguey *ʔwada
24 to rain *ʔwãi
25 rain *ʔye
26 hand, arm *ʔyɛ
27 metate rolling pin *ʔyə
28 root *ʔyə
29 neck *ʔyəga
30 tobacco *ʔyəi
31 to talk *ʔyo
32 dog *ʔyo
33 reed *ʔyo
34 needle *ʔyophani
35 dry *ʔyotʔi
36 to cure *ʔyʌthe
37 child *bãci
38 3rd pers. subj. with verb preterite *bi-
39 lead (metal) *bʌsnã
40 tail *cʔə
41 pig *cʔədi
42 teeth *cʔi
43 bad, dirty *cʔo
44 avocado *cʔɔni
45 to bite *ca
46 woman's father-in-law *ca
47 molars *caphi
48 to burn *cãtʔi
49 cold *cɛ
50 to suck *cə
51 to obtain *cədi
52 to eat, to drink *ci
53 small *ci
54 fire *cibi
55 female *cu NE and IXT
55 female *cũ SW
56 to burn *cʌ
57 star *cʌ
58 to arrive *cʌhʌ
59 little *čʔə
60 eagle *čəni
61 to harvest *čopho
62 female *ču
62 female *čũ NW
63 big *dã
64 water *dehe
65 forehead *dẽ
66 sparrow hawk *dɛ
67 tomato *dɛmši
68 onion *dɛnši
69 palm tree *dɛnthi
70 kid *dɛnzũ
71 wild cherry *dɛse
72 Aztec language *dɛsnã
73 live coals *dɛspi
74 maize *dɛthã
75 lamb, cotton *dɛti
76 stone *do
77 earthenware pan for cooking maize cakes *doʔyo
78 egg *doni
79 eye *dɔ
80 spoon *dɔci
81 to die *dũ
82 old, big *dʌ
83 flower *dʌni
84 nine *gəto
85 water of *gi-
86 four *goho
87 entrance *gošti
88 to snore *gɔni
89 ear *gũ
90 fog *gũi
91 foot *gwa
92 where? *habə
93 to carry inanimate object *hã
94 yes *hã
95 to sneeze *hecʔe
96 deep *hẽ
97 to spin thread *hẽtʔi
98 paper *hɛʔmi
99 to whistle *həši
100 man's paternal aunt *hi
101 no *hina
102 dance *hnẽi
103 town *hnini
104 breath *hñã
105 speech, language *hñã
106 man's father-in-law *hñã
107 eight *hñãto
108 ravine *hñẽ
109 to get sick *hñẽni
110 three *hñũ
111 food *hñũni
112 to kill *ho
113 to search *honi
114 earth *hɔi
115 name *hũ
116 step-relative *hʌ-
117 wing *hwa
118 fish *hwã
119 maize land *hwãhĩ
120 daughter-in-law *hwɛ
121 lightning *hwɛi
122 sun *hyadi
123 heavy *hyə
124 horsefly *kʔa
125 blue, green *kʔangi
126 yellow *kʔaštʔi
127 snake *kʔẽñã
128 hiccough *kʔətʔi
129 adobe *kʔohɔi
130 prickly pear *kãhã
131 dye *kəhə
132 to grind *kəni
133 five *kətʔa
134 to enter *kətʔi
135 to be, to exist *kha
136 holy *-khã
137 wall *khãdo
138 tongue *khãne
139 year *khɛya
140 bean *khə
141 beard *khqni
142 stone for grinding maize, maize dough *khəni
143 blood *khi
144 nobody *kho
145 wall *khoti NE and IXT
146 wall *khotʔi SW
147 man's sister *khũ
148 door *khũtʔi
149 to pay *khũtʔi
150 skirt, petticoat *khʌde
151 rabbit *khwa
152 maguey-fiber cloth *khwa
153 knife *khwai
154 man's older brother *khwãda
155 woman's sister *khwɛ
156 man's brother-in-law *ko
157 to return *kohi
158 woman's mother-in-law *kɔ
159 man's brother, man's younger brother *kũ
160 to go *ma
161 half *made
162 sky *mahẽcʔi
163 yesterday *mande
164 ear of corn *manša
165 above *maña
166 to shout *maphi
167 to say *mã
168 milk *mba
169 pitcher *mbada
170 loom *mbe
171 crate *mbeza
172 woman *mbɛhñã NW and SW
173 to work *mbɛphi
174 man's sister-in-law *mbɛpo
175 in, inside *mbo
176 black *mboi
177 mother *me
178 tortilla *hmẽ
179 spider *meše
180 relative *mẽni
181 son-in-law *mɛhã
182 after *mɛpha
183 peon *mɛphi
184 belly, stomach, heart *məi
185 coyote *minʔyo
186 crock *mohui
187 priest *mɔkhã
188 gourd *mũ
189 bird *ncʔə
190 wind, air *n-dãhi
191 late *n-de
192 hail *n-do
193 bone *n-doʔyo
194 seed *n-dɔ
