Appendix:Salinan word lists

Salinan word list from Mason (1918) and Shaul (2020).

Mason (1918)

Key

Abbreviations and symbols:

• (S) = Fray Buenaventura Sitjar of San Antonio Mission
• (M) = San Miguel dialect
• * = doubtful accuracy

Sources

Sources of the Salinan vocabulary in Mason (1918):

• Mason's field notes
• Henshaw's 1884 notes
• words from Fray Buenaventura Sitjar
• small number of words from De la Cuesta, Yates and Gould, Coulter and Taylor

List

English gloss	Antoniaño	Migueleño	plural	notes
fly	awa·´tén	a·we·te´ʽ	awaˑ´tneʟ
bullhead-fish		cat’
Lewis woodpecker	ca´knil	cra´knil
bird	caˑxwe	sa·xe	ca·xten
ground-owl, gray titmouse	ska´tata	cko·´tɑtʚ
prairie-falcon	ck’an	ck’an’
crow	ckaˑk’	cka·k’	skaˑ´k’tenat
snake, worm, grub	ck’ot	ck’ot	sk’o´teʟet
gull		clot
abalone		cmaiyi´k’
horned-owl	cukunui´’	cokonoi´’
skunk	cuwa´’	cowa´	cuwa´ʽɴeʟ
squirrel	cuˑmk’o´m’	camko´’m	cumk’omona´neʟ
small ducks		cu´n’cun’
fish	swan	cwa´’ɴ	cwaˑne´t
lizard	swakaka´	cwaˑkek’a´’
gopher	e´cece	ee´cesi
male squirrel		emace´
pinacate	eˑts’
tarantula-hawk	etskutchɑ´ten
louse	tik’e´’	i´ke	tik’eneʟ
ant	ilka´t	ilka´t
Mexican bluebird	kalep’a´n	kelep’a´n
small birds			kats’aˑne´ʟˑ
blue-crested jay		kalau
house-finch	kalwatcai´	k’aluatc´a’i
goose, crane	ka´lakʽ	kalakʽ	kalak´ne´ʟ
mosquito		kaca´p
grasshopper	kacala´	kaculo´
Lawrence’s goldfinch		kiope´ts
kingfisher	k’cu´i	kitcili´tna
band-tailed pigeon	klau´it
hare	koi’	koʟ	kolane´ʟ
tarantula		kocai´ye
mountain-quail		k’aiya´k´
red abalones	kilṭau´	k’elṭ´u´ʽ
spider	la´kana
gray rabbit		ʟa´ma
raven	la´’	lap’
tarantula-hawk		lape´
duck	leaṭ’	helpa´ṭ’	leaṭ’ten
wasps, bees	lme´m’	leme´’m
teal	le´ponta
Gambel’s sparrow	le´rporti	leˑ´rpati
coyote	ʟk’a´	helk’a´	elk’ane´ʟ; elk’a´lekten
Canada goose	loina´	t’lai
small antelope		lowe´cɑt’
rat	ma´kiʟ	mɑ´kel
rabbit	map’	map’	map’tenat; map’aˑ´nel
eel	masau´hal	masau´wel
chipmunk	matse´ko	mats’e´ko’
humming bird	mɑ´ts’we´l’
antelope	mu´i’	mu´ı̄’
clams		naiyʚk’
pocket-gopher	nakɑ´k
young antelope		nʚtc’
elk	ac	p’ae	acte´n, astenat
California woodpecker	pelaˑ´kˑa’	pala·´kɑkʼ
two-pronged buck		paṭalti
humming bird		peˑ´lts’e
ruby-crowned wren	pete´ts
lark finch	pi´ukutc
sucker		pʽu´lxoiʽ
wildcat	sam’	snam
black ant		santʚn
shrike		sapele´
one-pronged buck		sektaiˑkna
stinking ant		senese
unidentified fish		septa´ʟ
snake	senkahl	senk’oʟ
doe	sepo
mouse	seloˑ´iʽ
swallow		siata´nil
cañon finch	sit	set’
red-headed woodpecker		sik
animal		sitaipin
whippoorwill		skalo´
sparrow-hawk	skele´le	skeleˑ´le
blue crane		ska·´u
shellfish		sk’eˑ´’n
raccoon	skaiya´ʼ	s’kai´ya	skaiyana´neʟ
rat	sk’almo´k’	sk’almokʼ	sk’almok’oten
green-winged teal		slipe´pʚ
quail		smate·´xan
bee	smo´kɑt	smo´ket
rattlesnake	smeˑkoi´	smekoi´	smekoiiten
female skunk		smohel
mole	smokok’e´	smokike´
cat	smic
eagle	sai´yu	snai	saiyane´ʟ
kangaroo-rat, tusa	snaˑk	snaʽk
butterfly	soko´ko	soko´ko
spotted faun		so´ha
very small ant		sopokan
red-tailed hawk	speˑk’	spiˑk’
burrowing owl		spʽoko´ʼ
fox	sto’	sto’
young squirrel		sumhe
bat	stamaka´la
bat	suhao´ye
black-shining flycatcher	swe´ho	swīˑ´yo
male coyote		swaa´
crane		taˑlwa·´x
worm	ta´lmui
nuthatch	taka´la
Lawrence’s goldfinch	ta´nukupel
crane		tapṭe´ʟ
woodpecker	tena´k
male antelope		tepce´
owl	tesik’	ṭeci´kʼ	ticik’neʟ
pelican	tē·´u	tewe´
pigeon		tikʽmo´ʽ
worm		time´hai
great California vulture	titc´k	te’tc’
badger	t´mɑ´cɑx
seal	tʽoˑ´i
badger		tʽoˑ´io
sea-otter		t’sue
whale	tʸa´i
bluejay	ṭ’ai’	ṭahi
flea	ṭa·yiʟ	ṭaiyeʟ’	tayiʟtena´x
crab		ṭaitc’aˑ´tak
serpent	ṭaˑliˑye´’
puma	ṭa´’muʟ	ṭ´a’muʟ	ṭa´’multenax
deer	ṭaa´’	ṭaa´’p	ṭaatne´ʟ
bat	ṭapilale
turtledove	ṭaˑxwe´ne’	ṭʽaˑxwe´n’
bear	ṭaxai´’	ṭᴀxai´’	ṭaxai´yukten
turtle	ṭawai	ṭawʚ´	ṭawaiiten
salmon	ṭetiyau´	tʽetēyau	ṭetiyauutén
kingbird	ṭike´	ṭ’ike´’
small frog		ṭ’iˑkolʚ´
serpent		ṭinele´ʼ
grubs, worms		ṭ’iope´’
mountain lizard		ṭʽoiyelɘ´’
gray squirrel	ṭooloc	ṭoˑlo´c	ṭoolecna´neʟ
wolf	ṭʽo·´xo	ṭoˑxo´ʼ	ṭʽoˑ´xolanel
curved-bill thrush	tca	tca
Brewer’s blackbird	tca´la	tcal
red-shafted woodpecker	tc’am’	tc’a’ᴍɪ
cricket	tcʼeˑl’
bluejay	tc’ele´uʼ
bat		tc’e´mtcem
fishhawk	tcikʼ	tc´iktcik
caterpillar	tcoana´hi	ṭaau´
mottled snake		ts’aike´’
yellow-bellied woodpecker		ts’e´’ʟ
owl		ts’ɘ´tʽenek’
spider	ts’ope´n	sopne´t	ts’ope´nlax
red-winged blackbird	wakeno´
frog	wa·´kiṭ	wa´kɑṭ’	wakiṭten; *wa´kɑṭ’ṭʽa´ʟ
bullbat		wa´lwal’
Oregon bunting	wa´tc	watc’
white goose		wau
bluejay, bunting	witcele´’	wetcele´’
martin		weˑtelo´’
woodpecker		we´tok
mussel	xaii´k
crane	xalau´’
ground tit	xane´o
lizard	xakele´	xapailʚ´’
yellow-billed magpie	atce´tc	xatca´tc’
roadrunner, ground cuckoo	xom	xo·´’mɪ
quail	ho´mlik´
red-headed vulture	xopne´l	xo·pɴe´ʟ
dog	xutc	xutcaˑi	xoste´n
finger, toe	aˑpela·´i	amel
head	aˑ´’ak	oˑ´pʽak	axaˑ´k
liver	aa´cx	acx	aasxaknel
skin, hide	axwe´m		axwenlax
animal’s heart	a·´u
shell of egg	ca´lo
corpse	ca´ᴍteʟ
sole		cipainism
cheek		cmaˑ´i
lung	ck’o´’il	cukaiel
eye	cuke·´neṭ	coke´neṭ´
poison of snake		co´wat
calf of leg	co´wan	cuwa´n
testicles	cuda·´t´, sodo		solaˑ´xo
beard		epai´atak
spine	eiwi´s
mouth	eˑ´lek´	elik	elekne´l
nose	eˑ´neṭ’	e´nenɑt	xe´neṭ
ear		e´ntɑt
feathers, whiskers	ecax	aca´x	ecaxneʟ
antlers	etalaˑk		ctalakneʟ
neck	eṭcaˑi´	ei´tc’ai’	etcaiilaˑ´x
shoulder	ita´’l	e´taʟ
tongue	epaˑ´l	i´paʟ	epa’ne´ʟ
heart	eˑxiwai’		eˑxiwilai
brain	exoxo´	ihoho´	exoxa´lax; exoten; exotenax
body		exas
fish scales	ewa´la	ewa´l
tail	etsʽe´’u	itsʽe´’p	etsʽe´wulax
urine	icahaˑ´l	isxaˑʟ
foot	icxeˑ´u	icxeˑ´p	icxepaˑ´l; icxe´’e, icxe´xe’; icxeˑple´t
nails	icele´’	i´cilip´	isiˑlewula´x
breast	ico´’	icu´’
ear	ick’o´’ol		icok’alet
body	ikau´’	ikau’
belly	ikɑ´n	ika´
horn	itaˑla´k’
urine	ita´c
point of wing		its’ɑ´lto’
saliva	ihalte´ya
testicles of animal	ka´ke’It’a
eyelash, eyelid	kacwatni´lea	ke´cxauʟ
knuckle	ke´o		kelao
penis	koˑ´la’le’		koˑ´latʟe’
hair	k’uwokeˑ´t’	ko´naki’t
belly of fish		kuma´n
neck	la´k’oi’	la´k’ai
dung	lamhɑ´t
lips		leˑ´wet’
beard	ʟkoˑ´ikʽten’		lokoiyini´
rump	lo´kon	lu´kanɑ
palm		lo´taʟ
thigh	ma´pok	ma´puk’
pubic hair	mas
meat, flesh, animal	mat’	ma’ṭ’	ma’ṭ’e´lak’
limb	mataˑ´n	mata´n	matane´l
hand	meˑ´n	me´nen	mee´n
penis	eno´’ol	noʟ
dung		notapka´co
trunk, body	o’oi´
tears	uca´t	ocaˑ´t	ucate´l
waist	o’naʼa´iʽ
feather		oṭewo´ts’o’
testicles	o´xot		oxote´n
blood	aˑ´katʽ	paˑ´kata	akatʽɴe´ʟ
animal’s womb	akainai´	pakenai´
thumb, big toe	a´katcanai	paktaina’
excrement, intestines	pʽxat’	pʽxat	pʽxa´teʟet
third finger or toe		pa´telpai
bone	axaˑ´kʽ	paxa´k	axa·ktén; axa·´kʟét
carrion		pa´mat
milk	penaˑ´no	pena´n
throat	pēˑnik’aˑi
tendon, ligament	oxwe´m’	pʽoxe´m’
first finger	setilkai´	ske´nluwe
feather		sie´t’
stomach	skan
rib	aske´t, swɣt	skaniltai, kane´lt’o
heel, sole, talons	askwe´t, swʚt
chin, beard	skoikne´	sxkoi´’
animal’s windpipe		smo´kutu
bones of wing		sni´pik
leg	so´non	sa´nan
elbow	sa´tik	soti´k
skin, hide	sa·´nɑt’	spa´nɑt
eyebrow	se´kel	spe´keʟ
fur, hair	spoke´t	spoke´t
muscle	spuk
tooth		suluknai´
sweat	taknɑt	takna´t
third toe		tamai
animal’s tongue		t’an
second toe		teˑrwa´k
egg	titaka´ʟ	teˑtekʽᴇneʟ
bird’s entrails	tema´i
animal’s gall	te´rk	tie´k
animal’s joint	teteka´i	tete´ka
rattles of snake	tetse´lel	titsele´l
bird’s crest		tikai´e
breast of fish		tilta´l
knuckle		titertikup
second finger		tiṭo´k
back	titc’o´’mo’	ti´tc’o´’m
wrist		titcai
lung, gizzard	toho´l	to´hul
animal’s windpipe	tolola´i
bird’s crest	tulalna´i
forehead	ṭaˑʟ	ṭaˑxʟ
skin, hide, flesh	ṭaˑt	ṭʽaʟ
belly	ṭ’e´pen	ṭ’e´pen	ṭepenla´x
buttocks, anus	ṭ’kɑ´ten		ṭ’ka´tnaˑx
knee	ṭo´poi	ṭʽo´pʽoi	ṭopoiilax
arm, wing	ṭ’o´puk	ṭ’ne´puk’	ṭopokʟe´t
gills			t’caknel
glans penis	tce´nya
ankle	tcokelti´nai
lips	ucaˑtʽ
teeth	uleˑ´tʽ	oi´ʟit	leˑ´heṭ
face	uˑ	uˑ
fat	uprent	upe´nt
navel	xapi´cucweˑt
wild oats		atʟoˑ´s
bark	awu´’l	awuʟ’
tule	aˑxo´ʟ		axone´ʟ
seed	avexte´ya		ayextel’i´ya
bud	ca´l		ca´ltine
quijara de pala	ck’ua´
large soap-root		ck’alʚ´’
clover		cpo´k’at’; cpoku´mt’a
brush	cɑ´tala
leaf	ctan’		stanane´ʟ
blackberries		elpo´nʚ
wild seeds		heˑʟka´’