195 mouth *ne
196 to want, to like *ne
197 to dance *nẽi
198 belt, girdle *n-gəʔti
199 fiesta *n-go
200 thunder *n-gɔni
201 amount *-ngu
202 rat, mouse *n-gũ
203 house *n-gũ
204 meat *n-gʌ
205 skirt, petticoat *n-gʌde
206 church *nikhã
207 to confess *nkhwãni
208 fat *noho
209 to bathe *nšaha
210 toys *ntʔẽni
211 to meet *nthɛ
212 (stem) *nu- a bound stem for lexemes of substitution, used with pronominal suffixes to form independent pronouns and with the following place and time demonstratives
213 here *nugwa
214 there *nuni
215 there *nunə
216 yonder *nupə
217 now *nuya
218 head *ñã
219 to speak *ñã
220 knee *ñãhmũ
221 doctor *ñẽi
222 conjurer, shaman *ñẽte
223 noise *ñəni
224 full *ñũdi
225 Otomí language *ñũhũ
226 heat, hot, day *pa
227 buzzard *pada
228 shirt *pahni
229 to sweep, rubbish *paši
230 to know *pãdi
231 to stink *pãhã
232 to weave *pe
233 sparrow hawk *pencʔə
234 to wash clothes *peni
235 horse *phani
236 hat *phəi
237 to stumble *phəncʔi
238 to exceed *pongi
239 to sell *pɔ
240 to ascend *pʌcʔe
241 to leave *pʌni
242 new *raʔyo
243 six *rato
244 ten *rɛtʔa
245 twenty *rote
246 finger *saha
247 pulque *sẽi
248 nixtamal *suni
249 sweat *šanthe
250 mountain *šanthʌ
251 maguey fiber *šãhĩ
252 nopal *šãntʔã
253 cedar *šãza
254 dust-storm *šɛdi
255 to break *šɛki
256 to wash oneself *šəki
257 eagle *šəni
258 back, in back of *šətha
259 leaf *ši covering in compounds
260 wool, blanket *šiʔyo
261 woman *šicu NE and IXT
262 cup *šimo
263 lungs *šinči
264 leg *šinthe
265 nose *šiñũ
266 to tell *šiphi
267 shingle *šithẽ
268 to open *šoki
269 to harvest *šopho
270 fingernail *šɔ
271 to pray, to read *šɔdi
272 hair *štã
273 girl *šũci
274 morning *šũdi
275 night *šũi
276 above *šʌcʔe
277 pitcher *šʌni
278 digging stick, plow *tʔabi
279 unfermented juice of maguey, honey *tʔaphi
280 white, silver *tʔaši
281 grasshopper *tʔãši
282 corn-flour gruel *tʔẽi
283 metal, bell *tʔɛgi
284 sickle *tʔɛšə
285 son *tʔə
286 daughter *tʔišũ
287 louse *tʔo
288 mountain, hill *tʔʌhʌ
289 father *ta
290 to ripen *tã
291 what? *te
292 torch pine *tədi
293 butterfly *təmə
294 ear of corn *thã
295 to answer *thãdi
296 thread *thãhĩ
297 to tie *thãtʔi
298 to marry *thãti
299 a chalky rock *the
300 necklace *thebe
301 to laugh *thede
302 a cold *thehe
303 tamale *thẽdi
304 charcoal *thẽñã
305 red *thɛni
306 outside *thi
307 to enter *thogi
308 to touch *thoni
309 bread *thũhmẽ
310 name *thũhũ
311 bench *thũhni
312 to run *tihi
313 breast *tiñã
314 drunk *tĩ
315 man's mother-in-law *to
316 to fall down *tɔgi
317 to buy, market *tɔi
318 to plant maize *tũ
319 to sing *tũhũ
320 frog *wɛ
321 associative 1st and 2nd persons *-wi
322 person who extracts the juice of the maguey *yaphi
323 to be fragrant *yəni
324 elbow *yəni
325 candle *yo
326 two *yoho
327 seven *yoto
328 tree, stick *za plant in composition
329 pig *zakhwa
330 jaguar *zate
331 moon, month *zãnã
332 to greet *zɛngwa
333 monkey *zəpa

References

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  1. ^ Newman, Stanley and Robert Weitlaner. 1950. Central Otomian I: Proto-Otomi Reconstructions. International Journal of American Linguistics, Vol. 16, No. 1 (Jan., 1950), pp. 1-19. University of Chicago Press.
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