hay, grass	k’aˑṭ’	kat	k’atsane´l
sunflower		k’a·´ciʟ
tule		k’ɑ´mta’
acorn	k’a’	kɑp’	ka’te´ʟ
small young oaks	ka´pitc’
large pine nut	kʽe	kʽe
fern root		k’ēˑ´ciapowat
tuna		k’eso´i’
cedar	keṭipui		keṭipoilax
root		ko’iʏi
melon	k’olopopo´
bulb, wild potato		k’ona·´ka
cacomite		kotc’e´ʟ
forest	ku´katak
flower	mɑkawi´ʼ	mɑkewe´	makawili´ʼ
milkweed		matai´’ʏi
toloache		moˑnoi´’ʏi
laurel	mopa´kʽ
ivy	mucuelit
wild grape		o·pɪs
chia	pa´siʟ	pɑ´siʟ
post oak		p’ɑ´pex
white oak	at’	p’aˑ´’t	atne´ʟ; *p’atʽne´lat
manzanita	patʽax	patʽa´k	patʽaxtén
live oak	askle´t	paxa´kiʟ
buckeye		pʚca´ʼ
willow		pʚsxe´t
grass		petʟ
seedlings		peyexte´toʼ
seaweed		powa´tka
fruit		pamputen
fruit		tenpute´s
mescal	saxe´t
alfilerillos		seneste´ʟ
brush		smɑt
acorn		smoʼ
clover		smo´kumeʟ
acorn		sxau´witʽ
seeds		tana´t
wicker		tana´st
grains	tate´
small soap-root		tetai´
elderberries		tetɑ´pʽkoˑʟ
root	tepa´s	tepa´so
oak		tʽio´i
acorn		t’i´pi’
mescal		tʽᴍɑ
grass		tʽʚma´s
milkweed		tʚmaˑ´ʟ
grass for baskets		tʽonawɑ´’
gooseberries		toipen
flower of mescal	ṭaiya´c
wood	ṭa·´ka’aṭʽ	ṭa·´kaṭa	tak’ane´ʟ
tobacco	ṭala´’ᴍ	ṭoela´m
stump of tree	ṭa´pin	ṭamoina´co
fruit	tata	ṭaˑ´tʽoʼ
root		ṭepastéɴ
juice	ṭetaco	ṭita´cu
pine nuts	tcʽo’	tʽo’	ṭotenʚ´l
brush	ṭoki
barsalillo		tc’e·´lak
pine	tc’o’
wood for pipe		tcʽo´ʟʚ
chuckberries		ts’eta´kiʟ
spine	xa´ke
acorn	xo´le
live oak	hasli´t’
acorn	ha´siʟ
wooden pestle	ai´ye’
paper, book	ɑ´cime	ɑ´cime
pillow	a´ne·n
necklace	taaneka	apenik
cord, line, string	aso´ʟ
oven	alokoni´ya		alokotini´ya
comb		cʚnomʚ´’
knife	(ṭ)cikʽ	tca·k	tca·kʽeʟ
fish-spear	cenii´	cikʽᴇnai´
coil basket	clá’	cla´	cla’at
coat	clemiy’a	cleˑmīˑ´
needle	co´pa
feather headdress		cotolʚ´
breech-cloth		e´tapalepi
house	(ṭ)a·m, (ṭ)e·m	(tʽ)aˑᴍ	ṭamaˑ´neʟ; ṭaˑma·tén; ṭaˑmaˑtenáx; ṭaˑmaˑniʟáx; ṭamaɴiʟten
door	elkai´tingey’a
awl	(ṭ)e´tak	(ṭ)eta´xk
blanket	ek’es
arrow	et’oi’yiɴ’	et’eyini´ʼ	et’eyitinai´
bed	icemet
breech-cloth	ioko´c
cane	itxau´
storage-basket		kaneltʽɘ´
jewelry	k’ualane´l	kaneltʽɘ´
prison	kelukṭu´xne		kelukṭuxtine
paint	kitpe´lel
ligature	kiṭpekle´y’a
acorn-bread	k’enin	k’one´ʽ
sweat-house	kuaˑp*	kʽᴜwapʽ
door	laha´m	laxa´ᴍ
rabbit-skin blanket		lemi´, lime´ɴ
sack, bag	moxweto
net-sinker	mawe’ya´
fish-pole		mosiwe´
acorn atole	asi´l	nɑ´siʟ
whiskey	olient
skirt	o´nus	oˑni´suʼ
moccasins	oxwa´t
quiver	ame´ya	pana´me
whistle		payosne´’
pestle		pane´, p’ɑn’ᴇ
beads	pape´ye
bow		paxuwe´
doll		pasuwe´r
carrying-basket		p’ɑ´tɑʟ
bones for game		pēuˑ´ʽ
pil	pili	pe’ʟɪ
arrow-straightener	umawi´’	pomnawʚ´’ʚ
fish-net	salinhe´ya
winnowing-tray		saˑma´kʽ
seed-granary		sapʽkʽa´ts’
acorn-meal		sas
olla, pot	sekeueṭni´a
cap	setami´ya
clothes	sikara´na
tray, cooking-basket		ska´pʚ, sk’a´peʽ
snuff	sone´y’a
floor	sokai´kis	suˑkaikis
drinking-cup		spok’ai´xa’ᵃ
trap		tʽa´iʟ
meal of seeds	ta´tukat
basket		toca´ʽ
basket-game		tecoinʚ´
small pots		tokausnʚ´’ʚ
bed		tʚki´wi
hunting-net		tʽe´ltɑʟ
bridge		t’enikɑ´ntec
fire-sticks	taple´ya	tʽʚnʚple´’
money	ti´cxɑ’
whiskey	te´penca	tipintca
rattles	tet’ɑmnai	teṭ’aut’onʚ´’
doll	ticxlʚlʚ´
shallow grave		t’kamatl’
handle	ṭ’aa´k
pipe	ṭʽa´uun, ṭʽoˑ´nt	ṭʽanQ
bar, drill	ṭaua´ṭ
bed	ṭau’usiˑ´a’
well		ṭayu´wic
instrument	ṭeme´		ṭemele´u
seed-beater		ṭoˑna´ʟ
fish-basket		ṭopai
twined-basket		ṭopʚ´s
mortar	ṭʽxo´l	ṭʽoxo´ʟ
raft, boat	ṭo´wiʼl	tuwipe´	ṭowiyilīˑ´
baby-carrier		tc’ɑname´’
leggings	tcelela´o
cocoon-rattle		tc’oxo´k
isley	tcu´leye
trap	tcueyke´’ya
blanket	tsa´ta
arrow-point	tse´uto
hat	ts’wa´keti´’	ts’wake·tʚ´’	ts’waˑketili´’
wall	wumʚtamu´
bow	xak’e´i’, xak’		xak’eʟ; xak’ten
beads	xɑ´nis	xe´nes
garden	aiyate´ya
flint	asak’a		asak’te´nat
water	(t)ca’, tc’a’	ṭʽcʚ’, tʽcaʼ, tcʽxa’
tide	capawe´
sea, ocean	ck´eᴍ
glade, cave	ckoɴ		ekonane´l
river, brook	coˑ´k’a’	so´k’a	co´ka’ɑtéɴ; co´kᴇte´nat
red stone		co´xwaʟ
limestone	cotalai´	c’pa´talai
earth, ground	(t)cxo’	cxo’	(t)cxoˑneʟ
stone, pebble, rock	(t)cxa’	axɑp	(t)ca´paɴeʟ
fire carried	euy
morning, day	icxai	esxai
nest	ikiˑn	tike´n	ikiˑnil
lake	ilpoi
earthquake	iotilak	yeṭewe	iotɴela·´k’
white clam-shells	kaiya´ma
tide		kapili´nsa
hail	kc’eune´ʟ	k’a’une´ʟ
sun, heat	ka´we
lump, ball	keṭ’ᴍe´l’
hill	keṭ’poi´ʽ
forest		kē´yix
slope	kʽci·´kat’i’		kʽciˑ´k’etʽyi
hole, cave, hollow	k’co·´luxne	calɑknai´	kʽcoˑ´luktene
buckskin	kutat’
country, land	lak’	laˑk’
wave, sea	leia´	lap’e´’
sky	le´ma	ʟem
clay		ʟo´¹to´
mountain		loiyam
path, trail	lu´a, lu´eᵃ		luaten, lueᵃten
morning star	macala´k	macila´k
shade, shadow	macita´ma
charcoal, flames	moce´	moce´	mucale´
mound, hill	moc’o·´no
sun	na’	na’
cloud	paˑ´i·’	paˑ´y’
rainbow	saiyaʽ´ɴ	saiya´pa’
asphaltum, tar	smak’	smak’
night	smɑ´kʽai	cmɑ´kʽaˑ´i	smɑ´kaiyatéʟ
lightning	sokɑnto
soot	spe´het
storm	tᵅ´pit	tᵅ´pnit
spring of water	telukutca´
prairie		t’en
rancho, farm	tʽila·´xten
garden		tukalalo´piˑcte´
hill	ṭʽuʟne
fire	ṭa´a´u´	ṭʽa’a´u´	ṭa’a´uneʟ
salt	ṭa·kai´’	ṭakai´
road	ṭaˑke´’	ṭake´’
dust	ṭcayi´ya	ṭɑpaiye´
smoke	ṭa´teˑt	ṭatet´
stars		ṭatsuwɑ´n	ṭatcwaˑ´niʟ; ṭatcwaˑ´niʟten
moon	ṭats’oˑ´opiʼ	ṭats’oˑ´pe’
holes, caves	ṭeˑle´kʽ		*teˑ´likʽtén
thunder	ṭʼe´lowa’	ṭ’e´ʟxo’	ṭ’eluwa’ɴeʟ; ṭ’elowile
whirlwind	toko´i	ṭ´iˑkʽo´’ʏɪ
ashes	ṭa’a´i	ṭapaíʽ, ṭop’ai’
mountain	ṭpoi, ṭpoˑ1, tso´la	ṭʼopʽo´iya	*ṭ’opo´iyela’
Pleiades		ṭʽoˑ´poiyip
light of day	tcʼewuni´’	tc’anone´’
ice	tc’umye´ʟ	tcoˑmia´ʟ	tcumiane´ʟ
wind	tsʼaˑkai´	ts’aˑkai´´	ts’akaite´nat
snow	ts’aheˑ´ʟ	ts’ahe´ʟ	ts’axaneʟ
sand	tsʼensiʟ	tsi´ntsin
fog, frost	tsʼopo´	sa´pa	ts’oponeʟ
world	emk’we´ʟ	umk’we´ʟ
escarbason	xaipke´ya
paternal grandfather	ama´’	ama´’
grandmother	ane´wu	anẹụ´ʼ
mother	apai´’	apa´i
brother		apeˑ´u’
uncle, mother’s elder brother	saˑk	asa·´kʽ
father’s younger sister		apa´c
companion	a´teloi, ayaˑoi		ayaˑeloi
lord, senor	aṭu´kai
foster father	a’xomo
enemy	epeselet		epesele´lmet
mother	e´pex	exo’, e´pex
cousin, younger sister’s child (nephew)	e´sxa	tʚmasa´xʚ	*ṭe´msɑxten
mother-in-law	e´xwat	oxwa´ṭ’
fool	iko´luˑneʼ
friend		i´la
relation	inexa´		inelkxa
parent	ienxe´
godson, adopted son	insaka´		insakte´n
brother	ito´l		itolane´l
talker	kactʼelmak´		hactʼelmilok
elder brother	kaˑi	kaˑiyʚ´ʼ
trader	kano´dile
God	kʽe´ncaˑniʟ
white people		ketʼne´
uncle		keue´acaʼ
people	k’weʟ
husband	la	laɴ
Coast Indians	lemikela´t	lamekʽnela·´tʽ
father’s elder brother		ʟa´pac
woman	letsʼe´ʼ	lene´ʼ	lee´tsen
male, man	luˑwa´ʼ	lu·wai´	*luaya´to
great-grandchild	mace´l
mother’s younger brother or sister		mone´ʼ
grandparents	nene´’	nene´ʼ
congregation	nunenxaˑyo
father’s elder sister	pas
elder sister	pe’	pepeʼ
child, son	as	pɑ´soʼ, pʼɑ´so	*pa´seʟ
father	ekʽ	pexk	ekxe´l
wife	se	seɴ	seˑtsʼe´n
girls	see´l
child		sepxaˑ´
great-great-grandchild	setilka´i
infant	skaʼata´ʼ		skʼata´ten
elf, dwarf		sk’ɑmɑxɑ n’
little girl		sna´tpeteko´
pet, guardian	sotopen
boy	steˑxa´ʼ		seˑmta´ɴ *sme·´ten
girl, maiden	stau´ʼ, ctou´ʼ	su´kumku	skunṭaˑ´m
grandchild	ta´iyaʟ	tema´k
twins	takacau´	tekica´
father’s younger brother	ta’	ʚkʼɑ´
shaman	tɑ´kin	tɑ´ken	kʽtaˑ´nta
child of elder brother	taˑk	tʚ´nak
brother-indaw	ta´leu
man	*taˑma´ʼ	taˑm	tam’a´ten
father	teˑle´ʼ	tata´
child of younger brother		tʚ´pacek
slave		tʚ´takwa
daughter	tica´’au, ti´co
Tularenos	tʽicke´ᴍ		tʽickema´ʟ
friend, family	tienkha		tie´neʟxa
elder brother’s wife	timta´ʟ
congregation	timu´yo
younger sister	tʽoɴ	t’on
younger brother	tos, ṭ’oˑs	tos	ṭ’o´sen
daughter-in-law	tuke´wi	tʚ´maiʼ
blacksmith	tutai´yucap
gathering of Indians	ṭaxate´y’a
brothers			ṭʽelaˑtʽɴel
son-in-law	te´leᴍ	ṭʽeˑle´mʼ
Indians, natives	ṭ’o·´waṭʼ, ṭeho´ṭ	ṭepoˑ´’ṭ’	ṭ’uˑṭ’aˑ´ʟ; *ṭipoṭa´haˑʟ; *ṭepoṭ’ha´lapʼ
enemy	ṭinaihi, ṭitcon		ṭitco´nel
murderer	ṭʽo´xo·ke
grandchild	tcaiya´ʼ	tena´iyaʟ
old woman	celṭe´ʼ	tcʽene´ʼ	slee´ten; *tci´ntʚn
old man	steluwa´ʼ	tcilwai´ʏɪ	steluwi´ʼ
former wife	tʽsa·´iniya
nephew		wɑ´tʽnak
maternal grandfather	xaˑla´ʼ, axala´u	xalaˑ´
widower	hapti´
trader, peddler		hensi´
interpreter		he´uwukultcaguʟastel
liberality	ani´yaʼ
booty	ats		a´tsten
health	atcecʚ´
music	a´xaˑti´ʼ
dream, revelation, amulet, luck	tʽɪcaˑ´kai	caˑl	*ṭʽɪca´xal
north wind	cele´
favor	cxomck ʼi´ʼ
direction, journey	eˑ´ke’
autumn	elkaˑ´p
spring, (summer, harvest)	elpa´ʟ, ʟpaʟ
bead measure	e´nex
necessity	e´’enviʽ
pain, inconvenience	e´u
love-sickness	ickonmitce´y’a
temptation	iewutcni´y’a
summer	ilne´
magic wand, revelation	itomu´i’
carriage, bringing	kai´e		kayte
cold, influenza	kane´a	kane´
disenterring	k’aitupke´y’a		k’a´itupkele´ya
year	kauo´mtop
song	ka·´keʟ	kaˑ´kel	kaˑ´keltenax
custom	ka´u
thing above	kʼane´nxa
amulet	kemi´li
place, locality	ke´o
snake-bite	keṭpa·´t
north, (west)	kʼewe´ʟ	kʼe´weʟ
reflection	kitse´na
sore, scar	klɑ´mta, klɑmte´ya	kalɑm
place	konetco
afternoon, evening	koˑ´nxa’	poknoyaluna´
noise	koto´sna’		koto´stena
place	kaṭo, coṭo
swelling, inflammation	kwa´lwai
season	kʼwa´l
thing	kwa´l		*kʼolcīyip
pity, compassion	la·e´yʼa
west, on coast, (south, north)	la·´mka	laˑ´mka
noon	le·ta’na’	leta´kna
east, (north, south)	leˑc	lec
year, winter	lice´	lice´ʼ	elci´taneʟ
women’s dance		lo´leⁱ
place, position*	mano
west wind	me´seɑmtca´
perforation	metsiliu
quarter, cardinal point	na´ʼxo
proposition	nek
morning	nowaˑna´’	nowana´pʼ
ablution	oa´ik
south, (east)	pʽa·´nlo	pʽxaˑ´nol
dance	paxat’
sickness	pok
fiesta, celebration		pʼe´napʼeʼ
pieces, bits	pʽʟeˑ´to
dance		sawine´
health		sewɑnɑnhai
scar, cut	skael	skwa´l
vision	sokani´ya
work, trade	ta´kat		takelet, talakat
work	ta´ʟxwaʟnaiʼ
gift	taka´
fever	tauiye´
east wind	tawa´t
happening	ten.a·´so
sickness	tesene´o
promise	tewia´t		tewililiat
wound		tīaṭʽaula’
pain	tipin, tipni´ya
sleep	tʽɪca·´kai
sickness	timni´y’a
northwest	tiṭaku
medicine	tehoni´	tihoni´
cause	toye´m
composition, manner	tu´o
first half of moon	tewa´cyu
pieces, bits		ṭ’a´kai’
cold	ṭatil
summit	ṭekeko
flight	ṭinai´o
day	ṭo·´kena’	ṭo·´kan	ṭo´kenaˑteʟ
smallpox		ṭokne´
hells			ṭuxtine
time-	tcaka		tcakoi
lie	tcinimakwe´
sickness	tcɑp
mark, sign	tce’e´y’a
pomp	tsip		tsipe´ti
battle		tsoke´
law		wate´
half of cardinal point		pia, hia
division	xapa´tco
men’s dance		xīwē´ī
diarrhoea		xolowes
sins			xomu´nilit
afternoon	xo´tɑpleta´na	xotɑpluleta´pna
soul, memory, thought	xuiwai´		xuyiliwai´
say, decide, permit	(k)a’	ka, a’
conceive (animal)	aˑ, (k)aˑn, (k)a´h’a (S)
hit by shooting	a´cikʽmek
sit, seat, (test, try)	a´cek	a´cel’	a´ciʟ
write	acame (S)
be tired, faint	aik’nop (S)		aiktinop
enclose	ai´tim (S)		aitilme´
divide, distribute	(S)		aitilta´k
fix, mend	(ke’)a´yomic (S)		(ke’)ayomiclex
defend, protect, retain	ai(k), (S)		ayi´lik
guard, defend, intercede	ait(em) (S)		aitil(me), ayilit
hinder, defend	a’yom (S)		a’ylom, ayomil
be thirsty	akca’		akcela’
hung, be hung		*(k)ɑke´l’
think	aˑ´ke’n	aˑki´nyi’	a·´ke’n
ask, inquire	a·´le’l(k)		aˑ´le’lt(k)
teach, learn	ade, ’alo·m	ale(k)	aliloˑm, alele
enter, introduce	aleknox (S)
unite, combine	(m)ale´n (S)
desire, love, want	a·lx		a·´liyɑx, a·´lile
pray (Sp. rezar?)	alsa·´ʟ	alsaˑ´l(o)	alsaˑ´ltenex (ᴍ)
give alms, assist	amalek (S)		amolek
chase, expel	(p)amaˑt’	(p)emaˑ´ṭ	(p)amat’el
defecate	a´menep (S)
reconcile, make peace	amaitila´ (S)		amaitiltina´
shout, cry, yell	’ɑ´mes	ɑ´mas	ɑ´mesiʟ
gather food	a´male (S)
hunt	a·mṭʽe	a´mṭi’	a·´mṭʽele, ameṭtine (S)
lie, tell untruth	araitci (S)		amitcinmak
guard, preserve	amauc (S)	aˑmo´c	amaulic, amaucelte, amaucelayo
eat, suck gruel	ama	amo´’	ama
be able, can, kill	aˑm(k)	a´mk	a·mkɴe´’lk, a·mt’elik, a·mxot’e
arise, leave	a·m(p)	a·´menep	aˑmelep
extract, withdraw leave free	aˑmamp a´nat(ax)		amant’ɑp
remain	a´nem (S)		a´netem
pardon	anemt(ak) (S)		ane´mtilt(ak)
give		*(p)ani´kʽo’
pass, enter	*(m)a´’n
pound, pulverize		*(k)a´nataˑ
place in line	(k)apale´ (S)
copulate	*(p)apaˑ´¹
close (door)	(a)pak’a (S)
roast, tatemar		a´paˑt
love	(a)pamak’e (S)
overtake, catch	(a)paˑuye’	(a)´paˑu
kiss	(a) pane´ (S)		apatene
smash, shatter	(k) a´pʽaxtenop
receive	(a)pena´x (S)		(a)penilax
fill, cover with water	(a)pʽene´’(k)		apeinatile(k)
fill	ɑ´peʟ, ep´eʟ	ɑ´pel, epeʟ	epʽena·teʟ
be well, cure	apokop (S)	(t)o´pokɑp	apeknelop
gather, collect	apoi´lek (S)
bear, give birth	’a´se
reserve, guard	a´si(k) (S)
name, call	aˑ´se	as	aˑ´sile
beg, prohibit	(p)astcene´’(k)
think	*a·´su, (m)as
lassoo		*(p)ata´lokʽē´
rise, jump	a´tanop	ot’oinop
hurt, torment, oblige	(k)atn, (k)atipn, (k)atce (S)		(k) a´tapʽnehe’
rob, steal	(k)aten
stick, fasten	ɑ´t’unk’aˑx, atno´x
speak rapidly	atepnek (S)
meet, encounter	atc’a·ᵘwi’		atc’a·uli’
be outside	(m)atcakat (S)
be cast, stretched			atce´weltek (S)
beg	atcixtci(n) (S)
anoint	atsintca (S)		atsintcela
cook, make food	*atsatak (S)
aid, assist	autce, otce (S)		autcele
place, put, seat	a·x	ax	a’yax
fear, be afraid	a´xai		ɑ´xaˑiyot (ᴍ)
separate, divide	(p)axaya´u (S)
shout	*(k)a´xa·nla’
climb, rise		a´xap, axaˑ´ta
die	a´xap	a´xɑptep	a´xatep
touch	*aˑ´xat’a
split, part	ɑxɑtcnɑp	e´xtc’nop
be careful	*(k)a´xk´o’
hunt burrowing animals	(p)axoˑ´t		axoten, axotot, axo´nilet
insert, pour, fasten	axt’elik
stand firm, resist	*(m)a’weˑ´xe, ex we (S)
prepare, approach	au´we, a´wen		aewetenelo (S)
be hot, heat	awi
point, aim	caˑke´’aˑ
salute, greet	caˑ´moc(k)
be blind	cumwel, camle´	sɑmal
extinguish, put out	capʽ	cɑp
dance (ceremonial?)	ca·wena·ni
open mouth	*ca·xɑ´tɑ’
be afraid, fear	cēˑ´pa’lo´		ceˑ´pʽetepʽ(ᴍ)
bud, sprout, bear leaves	cetene (S)		cetenele
die	ce´tep	ci´tip	ce´tʟip
lie down	ce´wili’		ce´wiltʽe
be, be there	(i)cko’	(i)cko	ckol
beat, strike		*cme·’ʟ
tear, split		*coˑka’
open eyes, awake		coˑ´ke’ʽnoʼ	cukintile (S)
go through hole	coˑ´lukne
haul, drag, stretch, creep	co´me(n)
kick, trample	co´k’a’iyik		cukai´yel (ᴍ)
climb, chase up	coˑ´ᵘʟ	coˑʟ
kindle, light	co´une, cuˑ´ne’	coˑn’	cuˑna´tilt
be afraid, frighten	(i) cxa´lo’	cxa´lo	sxa´lho
defeat, gain	*(p)eceˑ´’u
cut, saw, hit	e´ck’waʟ
sew	eck’op (S)
give	*eiha´na (S)
visit	(p)eya´nekx (S)		(p)eyalenkx
sting, pick, bite	*(p)eine (S)
arrive, overtake	*eipastas (S)
tell, say		he´k’a’
be, exist, be there		eka, ika’
go outside	*ekatopʽ
add water	ekona´, ako´ne (S)
be cut	(k)ela´uṭptilaˑ´pek (S)		(k) elautptililaˑ´pek
go ahead		eˑl’
conceive	eleknox (S)
pray	elut’na´pek
kill	(e)maˑ´ṭʽ
make cross	emek (S)
wound, oblige	e´naˑi	enai
observe, look around	enaˑni´’
decide, say	*eˑ’nek
season, make spicy	*(t)enk’itox (S)
sweat	(k)ecna´ (S)	(k)eno´l
give medicine	eoni		onile
swallow, gulp	epe´nxo	epe´nox
be cold	epṭ’a´’	epṭ’a´	aˑpṭ’e´la’
scratch, wound	(e)pṭ’en		(ke)pṭ’enil
sting, bite	epts’e’n		epts’enla’
become tired, tire	epʽtcʽoˑ´pʽ	optc’ep
impede, obstruct	ese´l (S)		esele´l
catch, seize	espolo´x
make	eta´’	eta
call, shout	etak’a´	ctak’a´	etakʟi
say, be said	etaqⁿla
shoot with arrow	et’eyine´	et’ene´	et’eyitine´
see	*(p)eteˑle´ʼ
have, possess	etxau´	etxau’	etxautilau´
tie, bind	(e)ṭ’aˑ´k
spear	*(p)eṭot´
stand, remain, halt	eṭ’eˑk	eṭ’a´kox	aṭ’ek
suck		*eˑtc’o´i
be quiet	*etco´ka’
cry, scream		(k)e´weˑts’na	(k)ē´wets’its’tena`
presume	ewia´mic (S)		ewila´mic
do right, not to sin	ewiate (S)		ewiliate
fly around	*e´heṭ’ẹˑŋxa’
think	exoyuem (S)		exoyuem
grind, pound, hit	e´xwaʟ		oxweteˑle
go	ia, ie	ia, ie	ial
send	ia·´tek	iaˑ´tek	ia·´tlek
see	iam, iem	iaˑm	iemaˑlt’eʼ, iamaɴeʟk
know	iem’ó	ium
show	iemat (S)		iematil
guard	iaˑ´k
take, extract	*(k)i´au (S)
do	iau(k) (S)
touch, tickle	*ia´utc (S)
come	iax, iex	iɑx, iex	iaxteʟ
go, walk, wander	ica·k	icɑ	icaˑkai’
eat	icx	icx	ecxot
pretend	(i)cepix
roll, revolve	(ki)c(a)kʼeˑleʼ, (ke)ckʽɑ´lax
dawn, arise at dawn	’icxai’	’ecxai´	’ecxai´yaʟ
drink	icim		ictem, ostem
be cruel	icko´ne (S)
believe	icno´mic	i´cnomaˑic	icno´madc (ᴍ)
determine, find out	(ṭ)ico·´p	(ṭ)i´cro’p
remove, cut (grass)	*(t)icpa´ʼn
begin, commence	*iemaˑniʼk (S)
contain	ienk
approach, overtake	ie´nto	ie´ntʽxo
be sent	iete (S)
argue, quarrel	(k)iewilte´ (S)
do customarily	(ṭʽ)ika´’wu
fight, battle	iak’owe (S)	(k)i´k’ateˑ
laugh	ilik (S)
pay attention to		*(m)ilyoˑta
return, turn around	(il)k’elpa, k’etʽpʽa		ʟk’elṭʽepa
return, turn around	elk’ileˑ´nxaʼ
return, turn around	ekele´ntxo, ikile´nxa
cover over	ilk’ita	ik’eˑ´so’
visit			*imanilaʽ(S)
await, wait, rest	imxoya·k		imxoue´le (S)
contradict, reject	ineitil (S)
endanger, lack	inemil (S)		inemilte´
bark, cry	iyo´hun
stake, implant	(a)yo´p(ik)		yop´ʟ(ik)
fornicate	io´tsp (S)
stir	ioxt (S)
be ill, sick	ise·’na’		isi´tina
be compassionate	isol
urinate		isxaˑ´teʟ
sound		*(k)iteˑ´mna
bite, chew	*(k)itpetmak, itcɑ’, ītc’a´, (S)
halt, stop, straighten	etc’e·		i´’tciʟ
lift, rise, surpass	icaˑ, itcu
prepare	*(k)itca
fall, fell	itco´mnox		ctcumtonox
speak proudly	itc’okmai (S)
hate	itc, ic, exe’ (S)		iceʟ
lie, mistake	ʽ(k) itcu´mtilai (k) (S)
introduce, enter	i´tse (S)
vaporize	(k)itsipex (S)
love, like	iˑ´ts’omyac
lift up high	itsoye´ (S)
break wind	itsi (S)
join	itspaka (S)		itspakayile
amuse, divert	*iwa´nmak (S)
end, finish		iyi
fight, battle			*(k)i´yit’iʟ
shake, move	i´’yoˑte’	yi´te’	io´tʽɴe
be angry, quarrel	*(k)ixa´ya (S)
do well	ixa´te (S)
drop	*(k)ai’yax
receive	(k)ayik (S)
play	k’a´ina’		k’a´itena’
sing	ka·k’a	kʽaˑ´ka	ka·k´ʟa
be inclined to	(k)ak’a´ye (S)		(k) ak’a´yile
agree, (be seated)	(e)k’au’a, k’aˑl’a (S)		(e)k’a·´ltin’a
fight, battle	k’aʽʟa		k’a·ʟtena’
lose, forget	(k)a´lep, (k)e´lep		(k)alo´lop (S)
be together, join	(k) a´mau (S)		(k)ameytile
peep, peer, squint	k’amle´ (S)
sweep, erase	k’apk (S)		kapil
wander, stroll	*(kʽ)arme´
sleep	ka·u	kau´wɪ	ka´xaˑu
be lacking	*(k)a´wa (S)
taste, like		*(k)auke´
finish, end	*(k)aunop (S)
dry up	(kʽ)ēˑ´ʟ
tie, bind		k’eˑ´lo’(p)
follow, pursue	k’epoṭ’au		k’epoˑṭ’ilau
spy, watch	keˑsk	kʽesk
present, deliver, devote	*(k) etaye´te (S)
laugh, shout	(k)eˑ´yita’	(k)aite	(k)eˑ´yiteʟ
banish, exile	k’e´tipek (S)		k’e´telapek
go	kīˑ	kīˑ, ī	kīyaˑʟ
resemble, like	kiˑc	kiˑc
march	k’itipa (S)		k’ilipa
be hungry	kʽoˑl’	ko’ʟ	koˑ´la
guard	k’o´lik (S)		k’olitak
lift, arise	k’oˑʟ
arise, spring up*	k’o´lpax	k’o´ʟpex
converse, speak	k’o´kʽol’ce
arrive, reach	kʽo´nox		ko´nlox, ko´lox
buy	k’o´mate (k)		koˑ´maṭʽelte
desire	k’unip (S)
scratch	(k)uptun (S)		(k)uptinil
eat		*(kʽ)u´tex
be merciful	(ke)la´ye (S)		(ke)lea´ite
move, shake	*laˑye´ (S)		layine´
eject, throw out		lal
eat	lam	lam	lamhaʟ
break, be broken	(k)ʟa’		(k)ʟa´pat
swim	(k)ʟaˑ´t’ne	(k)ʟa´patene	(k)ʟaˑ´t’tene
release, separate, leave	la·wa´’	laˑ´lua’	laˑuˑ
forsake, abandon, divorce	lei (S)
requite, revenge	*(ke)lekema´k (S)
fall	(k)ʟeᴍ’		(k) limiṭ’
rain	li´cxai	le´cxai’
throw, cast, hit	liˑxo’	laleˑ´xo’	liya’iyax, liˑtʽxo
burn oneself	lo’ʟ	loˑl	loˑ´xʟa
seize, squeeze, grasp	loxo, lok’o	loko´xo’
know	luane (S)		lu anile
serve	lu´etee (S)		lu´etcile
heed, pursue	(ke)luk’ua´la (S)
separate fire	*lum (S)
blaze, burn	ma´caˑʟ		maltintak (S)
live, possess home	(k)ᴍaˑi		(k)ᴍaˑ´iyalʽ(M)
give	maˑk	mak	maˑtak
sigh, breathe deeply	ʽ(ke) makwoxtel (S)
fly	ma·ʟ	maʟ	mɑ´loˑʟ
remember, think	male*´nt ax	male´ntɑx	maltintak (S)
advise, say	malaˑk		malta·k
doubt.	ma´le (S)
insert, add	*(m)a´nketso (S)
fill oneself	maˑt		maˑtelau
bring, carry, raise	maˑ´’a	ma’aˑ´u’	maˑtele’
sleep	*me
go to bring	meneʽ(S)	meˑ´n’
go to see		(ṭ)meʽ(nak)
smell, scent	meˑ´s	mi´slip	mest
try, attempt	(aʼ)meˑ´t	meˑ´t
feel	me·ṭ’au´
arise, get up	*(tam) e·´tca
lightning	*(ke)mi´ltop (S)
make	*mitac (S)
defeat, beat	mīˑ´telˑak		miˑ´telaˑtak’
run, flee	mi´ṭ’ik	mi´ṭ’ik	mi´ṭ’ʟik
celebrate, entertain	mic	(S)´	milic
drown			*(i)mo´kʟop
jump	molo´x	molox	mɑ´ltox
grow, increase	map	mopkeˑ´
be obliged	mopxi´
tighten	mot’u´xo
strengthen	moupx (S)		molopx
watch, observe	*mue´teko (S)
dismount		*(e)nɑc
flee, run	naˑ´yi’	nai	naˑihyi´’
bring (wood)		*naye´m
await, wait for	naˑ´lo		na´lyetonʽ(M)
fill oneself, satiate	naʟ	nal
heat, warm oneself	(ke)na´me (S)		(ke)namo´ten
cook	nep (S)	nɑp’
obey	ne´ka’		nixlaʽ(S)
take, seize, bring	ne’	ne’	ne’wo’t (ᴍ)
change, move	(ki)neutile (S)		(ki)neutilte
assent, agree	newiox, (pe)noyo´xo (S)		(pe)no´toxo
take away, rob	(ki)ni´ya
collect, gather	(e)noˑ´nanax	no´iyo’	(e)nuntilentaxo (S)
appear	*nokʽiˑ´c
run	no´le (S)		no´lele
dare	(o)noie (S)		(o)no´te
trade, barter, pay			(e)notili’
push away	notx
do			*(e)noṭa´’asiʟ
draw near, communicate	(e)notcene´ (S)		(o)notcenʼe´te
come	(e)no´xo		(i)naxtilo (S)
move oneself	*(ko)amo (S)
be fastened		*(t)oˑcko´n’ᴇ
learn, determine, know	oi (S)		oyil
remain, be left	o´ye (S)
respond, reply	o·ye’		otʽɴe’
move	o´yote (S)		uyio´tine
dodge	okot’nap		okot’napelte
kill		oko´ṭ’o’
flatter, applaud	ok’wa´te	(S)ʼ	ok’wa´tile
be ashamed	o´la’le’
break	olek, k’alok’ (S)		ole´palk
play flute	o´loˑli´	olole´’
cut, fell	olṭ’ek
begin, commence, leave	o´maiye’		o´mayau (S)
divide	o´ma (S)
meet	*omia´m (S)
support oneself, rest	*o´miyoˑte’		o´’kiutʽne’
finish, cease, end	omp	o´mop	omolop
escape, leave	(k)o·n		(k)oˑ´neʟ
encircle with belt	onai´ye (S)
send, order	*(p)onataksa (S)
be afraid, ashamed	*(k)o´niyi’
believe, suggest	*ontcamaua´te (S)
enter, insert, throw in	opoi’	opa´’u	opʽoiteno´x
boil	(k)o´poṭoṭʽna’
whistle	(eˑ´k)oˑsna’		(eˑ´k)ostena’
become, make oneself	*	(ṭ)otenake´
be indisposed	(k)otia´ (S)		(k)otilia´
pound, hammer		*otokinek
butt, gore, dive	oˑtatʟe´, otaxleˑ´	o´ṭʽɑtnox	o´taxlele’
drop, fall	*(k)o´tcoˑxnɑ’
approach	(i)ox, (x)ox (S)
live, exist	o´xoyoˑte’	o´xoyoˑta’p	o´xoiyoˑtela’
hide	o´xoˑma’		o´xom’tela’
whip, beat, punish	o´xwetel (S)	o´xote’p
carry, bear	(p)aye´m (S)
visit, communicate	(p)aitcik (S)		(p)aitciltek
dance	paˑta, paˑka		pa´tʟa, pa´xʟa
heat, warm	(p)a´lek (S)
see	*(p)amṭinik (S)
scratch	(p)aso´kau, (p)ats’ok’a´u
chop	*(pʽ)ca·ko´
see	*(p)eina´x (S)
open	(p)eleˑ´t’o		(p)e´lextʟo
use, select			(p)e´meˑ’1
hustle	*penʟaˑ´k’o
cook	(p)esk’o´na
hear, listen	pesno´xo	pesno´xo’	pesnelo´xo
think	pe´sene		pe´sintʟe
seize, grasp		*(p) etaˑno
be born, come out	pex (S)
reject, separate	*(p)exe´ko (S)
be (substantive)	*pi’
suffer	*(p)iematilo´xo (S)
bite, grind	*(p)ipṭa´tiko (S)
dream	*(p)itcadta´naxo (S)
lift, raise		(p´)ocai´
advise, notify	okoleca´	pokʽe´lee
toast		*(p)oˑʟ
insert, introduce	(p)o´nek (S)
enter, go down	pox	pox	polox
decide, resolve	psa´lo
fall on stomach		*p’te´loˑto
pay	pxaˑi		pxaiyiʟ
speak	sa·		sa·teʟ
hate	(i)sa´li		sa´leˑlte’
die (many)			sa·´mox
marry a woman	saiyene	so´nene
be, are (substantive, attributive)	se		se
tie, bind	*sekoṭ’ak’
tell, say to	se·
walk	seⁱni’		seʽɴi’
arrive at summit	*sitetenop (S)
feel genitals	*sole´k (S)
stink, smell	taˑi		taiyai
accompany	tale (S)	ta´lo’	talte
work	ta´ʟxwaʟ		ta´lxwaltenax
remove, abstract	*tama´nepek
stroke	*tapen
remain, delay	tawa (S)		tau´la
be alone	*t’e´yo’
hustle	*teˑ´le’
pain, hurt	tepen
do	tīˑ’
offend	ti´a (S)		tiila
(not) see, hear, observe	*tɪcoˑ		ticto
play	*(e)ti´cxaʟta
dispatch, send	ti´li (S)		tiili
fight, contest		*ti´tʽoʟpet
refuse, decline	*ti·´tcoɴ
like, wish.	*ti´ixai
exclaim	*t’olaˑ´so
gather	*tox (S)
fall	tom’	turn’	to´met
agree, assent	*tom, turn (S)
scent, give good odor	tu´pex (S)		tu´lpex
take notice, constrain, press	ṭʽa·´co		ṭa´cila (S)
scrub, smooth	*ṭal (S)
hunt pine nuts	*ṭam (S)		ṭaˑm
lift a fallen object	*(k’oṭ)a´mek’ulentax (S)
arise, get up		*(eṭ)an’
collect, gather	*ṭʽaˑpenya’
have, be		*(ṭʽ)aˑte
pour out	*(p)ṭ’aˑ´x
tell, say to shout, acclaim	ṭe’	ṭʽe’	ṭetak, *ṭe´yiteno
break off, saw off, stab, shoot	(p)ṭ’e´kax	ṭ’akʽakʽo’	(pe)ṭ’a´khaˑ’k
kill	(p)ṭ’eka		(p)ṭ’aki
pound, pulverize	(p)ṭ’etoyo	ṭ’otʽoˑ´iyo’
shoot, throw, cast		*(e)ṭ’etepai
be worth, valuable	*(ṭ)enīdak
wish, desire	*ṭʽiaˑ´
sigh	ṭica (S)		ṭici´la
discharge	*ticmi´ (S)
gather food	*(ke)ṭi´cnop (S)		(ke)tictinop
cut one’s head off, decapitate	*(p)ṭ’iyena´pak		ṭʽiitenla´pk
strike, beat	*(p)ṭ’ika·´l
take, seize	ṭimti´t (S)
be happy	tiowe (S)		ṭitinowe
remove oneself	*ṭipaxa (S)
fall	*ṭitspiptup (S)
continue	*ṭoku´mkó·
perch, sit above	ṭʽo’inaˑ´so	ṭʽu´iuox
revive	ṭ’o´keˑlɑx		ṭ’okeltenɑx
finish, end	ṭ’o´loinox		ṭpoleitina´x (S)
rub, scratch oneself	ṭ’o´ɴe·wu
burn	ṭʽo´ɴ’		pṭuᵒuniko (S)
snore		t’o´xoɴ	ṭ’o´xo·tén’
kneel	*ṭopoile (S)		ṭopoilile
saw, be torn up	ṭʽuina´pik		tuinila´pek (S)
crash, thunder, smash	ṭ’uk’	ṭ’uk’	ṭ’oka’
bore	(p)ṭ’u´kotna·
nail, fasten	(i)tca´klax (S)		(i)tca´kiltax
seek, hunt	tc’aˑ´uweʼ, ṭ’a·u’	tˑc’aˑ´u’	tc’a·´uye’
wrap up, swaddle		tc’eˑ´lo’, tc’aˑ´mo’
wash	tc’upk, tcakomo (S)		tca´komel
lose senses	*tca´watc (S)
be upheld, thrown	*tc’e·wa·nuwi’		tce´welte´’e (S)
be angry	tc’eheˑ’na’
desire, detain	*tci´pk (S)
divide	*tcuileu (S)		tcukle´u
fix, insert, extract	tcutna´x, tcutnepek (S)
be wet, damp	ts’a·ts’i
sell	(pe)tseina´k (S)
do	*tsetmiwe´liko (S)
see, observe, watch	ts’e·n’, ts’eˑ’k
like, enjoy, be happy	ts’ē·´nu’		ts’eˑ´ten (M)
give birth, break	tsepex (S)
burst, smash	(ke) tsiknop (S)		(ke)tsiktinop
be cold	ts’ɑ´tel	ts’ne´teʟ
breathe	(ke)tsikna (S)		(ke)tsi´ktina
suffer, pain	tsil (S)
dress	*(pe)tsimia´m (S)
frighten, be afraid	ts’ok’ox		tsɑ´ktox
shrivel, dry	ts’o´xwan	ts’ɑxwen’
kill	wa·´xaʟ, oˑ´wahʟ	wi´leˑ	woˑ´xaʟtenax
send, dispatch	*wa´ʟi’
boil vigorously	*(k)walita´tce (S)
go to bring		*waˑ´wel
send	wa·t		watil (S)
return	wenx, we´ten, weˑntx		welnex (S)
give however	wi´pu		wīˑ´tup
permit, give		*umtan
twist, twine	upk’i´na, umk’ina (S)
beat, strike, thrash	utneka´lik
lend	utcaˑk
halt, stop	*(k)utc’e´l
withstand, bear	(ol)xa´, (it)xa (S)
sit down, be seated	xac		kɑ´ciʟ
hate	*(epe)xayit (S)
go			*xai´yaʟ (ᴍ)
doubt	xaˑi (S)		xa´yeʟ
use, shoot	xa´la, ha´la
end, finish	xam, xap		xameʟ
sell	(p)xanse		ko´nsele
dig, excavate, climb	xa´pek	xɑ´pko’
weep	xaˑ´ta	xaˑ´ta	xa´ʟa
remain	*haˑte’
inter, bury	xeˑ´co	xeˑc	xeclu (S)
await	he´la	he´la
breathe, live	xo´wia (S)		xoiolua
say	*ho’yi’
soften	*xoyu´kʼ (S)
defeat, beat	(h)o´neˑt, (k)o´neˑt’
blow	xot’	xotk
pass by	xo´ṭ’op		xo´ṭʽʟop (M)
arrive	xwen	xweˑn	xwene’lax
sweet		(k)ama´cu
pious, compassionate	(ke)amaˑ´uk (S)		(ke)amaˑ´ulik
straight (road)	(k) atululna (S)
mean, fierce, brave	(k)a´tcaˑmpʽa’		(k)aˑ´tcaˑtenapa
simple, benevolent	(k) apa´mak (S)		(k) apa´melmak
angry, passionate	(k)axa´ntce (S)
robust, healthy	(k) a´wa (S)		(k) a´ula
blue	caˑ´xa’ɴᴇ		(k)ca·´xa’tena’
scabby		ceˑ´ta
deaf	(ku) cu´k	su´ko
poor	(e)cmic (S)
black	co´wutʽ	cauwat	co´watʟax
bad	(k)e´sene’
poor, thin, feeble	ecxoˑni’	iexoˑne	e´cxoˑtene’
sweet	(k) esiyu´k’		(k)esiyuk’lax
holey	(ṭ)emitcu´k’o (S)
salty	(k)eslo´hol
true	(k)esnɑ´ʽ
large, great	(k)etcạˑ´’	(k)eteʽạ´ʼ	(k)etcạ´’atén
stony, rough	(k)et̼penik (S)		(k)eṭpenilek
covered	(k)icxo´a (S)
lazy	(k)i´le (S)
valiant	(k)imoupxa (S)		(k)imoupxela
different, distinct	(k)i´notopa´ (S)
high (above water)	(k)īo´x
first quarter (moon)	(k)ita´lna
red	(k)itckaˑ´ten	tc’kɑ´ten’	(k)itckaˑ´teˑlax
expert, crafty	(k)itetse´nxa
transparent	(k)itcmila (S)		(k)itcmi´lita
painted	(k)itspilil (S)
rich	(k)i´tcowok’a (S)		(k)i´tcowota
twisted	(k)itsto´lne (S)		(k)itsto´ltine
savory, tasty	(k)i´wun
disobedient	k’a´ye
coagulated	k’ak’anxa (S)
heavy (rain)	k’ɑtɑpɴeˑ´xe’
ripe	k’nap	k’nap
thin	k’ockwe´top (S)		kockwe´tilop
long, tall	k’wa·´ka		k’wa·´keltʽa
brave, valiant	(k)la´kʽᴍakʽ
lower	lakulem
upper	le·ma´lem
right	lama´yu	lamai
left		la´pai
sharp	(k)ʟe´’tax		(k)ʟe´’talax
last quarter (moon)	letɑpyele
dumb	(ke)lu´tca (S)		(ke)lutca´aten
lame, crippled	(k)loi
white	mɑ´ṭʽaʟ	ma´ṭʽa·ʟ	(kʽ)mɑ´ṭalta
heavy, deep (snow)	(kʽ)me´ṭ’ou	cmo´ṭ
large (child)	mup	(S) ʽ
left	ok’elo	o´kel
agile	(k) osweak (S)
rapid		(ṭ)oṭi´pe’ɴ
elder	(k) omux (S)
benevolent, pious	(ke)otca´ (S)		(ke)otce´la
difficult	(k)owa´te (S)
hard	(kʽ)paṭ’		(kʽ)pa´ṭ’ʟax
good, successful (thing)	pi´nxa (S)
good (person)	saˑx (S)		sakehe´ʟ
smooth-edged	sa´xwelyo´x
right		sep
small, thin, lesser	skī´ntui’	sku´nṭʽui’
small	skī´tana	sko´tɑn
half (moon)		skusna
short, bent (with age)	(e)sluteya´mo (S)		(e) sluteya´moten
beautiful	smat	smat	smahate´ʟ
sad	(kʽ)soˑ´le’
upper		spukita
pretty, graceful	stiyo´’owan		stīyoˑ´wɑnlax
lonesome	swɑ´nɑn	swɑ´nɑn
young, new	(k)te´k’a	stikwau
new (moon)		ta´kɑta
full		te·´le’pᴍɪ
lower		tele´sa
strong, fierce	telwane´
lame		timoen
dear, beloved	tinkxa		ti´nelkxa
strong, able	ṭʽɪse
sad	tolep
wise	toyo´weto (S)
red-winged		tunu´iko
foreign, strange	ṭa´to (S)		ṭatotne´l
yellow	ṭʽa´wut	ṭʽxauwat
round.	ṭʽi·´kilele’		ṭʽiˑ´kelilte’
ordinary	ṭixa´yo (S)		ṭixa´yout
(in) corrupt	(kom)ʈek’ (S)		(kom)ṭaka´i
:(un) penetrated	(kom)ṭeko´lnox (S)		(kom)) teko´ltinos
striped	(kⁱ)ṭ’pelel		(kⁱ)ṭ’pe´leˑlta
full (moon)		ṭukilnu
docked		ṭ´u´moiˑne’
thin, famished			*tc’a´haliltena’
haughty	tcamauk (S)
wide	tcʽa´paˑiyine		tcʽa´paiyitine’
tired	(kʽ)tc’ɑ´p
irritable, mean	tcehen(mak)		tce´henmilak
equal	eˑli´to (S)
clear (sky)		ts’aˑ´lamkwaʟ
good, well	ts’ep	ts’ep	ts’e´pax
small	(kʽ)ts’e´pen’		ts’e´peyitini
cold	(kʽ)ts,eteʟ
naked		tsʼkɑ´teˑlɑxkaˑ´ʼ
straight (tree)	(k)u´sululna´		(k)esulutina´
brown		(k)umtica´
very bad	(k) u´wate
straight	(k)wi´le’		(k)wi´lte’
right		wi´lapné
smoky	(k)wi´tcen’
strong, numerous			(kʽ)wo´slop´
brave	(e)xai’	xaɪ
valiant, brave		xīlap’
ferocious, bad	xuˑmọˑ´´	ckomó	xomoɴe´ʟ
sick, ill		xu´tia, ku´tia
sweet		yu´wɑn
this, these	*aswai	*aswa
how many?	keca´ʼ	kʼɑ´lau’
last	kipuṭa		kipu´ṭila
all, every	(k)īˑ´sile’	(k)īˑ´siliʼp
somebody, someone	mas		ṭaˑcne´ʟ
same	mēˑyo´’
this, these	na	na, no´nɑ
the, that, that which, those	pe	he, we
that, those	pa	he
each	*seˑ´t´kam
next	tama´ya		ta´maila
each	t´ya
alone, sole	toy’o´we (S)		teyo’o´we
some, something	ṭa´crake’, ṭaˑ´rake		tace´ʟṭake
many	xai´ya’
soon, presently, after	heʟ	(proclitic)
soon, afterwards	il·a, ilta (S)
yet, still	īˑn	(enclitic)
already	ke´tka (S)
always	kisa´, kwits (S)
always	kī´yaˑtʽe’
always will	kiˑ´yɑx
much, long	(k)ʟuˑ´wa’	(proclitic)
yet	ko´kai (S)
formerly	lēˑlo´, lo´	(enclitic)
now	mɑkạp´’	(ᴍigˑ, enclitic)
continually	me´cak
continually	mēˑyo´’	(proclitic)
now	naˑta·´	(enclitic)
soon, almost	*noce´ʼ
before	nomimo	(Sˑ, proclitic)
day before yesterday	nopaha´
yesterday	noko´nxa’
yesterday	noṭie´ᴡᴀ
soon, some time, now	noˑnóʽˑnon, noʽ	(enclitic)
now	tana´	(Migˑ, enclitic)
now	taha´, ta·	(enclitic)
while, during	tel.īˑ´n	(enclitic)
always, continually	ṭats’, rats’a	(proclitic)
continually	ṭʽikisna´ʼ
day after tomorrow	ṭupa´ha
then, following	ṭume´, rume´	(enclitic)
presently, soon	ṭʽUxwe´nto
in the beginning	tcu (S)
indefinite place, there	kē´u
there, allí		*hu
there, por allá	ma´ye (S)
there, allí, allá	nepa´, nepe´ (S)
here, aqui	na´ye, ṭonai´ (S)
somewhere	ra’ke´
there, here	pa
there, allí	ṭʽiya´x
there, distant	wa’	za
here, aqui, acá	wī
beneath	kʼeˑli´cxo			(icxe’j foot)
down	kʟi´heʼ
down, below	laˑ´ko	lak’
over, on, above	leˑmo´’	leᴍ
beyond	pʽau			(noun, other side?)
beneath	pepoxo (S)
near, beside	sk’a·m
near	tʼoʟ
beside, near	ṭewaˑ´ko			(noun, side?)
at side of	tewai´yu			(noun, side?)
at the edge of	ṭexɑpi´cxo			(noun, edge?)
at the surface of	ṭeyoxana´’yu			(noun, surface?)
above, over, at top	ṭika´ko			(ta’ak, head)
behind	ṭitco´mo			(ti’tcom’, back)
in, within	ṭoˑ´ke
at the end of, edge	ṭo´meˑlo			(noun, end?)
outside, out	tceɴ
half	letano
slowly	kai´yikʽ
much	kaˑ´xwen (Migˑ)
very, much, enough	k’o´lop
easily	koyu´p
more, very, entirely, truly, well	kʽså
strongly	misa´tik
too much	peˑ´ptelopʽ
swiftly	peˑ´nle
slightly	skomo´
half, partly	tewai´
uselessly	tikts’e´pʽksa
thus	tutisi
truly	tce’e
only, solely	tcitso
1	t’oʟ	t’o´ixʏᴜ
2	ka´kʽcu	xɑ´kic
3	kʟa´pai	la´pai
4	kʽi´ca’	kʽi´ca’
5	o´ʟṭʽau	olṭaˑ´to
6	paiaˑ´neʟ	paya´teʟ
7	te’	t´e’p
8	caa´neʟ	ca´tʽeʟ
9	te´teṭ´o´’e	te´teṭʽo´paʟ
10	ṭʽo´’e	ṭʽo´pɑʟ
11	ṭʽo´’etaxt’ol
12	la´paikca’
13	la´paikcataxt’ol
14	woco´co
15	la´paioʟṭʽau
16	kʽpec
therefore		he´u’wa’t̼
more than (comparison)	i·n, yoin
but, only	kas	kas
if not	kasi´no, maxa´ya (S)
like, resembling	kiˑc	kiˑc
because	ki´ri, keṭi´
why? ah! because	me´na’ko	mī´yo’k
like, as	peti´yo (S)
therefore	te´rcṭe, terc
although	ṭayopa (S)
in case	ṭkaˑ (S)
also	ṭi (S)
then, next	ṭam, ram, am
and, but	ṭan, ran, an	tan
although	ṭana´iˑṭ
and	tax	ta´xo
or	uska´’
go ahead!	a´ʽimya´ʽ
all right!	aiʽ
yes!	ʽạˑⁿ, hạˑⁿ
no!	haˑ´kse
be careful!	ko´tisen (Migˑ)
come on!	ka·, koa·´
no!	ke´ra’, ka´ra’
now then!	me·´mten
come!	mai
good!	noʽ
now! he!	yo’
hurrah!	yaha

Shaul (2020)

Shaul (2020) is based mostly on the Antoniano dialect. Shaul (2020) identifies the dialects of Salinan as Antoniano, Migueleño, and a third dialect documented by Alphone Pinart (1878).

The five major sources of Salinan data identified by Shaul (2020) are:

• Franciscan sources
• Pinart
• Henry W. Henshaw
• Mason-Harrington-Jacobsen (John Alden Mason, Arthur and John P. Harrington, C. Hart Merriam, and William R. Jacobsen)
• Migueleño

abalone	maiyik’, š-
abalone (red)	k’elṭu, kilṭaw
abandon	leye ~ ley
abandoned	-ye’š
ability	tey’o
able	ama ~ amo
ablution	owaik
about	weten
above	kako, ṭi-; lemo
above, thing	anenxa, k-
absorb	pex, k-ṭ-
abstain from	imxoyak, k-; lawa
accompany	kutkaya. oy-, tale
acorn	ka, tipi, xole; xawit, s-
acorn (generic)	mo’, s-
act of	-eya
add	anketso
adopted child	saxaw
adopting parent	axomo
adverbial	-ye
affairs	k’olšiyip
affected	-t-kam
afraid	axay, ešxal, oniyi, suxtax, ts’ok’ox, xalo, š-; xalowe
after	an, hel
afternoon	konxa, xotapletana
again	-nel, -ten
agave	ma, t-
agentive	-ač, -ak, -ele, -ne ~ -ni ~ -n
agile	oswe, k-
agree	ali-nV, k’awa, tum ~ tom; noyox, p-
ahead, go	el’
ahead of	kela
aim	šake’n
alight	aš, k-
alert	awe-
alive	xoyota, k-
all	isili, kini, kumtapénte; xaw, 1-
all over	ṭik
all right!	ay
all together	oṭ’ol
allot	oma, k-
allow	etak, p-
almost	meše, noše
alone	teyo, toyowe
along	kas, ṭomelo
already	ketka, lo’, no, oyólo’
also	-ten
although	ṭanayṭ, ṭayopa
altruistic	apa, k-
always	kiša; kwits; mešak; tiško ~ ṭuško; iyate, k-
amass	nune-n-
ambitious	ečowo-k, k-
amulet	emili, k-; šakay, t-i-
amuse	iwan-
and	kasi, tan, tax, ṭakolop
andative	-no
angry	axanše, k-; čexe-na-, šixen-
angry, get	xaya, k-
animal	maṭ, sitaypin
ankle	šulk’itin-
anoint	atsinše
another	ten
answer	ho’yi, oye, setay
ant (black)	santën, ts’iniše’
ant (carpenter)	ts’an
ant (red)	kat, 1-
ant (small)	sopokan
ant (stinking)	senese
antecessive	pa’a
antelope	muy’
antelope (male)	tepše
antelope (small)	owešat’, l-
antelope (young)	nëč’
antler	talak
anus	katen, ṭ-
anyone	tarake
appear	nokiš, yam-
applicative	-yne
approach	awen; k’am, s-; k’awenete; noče-; ox, yene-
apron	onus, šowo, ṭonos
arbor	mata, l-
arise	an ~ amp, k’ol
arm	opuk, pok’o
armpit	matan
arrive	eypastas, konox, sitenop, xwen; am, k-
arrogant	čama
arrow	t’eyina, ṭ’etoyen, ṭxak’
arrow point	tsewto
arrow straightener	umawi’
ashamed	oniyi; ola’le’, k-
ashes	ṭa’ay, xoṭapay
ask	alele, p-
ask for	ašiš-
assemble	nune-n-
associated	xaw, š-
atole	asil
attention, pay	ilyota
aunt	mone
aunt (paternal)	pas ~ paš
autumn	kap, l-
avenge	may
await	hela
awake	šoke-n-
awl	tak, ṭe-
baby	ka’ata, s-; xato
back (lower)	lok’on
back (not front)	xapišo
back (upper)	č’om, ṭe-
backbone	lokon
backwards	satalup
bad	esene’, nay, xomu(n)
badger	mašax, ṭ-; toyo
bag	moxwet-o
bald	mela, ṭa, k-
balding	č’atel
ball	keṭ’mel
bang	ṭuk’
banish	k’aytip
bank (river)	kon, š-
barbed	šewte
bark (tree)	awul
bark (v.)	iyoho-nV
barsalillo	č’elak
barter	notili
basket(burden)	p’atal
basket (coiled)	la, š-; ša’, ṭe-
basket (cooking)	k’ape, s-
basket (fish)	ṭopay
basket (trinket)	opes, t-
basket type	wokupt’
bat (animal)	čemčem, suhawye, tapilale; tamakala, s-
bath, take a	o, k-
bathe	šakom-o:, k-
battle	k’ala, tsoke
be	a; aso, ate, eka, mi, pi, se; iškutil, k-; ti
bead	pape, k-; xen:is
bead measure (largest)	mawiya
bead string (fourth longest)	kešo
bead string (longest)	kamawi
bead string (smallest)	ewi’, t-; wosena
bead string length	hena
bead string length (longest)	šatel
beads (blue)	išxotel, k-
beads (pink)	meli, k-
beads (white)	pinoštu, ṭe-
beak	mal, k-
bear	axay
beard	payatak, š-; xoy, s-
beat	kal, p-ṭí-; me’l, š-; utnekali-k
beat (win)	eše, p-
beat up	mitela-k
beautiful	mat; teyow’en, s-
because	kiri
become	ita(y), t-; -te
bed	awis; išemet; kíwi, të-; ṭawose’
bee	mem; mokat, s-
beehive	mem
beetle sp.	an’
before	no, nomino, nuša
beg	čene’-k, a-s-; leš, k-
begin	omaye, ška, yemanik
beginning	low
beginning, in the	tew
behind (body)	č’om, ṭe-
believe	esna, nuwmaiš, ončamaw
believe, not	išno-
belly	kan, i-; pen
belly (fish)	kuman
belly, big	šipi-ne, k-
beloved	inkxa, ṭ-
belt	onayi
bend (tv.)	ṭotolnap, p-
bend over (tv.)	enel, p-
beneath	lišxo
benevolent	apa, k-
bent (age)	luteyamo
beside	ṭomelo; wako, ṭe-
bet	axne
bewildered	šama
beyond	paw
big	eča, k-
big (child)	mup
bill	el
bird	šaxwe
bird sp.	wiyo, s-
birds (small)	kats’-
birth	as, xaw
birth (animal)	ts’aypx-
birthday	oši, l-
bite (v.)	itpetmak, opṭati, ṭ’at
black	šawtaw, šowut
blackberries	ponë, l-
blackbird (Brewer’s)	čola
blackbird (red-winged)	wakeno
blanket	ek’es, ṭ-
blind	samal, škon-te, šumwel
blink	kamle
blood	akat
blow	xote
blow (wind)	ts’ak-
blow over	aka
blue	šaxa’ne
bluebird	kelepxan
bluejay	ṭ’ay, wičele’
bluejay (crested)	kalaw
bluejay (Stellar’s)	čelew
blunt	le’tax, k-
boat	ṭowi’i, tuwipe
body	exas, kaw ~ kaley-, taka
body painting	wol, š-
boil (tv.)	kiwsnek, p-; otoṭne, p-
boil (rolling)	waylitače
bone	axak ~ exak; toy
bones (wing)	nipik, s-
book	ašam-
booty	ats; maṭo, t-
bore (v.)	ṭ’ukot-na
born, be	ipex, pex, xaw ~ xay
borrow	oṭ ~ oč, p-
boss (n.)	amo, kičoyke
bother (tv.)	owali
bottom	lak’; mem; leš, ṭe-
bow (n.)	paxuwe; tenay; toya, ṭe-; xak’
bowels	pen
bower	mata, l-
bowl	la, š-
boy	simtan; texa, s-
boy, little	šeštaw
boys	semtan ~ semten
brain	xoxo ~ koko, ṭe-
brave	axay; ačampa’, k-; čenmila, k-; lak-, k-; xay; xilap
bread	k’enin
bread, make	etak, p-
break	alok’; axnap, p-; ole-k, p-; pek, ṭ-
break (shatter)	apaxtenup, k-
break off	ṭ’elax. p-
breast (fish’s)	tiltal
breath	xoyew
breathe	tsik-na, k-
breech-cloth	etapaplepi
bridge	enikan
bright	mela
bright light	mašala
bring	ma’a
bring back	ewentax, p-
bring wood	nayem
bring, go to	mene, wawal
bringing	kay’e
broken, be	alok’, k-; ka’, k-; la, k-
brook	šuka
broom	k’ope
brother	apew
brother (older)	kay
brother (younger)	os
brother-in-law	tale
brothers	ela-
brown	umtiša, k-
brush	enome’, š-; ṭe-ṭay
brush (plants)	mat, s-; šatala; ṭoki
bucket	xari
buckeye	ša’
buckskin	kutat’
bud (n.)	šal
bud (v.)	šetene
bud, leaf	šete-ne ~ šata-ne
bug (potato)	taxaway
bull-head (fish)	šat’
bumblebee	mokat, s-
bunched	oṭ’ol
bunting (bird)	wičele’
bunting (Oregon)	wač’
burn	ṭun(i) ~ ṭown
burn up	lula, ṭu
burned	ṭole, k-
burning	ašal
burst	tsiknop, k-
bury	xeš
bush	poštóp; tan, š-
bush sp.	ṭaxe
but	kas, ṭam
butt (v.)	ota-, p-
butterfly	koko-, s-
buttocks	katen, ṭ-; kel
buy	komaṭe-le
cacomite	koč’el
cake	yuk
calf (leg)	šowan
call	ames, p-; as ~ as-yo, etak’a; tekek-o, p-
camas	k’onakas
candle	ṭa’aw
cane	ṭal
cane (walking stick)	itxa
cards, pack of	ašam-
cardinal point	na
cardinal point (half)	pia
care for	ṭaš-o
careful	axay
careful!, be	kotisen
cargo	ma’a
carrion	amat, p-
carry	ma’a
carry on back	ayem, p-
carrying	k’ay’e
carve	alik-o, p-ṭ-
cast, be	ačeweltek
cat	ṭam
cat (house)	miš, s-
catch	apaw, p-; emel, p-; polox
caterpillar	čoanahi, ṭa’aw, ṭamo
causative	-enekx, -te
cause	oyem, p-t-
cave	kon, š-; šolukne; ṭelek
cease	lalwa, omp, xap-
cedar	keṭipuy
ceiling	ex, t-
celebration	enap’e, p-
certain way	-a
chair	aš, k- ~ aše
change	new-
characteristic	-mak
charcoal	moše’
charm	tomuy
chase	amaṭe , p-; iyaxle-w, k-
chase up	šol
chat	okeleša
checkered	pelel
cheek	ma’y, šo-
chest (body)	šo
chew	išex, itpetmak, tsasene
chia	pasil
child	as, men, p’xa, xas
chilly	panilit, k-ṭ-
chin	xoy, s-
chipmunk	mats’eko
chop	olṭe, šak-
chop wood	pehečna
Christinas berries	čalak
chuck berry	ts’etakil
chunk (wood)	epen, ṭ-
clam	nayek
clam shell	yama
clap	čapa
classifier	l-, s-, š-, ts-
claw	tešele
clay	oyto, l-
clean	ts’ala
clear	mila, k-č-
clear (sky)	ts’alamkwal
clever	lone, k-
climb	axap; šol; xape-k
close (v.)	elketa, pak’a
clothing	ik’is, kara, s-; lem-
cloud	pay
clover	mokumel, s-; pok’, š-; pokumt’a, s-
coal	moše
coast	lamka
coat	lem-
cold	atii, k-ṭ-; epṭ’a, k-; netel; setel, k-
collarbone	kow’sn-
collect	apoylka-w, nune-n-, ṭapenya
comb	enome’, š-; ṭaxewi
combine	alen
come	may, noxo, yax
come back	ewenex, k-
come near	k’am, s-
come on!	kowá
come out	k’olopcollxaw, mep, pex
come out (pus)	éṭeš-nup, k-
coming, be	keyax
command	owa-, p-; wata ~ wate
communicate	noče
companion	ateloy, ayš, oy-
comparative	no; sa, k-
compassionate	ama
complete	awon-
completely	-nxa
conative	ta’
conceal	oxom-
conceive (animal)	a, k-
concerned with	ili-w
concerns	k’olšiyip
condor	te’č’
congregate	axote, imuy-, nunen
consent	noyox, p-
constantly	mešak
contain	kews-nV ~ kaws-nV
contest	ṭo:lpewt, ti-
continually	kiyate, mešak, ṭats’, ṭikisna’
continue	ṭokumk’
converse	okeleša
cook	atsatak; kamale; kona, p-s-
cooked	nap
cooked with	na, p-
copulate	apay, p-; yotsp, k-
corn (foot)	kayo
corner	asken
corpse	šamtel
corpulent	awa, k-
correct	pinxa:
cottonwood	ṭolak
cough	kak, ts-; kan
count	pape, k-
cousin	esxa
cover	apel, apene’e, setam-, yokoš
cover over	k’ita, l-
cover up	elpolpe, p-; xeš
covered	išxoa, k-
covering (woman’s)	nuṭ-
coyote	k’a, l-
coyote (male)	saw
crab	tayč’atak
crack	ṭ’ok’
cracked (skin)	šake’
cradle	č’am, č’aname’
crane	kalak’, talwat, tapṭel, xalo
crane (blue)	kaw, s-
cranky	čexe-na-
crash	ṭuk’
crave	k’unip
crazy	olowne’
cream	lemo
creek	šuka
creep	šome
crest	kokoye, s-
crest (bird’s)	tulalnay
cricket	č’el
crippled	loy, k-
crow	kak, š-
crouch	sopolte, p-
crowd	timu
crowded	oṭ’ol
cruel	iško-
cry	ewets’na, xata, xatox ~ xat-
custom	kaw-o, ṭ-
cup	xalo
cut	škwala
cut (bulky)	olṭe, p-
cut (dice)	ṭupale
cut (hay)	ole-k, p-
cut (string)	ṭ’ak
cut, be	lawṭp-, škwala
cut down	čama
cut off	olṭe, p-; ṭoynape
cut self	škwala
cut up	olṭe, p-
dance	pala, paxat, šawi-
dance (ceremonial)	kuksuy
dance (men’s)	xiwey
dance (women’s)	loley
danger	awe-, nemile
dare	noye, o-
dark	makay, s-
datura	moneymo
daughter	pasel, ša’aw
daughter-in-law	may, te-; ukewi
dawn	xata, k-š-
day	išxay k-; okena
day, other	nopa’o
day, present	nata’a
daydream	esna
daylight	č’ewuni
days	ṭukana
deaf	šuk, k-; šokale
death	šetip, xap
decapitate	ṭiyenapa
deceptive	now, k-
decide	e’ne-k, ka; salo, p-
deed	takat-o
deep	lek
deep (snow)	meṭow, k-
deer	ṭap ~ ṭa’a ~ ṭa
defeat	eše, p-; mitela-k; onet’, k-;
defecate	amenep, k-
defend	amay-, k-; aytem-, p-; ayo ~ ayi
deliver	tayete, e-
den	lek
depart	itipa, k’-; šulpex
descend	šaple
deserted	-ye’š
desire (n.)	še, l-
desire (v.)	čipk
destroy	ayo
detain	ay, čipk
determiner	ok, ṭik
devil	šamtel
devote	tayete, e-
devour	išxo
dew	šotol ~ šatol
diarrhea	xolom
diaper	yokoš
dice	ṭupale
die	axap, šetip
die, about to	axap
die (many)	samox
different	inoto-pa, k-; ṭato
difficult	owate, k-
dig	xape-k
dig up	aytupk-
digging stick	xaypek, xwasul
digit	apelay
dimple	kamal, ts-; xol, ṭo-
dinner	lam(a)
directional	-aw
dirt	čxo’
dirty	čowone
disappear	kalep
discharge	k-éṭeš-nup; ṭišmi
discouraged	ayknop, k’-
disease	isena
dish	šal, šla
dismount	naš
disobedient	aye, k-
dispatch	tili ~ til-
disrupt	ayo
distal	-mpa, tel
distance	wanayu
distribute	oma, k-
distribute (pl. obj.)	aytilta-k
dissuade	exe, p-
disused	-tel
dive	ota-, p-
divide	axayaw, čwile; oma, k-
divide (pl. obj.)	aytilta-k
division	xapašo, ṭ-
divorce	leye ~ ley
dizzy	samolta, k-
do	ita(y), t-; iyo; noṭa’asil; ta’a; ti’; tsemti; yaw
do, go to	yike
do right	ewyate
do well	ixate
dock (plant)	pal
docked	umoyne
doctor	akenšo
dodge	ókuṭ’-
doe	sepxo ~ sepo
dog	očo, xuč
doll	keta; tišx-
door	axam, l-; kayti-n-
doubt	išno-
doubt	xay
dove	axwene’, ṭ-
down (feather)	ešax
down to	ṭuy
downhill	lehe, k-
drag	šome
draw near	noče-
dream (n.)	šakay, t-i-
dream (v.)	šahal, k-(i)
dress (n.)	ṭones ~ tonos
dress (v.)	tsimam
dried	ts’axwen
drill (n.)	tawat
drink	išem ~ išim ~ ešem
drink, give to	iši ~ eše
drive	šot
drive away	šot
drop (v.)	ayax, očo-
drop (tv.)	atum, p-
drown	mokop
drunk	lokole, k-; samolta, k-
dry	el, k-
dual	-h-
duck (bird)	aṭ, l-
duck (teal)	eponta
duck (small)	šun’šun
dull	le’tax, k-
dumb	lapšakek
dung	amhat, l-; notapkašo
during	telin, ṭoke
dust	šayiya, ṭ-
dusty	ṭo’oy, ṭ-
dwell	may, k-
dying	xap
each	eya, ṭ-; setkam; tya; we, l-
each one of	t’oltya
eagle	nay, s-; sayu
ear	entat; k’ol, š-; kut, -š
early	nawana
earth	lak’
earth (soil)	čxo
earthquake	yote
easily	oyup, k-
east	eš, l-; hanlo
easy, take it	išate
eat	išex, lam(a), utex
edge	milo, ṭu-
edge, at the	xapišxo
eel	masaw
egg	kalet, ṭe-; takál, ti-
egg shell	šal
eight	ša
either	we, l-
elbow	satik
elder	omux, k-
eider tree	tapkol
elderberries	tapkol, tawpkul
elf	k’amaxan, s-
elk	aš
emotive	-miš
emphatic	-ek
en donde	ṭonay(o)
encircle	ekelent, p-; naiye; sikilip
end (v.)	in, k-; xap-
end, at the	melo
endure	txa, l-; xa, ol-; xoya
enemy	epselet, peselet, ičon, inalo
enjoy	ts’enu
enough	k’olop
enter	a’n, itse, opoy, pox
entire	isili; ṭoke
entirely	sa, k-
entrance	alaxam
envelope	ašam-
equal	elito
erase	k’ape
err	alep-
escape	on, k-
evening	konxa
event	naso, te-
every	ṭeyá
everywhere	ṭik
evil	ačampa; uwate, k
excess	-če
excited	oy, k-
exclaim	olaso, t’-; yite-
excrement	pxaṭ
exist	oxoyo-te
expel	amaṭe, p-
expert	itetse-
explode	ṭuk’
extinguish	šape, k-
extract	amamp, čutnax
exude	k-eṭeš-nup
eye	šoke-n-, šuke-n-
eyebrow	sekel; uwatelik, s-
eyeglasses	šuke
eyelid	kašwatnile
eyes, closed	šamal
eyes, open	šoke-n-, šuke-n-
face	uw ~ ow
face down	melka-
facing	lepxo
faint	šawanax
falcon (prairie)	k’an, š-
fall	ičomnox; piptup; tom; ṭitspi
fall down	elem, k-; očo-
fall on stomach	teloto, p-
fall over	satalup
family	yen-
fall over	lem, k-
famished	č’ahaliltena
far	wa, xa
fart	itsi
fart (v.)	miṭ’ik
fast	oṭipen’, l-
fast (abstain)	lawa, mexoyo
fast (quick)	mitsik
fasten	at’unk’ax, axt’elik
fastened	ošoko’n’e
fat	awa, k-; opent
father	ek, tili
faucet	ča
favor	xomšk’i’
fawn	soha
fear (tv.)	axay; ts’aktox
fear not	čenmila, k-
fearful	xaye
feather	ašax, otewo’ts’o’; yet, s-
feed	ayk, p-
feel	meṭ’aw
feel like doing	-wia
fell tree	aka
fellow	yax, ṭ-
fern	k’ešiapowat; kwala-ten, s-
fierce	ačampa’, k-; xay; xomu(n)
fiesta	enap’e, p-
fester	ṭ’okše
fetch	ne
fever	awe, k-
field	čin
fifth	ṭupešt
fig	ekos
fight	kaxla; ik’ate; iyi’ilm; k’ala; ṭo:lpewt, ti-; xak-; yak’owe
fikaree	senestel
fill	eyne-k. p-; apel
fill, eat one’s	mat, nal
fill up (tv.)	apene
filled with	apel
finch	k’alwačay
finch (canyon)	sit
finch (lark)	pi’wkuč
find	yam-
find out	išop; yem-
finger	apelay, min
finger (index)	tilkay
finger (little)	keney
finger (second)	tiṭok
finger game	meakwakwa
finish	awon-; iyi, mep, oloynox, omp, xam
finish (task)	xap-
finish making	epe, p-
fire	ṭa’aw, tapl-
fire (separate)	lum
fire, carry	ewy
fire, catch	ašal
fire, make	mašala
fire, put out	šape, k-
fire, set	šoné-w, p-
fire, stir	yox-te
firedrill	eneple’, t-; ta’akol
first	ila, telu
first one	aṭe’el
fish	šeteyaw; wan, š-
fish (v.)	ameṭi, k-
fish hook	eniyi, š-
fish poison	nis, ṭe-; palomoy, ṭe-
fish sp.	kaṭalakne, s-
fish sp.	septal
fishing pole	mosiwe
fisherman	eniyi, š-
fit into	yen-
five	olṭaw
fix	čutnax; ts’epe; mey ~ mi
flames	moše’; oye, k-
flat	čapayi-ne, čin
flaw	nem
flea	ṭayil
flee	nayi ~ inay
flesh	ṭat
flicker (fire)	oye, k-
flint	asak’a
float	mota, k-
floor	sokaykis
flour (acorn)	sas
flour (seed)	tatukat
flow	miṭ’ik
flower	č’ekona, makawi’
flute	ololi; tak’ol, ṭe-
flute, play	ololi
fly (insect)	awaten
fly (v.)	male, k-
flycatcher	weho, s-
foam	awne, šušawen
fog	ts’opo
foggy	ts’opo
follow	kapoṭ’a
food	lam(a)
fool	ikolu
foot	išxe
foot (measure)	ašil
footprint	senaš
forehead	al, ṭ-; pal
foreign	ṭato
forest	keyix, kukatak
forever	iyate, k-; tiš
forget	alep-
forked	ṭal
former	say-n-
foundation	oy
four	kišá
fourteen	wošošo
fox	to’, s-
free	anat-
friend	ateloy, ila, yen-
frighten	ts’ok’ox
frizzled	košot
frog	wakiṭ
frog (small sp.)	ikol-
from, be	maw, ṭ-
front	tešow
frost	šumyel
frozen	xel
fruit	nepoṭe, pampu-, ṭata
fry	ačaxne
full	ele’pmi
full, be	apel
full (eating)	nal
fur	poket, š-
future	in, -la, má, ṭa
fuzz	e’wte’, ṭ-
gain	eše, p-
gall	ṭek
game	šxalay
game (basket)	tesoy
game (finger)	meakwakwa
game (women’s)	soyne
garden	aiyat-, xayaxti
gas stone	mašala
gather	nonV, k-; tox; ṭapenya
gather (food)	amale, ṭišnop
gathering (Indian)	axat-
generous	apa, k-
gentle	pamak-
get	ne
get back	ne
get on	molox
get out of way	nayi
get up	an’; eča, k-; ol, k-
ghost	šon
gift	taka
gills	čak-nel
gird	šul
girl	tow, š-
girl (little)	natpeteko, s-
girls	kontam, š-
give	ani-ko’, p-; eya ~ ey- ~ ay-; maka ~ ma; maṭ’e; umtan; wipu
gizzard	tohol
glans penis	čenya
glue (n.)	čwenki
glue (v.)	at’unk’a, p-
go	išak, ki- ~ ke-, tsay, ya ~ iya
go (pl.)	xaiyal
go ahead!	a’imya
go back	etpa, k-; ewenex, k-
go down	šaple
go looking	isik, k-
go to do	-ik, yike
go up	šula
go with	tale
goat	epo, ṭ-
God	enša-
goldfinch	kiopets; lam, k-
goldfinch (Lawrence’s)	tanukupel
good	ma’at, ṭ-; miško, ṭ-; pokop; ts’ip, k-; sa-
good (person)	sax
goose	kalak’
goose (Canada)	oyna, l-
goose (white)	waw
gooseberry	k’esoy, toypen
gopher	e’šeše; k’as, le-; sk’may’o’
gopher (pocket)	nakak
gore	ota-, p-; otaxele
grab	polox
grains	tate
granary	k’ata, sap
grandchild	tayal ~ toyol
grandchild (daughter’s)	tenayal
grandchild (son’s)	temak
grandchild, great	maše
grandchild, great, great	setilkay
granddaughter	tanil
grandeur	ṭipi, k-
grandfather	ama’ ~ amaw, axalaw ~ xala, tayul
grandfather (maternal)	nene
grandmother	ane
grandmother (maternal)	nene
grandson	semawk
grape	opis
grasp	etano, p-; loxo
grass	kat, k’at, petl; puko, š-
grass (for baskets)	tonawa
grass sp.	k’as, k’oy; onawe, t-; pel
grass, cut	išpa’n
grasshopper	košolo ~ kašala ~ kašulo; ṭol’
grave	kamatl, t’-
gravel	čxa
grease (v.)	atsinše
green	ešxawet, k-
green (unripe)	nap
greet	šamoše
greetings to you	t’epel
grey hair	seltu
grind	xwale, p-; opṭati; ṭiša, k-
grind stone	mexon
groin	man’, k’-
grow	lax, mop ~ map; olpax, k-
growl	ohon, ṭ-
guard	amawš; aytem-, p-; k’olit; wetek; yak; yaw
guard (n.)	sotopen
guffaw	ayeta, k-
gun	xák’
habit	kaw-o, ṭ-
habitual	-mak
hail	k’ewnel
hair	ak, k’uwoket, seltu
hair (head)	ak; poket, š-
hair (pubic)	mas
hair, have	pokte, š-
hair, part	sak’ay
haircut	šon
half	let, meše, teway
half past	xoṭop
halt	eṭ’ek, ič’a, uč’el
hammer	oto(y)
hand	men, minew
hand (measure)	man
hand game	pew
hand me a...	may
hand span (half)	mawi, lu-
handle	axa
hang	akel
happen	nope
happy	ts’enu; yowe, k-ṭ-
hard	pat-p, k-ṭ-
harden	penik, p-ṭ-
hasten	enla, p-
hat	setam-
hat (basketry)	waketi, ts’-
hate	čonek-o, p-; iš; sali, p-; xayit, p-
haul	šome
have	ate; etxaw, p-; -te
hawk	ka, š-
hawk (bullet)	k’an, š-
hawk (chicken)	kokoy, s-
hawk (fish)	čik’; eneye, š-
hawk (marsh)	koy, s-
hawk (red-tailed)	pek’, s-
hawk (sparrow)	kelele, s-
hazy	čo’oy, k-
he	ṭu, hew, xeyo
head	a’ak, ṭ-; ak
headdress	oltol-, š-
health	ačešë; ewananhay, s-
healthy	misatik
hear	isiloxo, p-; išno-
hear, able to	šuk, k-
heart	awa, exiway’
heat	ale-k, p-; awe, k-
heavy	meṭox
heavy (rain)	atap-ne-
heavy set	awa, k-
heed	išno-
heed, not	lukw’a, k-
heel	askwet; šk-awe ~ šk-al; wët, s-
hello	akiš, šamoše
help	oše, p-
helper	oy-
here	ṭopa, ṭuiyo, -ri, wiyo
here, right	šokeṭ’e
heron (blue)	xalo
heron (night)	wak’
hiccup	keṭne
hide (v.)	oxom-
high	čama, lem
high (above water)	yox, k-
hill	mošono; poy, ṭ- ~ poyo; šikeṭe; ulne
hillside	šikeṭe
hinder	sel-o, p-
hip	aṭalak
hit	xwale, p-; lix-o, yoxtek
hit (w/ arrow)	inay
hit (by shooting)	ašikmek
hit (of light)	ṭenay, ṭ-
hold	etxaw
hole	metsili-w, šolukne, ṭelek
holes, have	mišu-
holler	ames
hollow	šolukne
honeysuckle	takel, s-
hop	molox, k-
hope	nanal- ~ nalaw-
horn	talak
hortative	ka
hot	awe, k-
house	am, ṭ-
howl	ames
huckleberries	tamanel
hug	loko
hummingbird	mats’wel ~ mots’wel; pelts’e
hungry	ol, k-
hunt	ameṭi, k-; čawe
hunt (smoke out)	kaxo-
hunter	ameṭi, k-
hurrah!	yaha
hurry	enla, p-; telpa
hurt (iv.)	tipin
hurt (tv.)	inay
husband	lo’, lowo
hustle	enla, p-; tele
I	ek-
I (imperfective)	nek
I (negative)	kik
I (perfecive)	hek’
I think	mas
ice	č’umyel
if	me, tiš
if not	maxaya
ignore	ašaw, ṭ-
illness	isena
illuminate	šewnat
impede	esel
imperative	k-, m- ~ -ma-, -ne
implant	yop
in	ṭa, ṭoke
in case	ka, ṭ-
inch	meyan
inconvent	ew
Indian	ṭowaṭ-
indisposed	otya
injure	inay
insert	anketso, axt’elik, čutnax, opoy
inside	ṭoke
inside, be	aleknox, k-; nepe
instep	č’om, ṭe-
instrument	me
instrumental	-ayo, -eya; ṭemiṭo
intend	akaye, k-
interact	noče
intercede	aytem-, p-
intestines	pxaṭ
intestines (bird’s)	may, te-
introduce	itse
irratable	čexe-na-
islay	čuleye; lay, š-
it	hew, xeyo
itch	ts’ok’a, k-
ivy	mušwelit
jackrabbit	kol
jaw	yatek, ta-š-
jealous	oxoye, k-
Jimson weed	moneymo
join	amaw, itspaka, metoxo
joined	k’ak’a-nxa
joint	kay, ṭiṭ-
juice	taš
jump	atanop, molox, k-
just now	non
kangaroo rat	nak, s-
keep	yaw
kick	šokay ~ šok’a-
kidney	k’onopts’el-
kill	ama ~ amo; čekax; kot ~ kok’e; ṭ’ek, p-; waxal
killdeer	toṭ, s-
killed, get	samox
killer	xoke, ṭo-
kin	inexa; kiw ~ kew; yen-
kind	ama; isola; oša, k-
kind (caring)	apa, k-
kind, all of one	kini
kindle	šu-ne, ṭon
kindly	yuk
king snake	ts’eken
kingbird	ke, ṭe-
kingfisher	šuy, k-
kinship marker	-ilete
kiss	pane, p-; ts’op-ne
kitchen	keko
knee	opoy, ṭ-
kneel	opoy, ṭ-; sopolte, p-
knife	čik’ ~ ček’
know	oy; tuyo ~ ṭúyo; wenay ~ wena ~ wene ~ wane; yam-; yem-
know that	eyema-ni
knowledge	okel-
known	okel-
knows, who	oyá
knuckle	apelay, kew
lacking	awa, k-; nameli-ko, p-
lake	poy, l-
lame	loy, k-; mown, ti-
land	lak’
language	as ~ as-yo
lap	apik
lard	pinit-o, ṭó
lasso	ataloke
last	putsa, k-; ṭomelew; xapišxo
last night	makay, s-
last one	kipuṭa
late	onxa, k-; oxex, k-; tawa
later	la, l-
latrine	pxaṭ
laugh	ayeta, k-
laugh at	ilik, p-
laundry	čup
laurel	mopak
law	wata ~ wate
lazy	ile, k-; kél-mak, k-ṭ-
leaf	poket, š-; šete-ne ~ šata-ne; tan, š-
leaf out	šetene
leak	xolom
leap	ulox
learn	al- ~ ale-, oy
leave	anat-, lawa’
leave (depart)	amp
left (not right)	lapay, ok’ela
left hand	ok’el
leg	apo, sonene-w
leggings	čelelaw
lend	uča
length	wa
length (hand)	mawi, lu-
length (unit)	topoka
Lent	Xay
less	tete
let	etak, p-
liar	now, k-
lick	tot-
lie	činimakwe, ičumtila
lie, tell a	amisti
lie down	šewe
life	xoyew ~ xoyw-
lift	amek’ul, iša, k’ol, mil-, ošay, šula
lift up	itsoye-w, p-
ligament	oxwem
light (n.)	čewo, č’anone; č’ewuni, owoy, šepe, ṭa’aw
light (tv.)	oka, ṭon
light (weight)	matsaya
light, bright	laso, mašala
lightning	miltop, k-; sokanto
like	awke, ixay; its’om-, šo, ts’enu; tiyo-, pe-
like (similar)	kiš
like, be	ša
limb	matan
limestone	šotalay
limp (v.)	loy, k-
linger	ško
linnet	sawa:tnel
lips	ewet, l-; ušat
listen	išno-; noxo, p-ṭ-
lit, be	oye, k-
live	may, k-; oxoyo-te
live long	imxoyak, k-
liver	ašx, xalele
lizard (homed)	wakek’a, š-
lizard (mountain)	toiyele’
lizard sp.	xapele’
located, be	kiw ~ kew
locative	ma
lock (tv.)	eyapene
loin	č’om, ṭe-
loin cloth	xawet, s-
lonesome	wanan, s-
long	wa
long, be	k-waka
long, live	imxoyak, k-
long time	luwa, k-
look after	mawš, a-
look around	enani
look at	ts’in, k-; yem-
look for	čawe’; šawe, p-; ts’e’e, p-; yam-
loose	čoyuk, k-; k’e
lord	ač’ok’ay’; atapne-; šukay, ṭ-
lose	alep-
lose (bet)	ešya, p-
louse	ik’e’, t-
love	its’om-, pamak-
loved	inkxa, ṭ-
low	ečmel, k-
lower	lesa, ṭe-
lower (v.)	xaši-k
luck	šakay, t-i-
lung	koy’el, š-
magpie	ateč, xačač
mail (pack of)	ašam-
make	mek ~ mi, mey, mitaš
male	lowa’; wa, l-
man	lowa’, tam; wa, l-
man (old)	čilwayi
mandarse (Spanish word)	tenxa
many	kawxen, še, xaya
many, how	alaw, k-
manzanita	paṭax; tex
march (v.)	k’itipa
mark	če-, tiš, ašam-
marry (man)	lowa’; wa, l-
marry (woman)	saye-ne
martin (bird)	wičele
mass (amount)	keṭ’mél
matters	k’olšiyip
maybe not	oteš
me	-ek ~ -k
meadow lark	wičele’
meal	lam
meal (dinner)	lam(a)
mean	ačampa’, k-; čexe-na-
measure	tolenex
measure (bead)	enex
meat	maṭ
medicate	oni-
meek	yuk’
meet	ačaw, yame:t
melon	olopopo, k’-
melt	ṭole, k-
memory	xoyew ~ xoyw-
mercy	laye
mescal	ma, t-; saxet
mescal flower	ṭayaš
Migueleño	Samel
milk	penan
milkweed	mal, te-; matay’
mine	ne’e
mingle	noče
miss (shooting)	inay, kašakme
miss (not catch)	apaw, p-
mistake, make	alep-; šum-
mistletoe	ošoy, s-ṭ-
mock	entel, p-
mocking	se’h
molar	xol, ṭo-
mole	mokok’e, s-
money	čxa
moon	ts’upay, ṭ-
moon (first half)	ewašyu
moon (first quarter)	italna
moon (full)	ukilnu
moon (half)	kusna
moon (last quarter)	tapyele
moon (new)	akata, t-
more	sa, k-; tan, -ten
more than	in
more than, no	minox
more, no	ṭake
morning	išxay k-; nowana
Morro	Lesam
mortar	xol, ṭo-
mosquito	kašap, k’eptsi’iyin, kopts’en
mother	apay; epex ~ pex ~ pe
mother-in-law	exwat
mound	mošono
mottled	pelel
mount (v.)	molox, k-
mountain	kiṭ’poy; lem, m-; oyam, l-; poy, ṭ- ~ poyo
mountain lion	ṭa’mul
mountain range	polax, keṭ-
mountain sheep	moy
mouse	k’ilmox, ṭ-k- almok ~ elmok; seloy
mouth	elek, šom
mouth, open	šaxata
move (iv.)	yote
move (tv.)	mope
move (house)	new-
move (self)	ano
much	-če, kaxwen, k’olop, -še, ts’e, -ten; luwa, k-; xaya
much, how	kiša’
much, too	peptelop
must	atapnehe, k-
mud	ax’alit, ṭ-
murderer	xoke, ṭo-
muscle	puk, s-
mush, acorn	nasil
mushroom	kok’, š-
music	axati
musical instrument	koni, ṭe-
mussel	hayek
must	-ka, atapne-
mute	luča, k
my	hem
nail (body)	šile, ti-
name	as ~ as-yo
named, be	as, yowa
narrate	hapokel-
narrow	usot’-ne, k-
navel	pokes, š-
near	k’am, s-; tamaya; wako, ṭe-
near, come	k’am, s-; noče-; telox
nearly	meše, nose
neck	ak’oy, l-; eṭšay
necklace	ankea, ṭ-; ṭo’on’ki’
need	e’envi
needle	awaxa, šopa, tek
negative	ko- ~ ko-m-
nephew	nak, tak, tëpašek, watnak; masaxe, ṭe-
nerves	wem
nervous	xoxeme
nest	ikin
nesting, be	ase, k-
net (fish)	sali-n-
net (hunting)	teltal
nettle	tamo
new	ṭak’a; tek’a, s-
next	mit(i), tamaya, ṭoke
next, very	t’ól
niece	nak, tak, tëpašek; masaxe, ṭe-
night	makay, s-; mixoya
night, last	makay, s-
night hawk	walwal
nightingale	pok, š-
no	hakse, xa’a
noise(y)	otos-na’, k-; šel-mak
noise, make	eč’lel-na’, k-
nominalizer	-ay(a), -eš, -kis, -o, -xet
none	ṭa, k-
noon	tana’, le-
north	k’iwil, leš, ṭakoy
northwest	itahku, t- ~ tiṭaku
nose	eneṭ
nose, large	mokok’e, ṭ-
not	kara, kera
notice	ṭ’ašo
notify	okoleša
now	maká, no’, ta’a, tahay; tana-ye ~ ta-ye, tilna
now then!	memten
now, just	non
numerous	woslop
nuthatch	akala, t-
oak (deciduous)	papix
oak (live)	asklet, paxapil; xawat, š-; yoy, t’-
oak (pin)	xapax
oak (white)	aṭ, p-
oak (young)	kapič
oak sp.	mo, š-
oats (wild)	kaṭamp
obey	neka’, k-
obey, not	kaye
obliged	mopxi
observe	enani, tišo
obstruct	esel
obtain	ne
ocean	kem, š-
offend	tiya ~ yat
officer	kičoyke
often	iyate, k-
old	te, tel-
olivella	tsoloteka
olla	sekeweṭnia
on	om, lemo, tatak
once	lelo
once upon a time	kw’el, lelo t’ol
one	tol
one to do	an
only	čitso, kas
ooze	k-eṭeš-nup
open	elet’-o, p-
open (eyes)	šukininil
open (mouth)	šaxata
opposite	-miš
or	uska’
order	o’ataw, p-; onataksa; wata ~ wate
ordinary	xayo, ṭí-
origin	oy
oriole	wiyo, s-
orphan	xaxayne
other	ten
other side	aw, pa
otter	ṭe
otter (sea)	sne, t-
our	ṭá-
outside	čin
outside, be	ačakat
outside, go	ekatop
oven	aloko-n-
over	lemo, om
over (done)	omp
overtake	awte, p-; eypastas, ṭapa, yen-
overturn	wate-nup, k-s-
owe	inay, ts’in
owl	kotate, š-; ts’etenek’
owl (bam)	šik
owl (burrowing)	poko’, s-
owl (ground)	katata, s-
owl (horned)	šukunuy
own	matkanpa; tsana, p-
pace	ašil
pack (cards)	ašam-
pagans	ts’iwts
pain	ew, tipin
paint	pelel
palm (hand)	otal, l-
parajo pinto (bird sp.)	xačač
pardon	animti-ko, p- ~ aneme
partly	teway
pass	a’n
pass by/through	xoṭop
passive	-yk, -ney, -yi
past	šana, šu
path	ua, l-
paucal	-h-
pay	notili; xaya, p-
peace, make	maytila
peak	eyne, tsi-; kak
pebble	xa’, š-
peel	čexolpe
pelican	ṭew
penetrated	kolnox
penis	kola’le’, no’ol
perceive	yem-
perch	ṭo’inaso
perfective	-aš, -pa
perhaps	oṭka
permit	etak, p-; ka, umtan
person	kw’el, poṭa’al, ṭowaṭ-
pestle	pa’ne
pestle (wood)	aye
pet	sotopen
pick/pick up	mele, p-
Pico Blanco	Ts’owem’
picture	šawo, ṭe-
pieces	akay, ṭ-; leto, p-
pierce	ṭokot
pigeon	lawit, k-; tikmo
pil	pili
pile, in a	oṭ’ol
pile up	nune-n-
pillow	anen
pin	šala ~ šelax
pine	čo
pine nut (large)	ke
pine nut	ṭo
pine nuts, get	ṭam
pious	oča, k-
pipe	awun, ṭ-; ono, ṭ-; takal, te-
pity (n.)	ay’a, l-
pity (v.)	ama; yalep, k-
place	ka, k’e, kiw ~ kew, mano, oṭo, xoket-o; one-
plant sp.	le’o, ṭi-; mas, te-; xoy
plant (v.)	anko, ayaxte, k-
play	ahatele’; išxala, k-; kanay, k-; k’ay-na’
Playanos	Emikelat
plead	k’ayom
please	wiat(e), p-; yaṭeka
Pleiades	Opoyip
plow (v.)	šowal, k-
point (n.)	tsoto
point (v.)	šake’n, tsewt
poison (n.)	yelpa
poison (snake)	šowat
poison, be	t’oxo
pole	ak’ata, ṭ-
police	kičoyke
pomp	ṭipi, k-; tsip
poor	xone, k-š-
position	one-
possession	txa
pot	kews-nV ~ kaws-nV; sekeweṭnia
pot (basketry)	wok, š-
pound	anata, k-; ṭ’otoy; xwale, p-
pour	axt’elik, ṭa’a-
pour out	ṭax, p-
pouring (rain)	atap-ne-
power	mokawo, ṭ-; šaxal, ti-
power (magic)	čáxal
pox	ow-ní, ṭ-
prairie	en, t’-
praise	okwa-te, k-
pray	ayk-o, p-
precede	el
pregnant	an, k-; lek-na
prepare	awe-, iča
present	tayete, e-
present day	nata’a
preserve	amawš
press	pun ~ pen ~ pi; ṭati, p-p-; ṭ’ašo
pretend	šepix
pretty	mahat, s-; tiyo’owan, s-
previous	le, no-
prick	ats, ili-w, ṭokot
prickly pear fruit	kesoy
prior	no-
problem	inay
progressive	ško, ṭome
prohibit	čene’-k, a-s-
promise	tewi
pronged, one-	sektaykna
pronged, two-	paṭalti
proposal	nek
proud	čamawk, se’h
provisions	kamale
puddle	kweč’en
pull	some
pulled out	napek; k-ṭúy-
pulverize	anata, k-; oto(y)
pump	ṭowoni
punish	xwe-
pupils (eye)	lekamat
purpose, on	teyo
pursue	ašil; iyaxle-w; k-poṭa-w, k-
push	notox
put	a; ax, p-; aye, ṭ-; lex; one-; pux
put down	aše, p-
put out	šape, k-
put together	ey, p-
quail	matexan, s-
quail (Gambel’s)	lepoatsi
quail (mountain)	kayak
quail (valley)	xomlik
quake	yite-
quality of	-ayo, -eya, -op
quarrel	yewilte, k-
quarter	na’xo
quench	olawa
quickly	mitsik
quiet	ečoka’; šel-mak
quijara de pala (plant sp.)	kw’a, š-
quiver	ameya
rabbit	map
rabbit (bush)	same’
rabbit (gray)	ama, l-
raccoon	kaya’, s-
raft	ṭowi’i, tuwipe
rain	išxaya, l-; t’akay
rainbow	saya’n
raise	ma’a, ošay
rat	k’almok’, s-1; makil
rat (kangaroo)	nak, s-
rattles	amnay, keṭelelna
rattles (cocoon)	čo’xok
rattles (rattlesnake)	tselel, te-
rattlesnake	mekoy, s-
raven	la’
ravine	šoka
raw (uncooked)	nap
reach	awe, p-
ready	awe-
ready, be	omp
realize	alel, p-
recede (sea)	šap
receive	nax; xaya ~ xayi
reconcile	am ay-, k-; maytila
recover	on, k-
red	ičkaten, k-
red-winged	unuyko, ṭ-
reed	čotle
reflection	itsena, k-
reflexive	-ek
refuse	tičon
reject	iney-tili; xeko, e-
related	šupini
related to	yen-
related, be	kiw ~ kew, palok
relative (kin)	la’, ṭe-; wexa-w, ti-
relative marker	no
release	lawa
remain	eṭ’ek; hate, ṭe-; oye; ško; tawe, k-
remark	mala
remember	malentax
remove	alan; pan, š-
remove (self)	paxa, ṭ-
repair	ts’epe: ṭipu, k-
report	okel-
resemble	iš, k-; sana, k-
reside	may, k-
residence (move)	new-
resist	a’wexe
rest	imxoy-, nal, xowa
result	ayo, -eya, -ne ~ -ni ~ -n, -šu, -xa
resultative	-ne ~ -ni ~ -n
retrieve	ne
return	etpa, k-; ent- il(e); ewenex, k-; naš; tsak
return (tv.)	ewentax, p-
reveal	ayši, p-
revelation	itomuy; šakay, t-i-
revenged, be	mak
revive	k’elax ~ k’elx-; šoke-n-
revolve	išalk’ele
ribs	anel, asket, watal
rich	ičowk’e; ešak, k-
ride	kiya
ridge	tsol’ne
rifle	nahak
right	sep, wilapne
right (not left)	amay, l-
rip open	šoka
rip out	ṭoxotna
ripe	nap
rise	atanop, axap, kol, iša, šol
river	šuka, xwa
road	ṭake
roadrunner	xom
roast	apat, esk’on
rob	katine, p-; niya
robin	šoxoxo
rock	čxa
rod	awa, ṭ-
roll	išalk’ele, li’i, ṭoxne
roll off/down	kelox, k-š-
roll up	ṭ’epene
root	ken, ṭe-; ko’iyi; pas, ṭe-; ṭekoy
rope	čekote
rotten	tayox; ṭek’ ~ ṭik
round	ikelele’, ṭ-; keṭ’mel
rough	uwate, k-
route, follow	sene
row, in a	apale
rumble	satel
rump	okon, l-
run	miṭ’ik; nayi ~ inay; nole, k-
run after	amaṭe, p-
sad	olep, t-; sole
sad (love)	kon
said, be	etawla
saliva	xalt
salmon	tiyaw, tukeya
salt (n.)	ṭakay
salt (tv.)	akiyok
salty	akiyok, yohol
salute	šamoše
same	meyo, tol
sand	ts’ensil
sandstone	šotalay
sap	taš
saucer	la, š-
saw	eškw’al
saw off	ṭ’elax. p-
saw up	winapi
say	e’ne-k, etawla, ka, xoyi’, yoko; mala; se, p-
sazonable	otenk’itox, k-
scabby	šeta
scalded	ṭole, k-
scales (body)	wala
scar	alam
scarf	šaw
scatter	elxaypa, p-
scorpion	open, ts-
scrape	xaypek
scratch	ats’oka, p-; oka; one; ṭen, p-; ṭexe-na
scream	ewets’na
scrub	ṭal
sea	kem, š-; ap’e, l-
sea gull	lot, s-
sea lion	oy, ṭ-
seal	oy, ṭ-
search for	čawe’; šawe, p-
season (n.)	kw’al
season (v.)	enk’itox
seated	aš, k- ~ aše
seated, be	naš
seaweed	powat
second	kešek’e, toli
see	amṭinik, etele, eynax; šokon-te; ts’in, k-; yam-; yem-
see, able to	soka-n-
see, go to	menak, ṭ-
seed	ayexteya
seed beater	onal, ṭ-
seeds	sap, tanat
seeds (wild)	helka
seek	čawe’; ts’e’e, p-
seem	eš, k-
seize	amta; etano, p-; opa; polox; ṭimtit
select	eme’l, p-
self	kas
sell	tseyná-ko, p-; xanse
send	onataksa, tili ~ til-, wali, wat, yatek
send back	etepe, k-
senses, lose	čawač
sent	yete
separate	awa, axawa, xayaw, lawa
separately	kaxašna
servant	wanelo, l-
serve	weče ~ weta- ~ aw-
set (sun)	šaple
set aside	asi-ko, p-
set down	aše, p-
seven	ep, t-; te, l-
sew	kopla, š-
shade	četamV, mašitama
shadow	mašitama
shake	layé, yite, yot
shallow	lek
shaman	takin
sharp	le’tax, k-
sharpened	šakote
shatter	apaxtenup, k-
shave	šon
she	hew, xeyo
sheep	mokono; pol, ṭ-; tsola, k-
shell	šal
shellfish sp.	k’en, s-
shin	só:non
shoe(s)	oxwat, šxa’ayi
shoot	ala; etene ; hala; la; tepay; ṭ’elax. p-; t’eyi-ne, xala
shooting star (plant)	kikawe, s-
shovel	čapayi-ne
show	yem-
show up	yam-
shine	ṭamela
shiny	mela
shore	lamka
short	ečmel, k-; epen, ṭ-; luteyamo; tsoyne
shoulder	čom; ital, txop
shout	ames; ašome; axanla; ayeta, k-; etak’a; yite-
shovel	čin
show	mal, yemat-
shrike	sapele
shrink	oxwa:nle, ts’-
shriveled	ts’axwen
shut	elketa
sick	im-n-, isena; utya, k-
sickness	čap; ok, p-; isena
sickness (love)	iško
sift	šan
side (hill)	šikeṭe
side down	aš, k- ~ aše
side of, at	wayul
side, other	aw, pa
sigh	makwoxtel; ṭikna, k-
sighted	soka-n-
sign	če-
sign (name)	šak’a
silent	sa ~ si; šel-mak
simple	apa, k-
sin	xomu(n)
sin, not	ewyate
sinew	oxwem
sing	kak’a
sing (bird)	xata
single	toyowe
singular	-š ~ -ke’el
sink (n.)	maw
sink (v.)	oṭ’ol, šap
sister (older)	pé
sister (younger)	on
sister-in-law	imtal, t-; ok’ew’e, ṭ-
sit (make)	aše, p-
sit down	aš, k-
sitting	aš, k-
six	paya
sixteen	peš, k-
skin	axwem, sali, sanat, tat, ts’exolp
skin (tv.)	alan
skinny	oškwe
skirt	nisu, onus
skull	a’ak, ṭ-
skunk	kaya’, s-; šuwa
skunk (female)	mohel, s-
sky	lima, pay
slave	takwa, te-
sleep	kaw, me
sleeping	axaw, k-
sleepy	kaw
slide	tsopenox
slightly	komo, s-
sling	axwen, ṭ-
slip	tsopenox
slope	šikeṭe
slow	ak’asna, k-; mečo
slow in doing	imxoyak, k-
slowly	kak’aṭa, kayik; kitana, s-; ts’epen, k-
slug (ground)	lats’ats
small	itena, k-; kity, s-; komo, s-; kunuy, s-
smallpox	okne, ṭ-; ow-ní, ṭ-
smart	lone, k-
smash	lok’; tsiknop, k-; ṭuk’
smell	mes(o)
smell good	tupeš
smoke (n.)	axot, a’tet ~ axtet
smoke (v.)	šowm
smoke, have a	ṭowoni
smoke, much	šo’oy, k-
smoky	wičen, k-
smooth	ṭal; tsopene
smooth-edged	saxwleyox
snake	k’ot, š-; nele’, ṭi-; senkl’ol
snake bite	etpat, k-
snake sp.	šawšawš
snake sp. (mottled)	ts’ayke’
snake sp. (striped)	taliye’
snatch	loke, polox
sneeze	mač, k-
snore	oxon, ṭ-
snow	ts’a-
snuff	son
so	tisi
so that not	miš
soften	xoyuk
soil (dirt)	čxo
sole	askwet; leš, ṭe-; wët, s-
sole (foot)	šipaynism
solely	čitso
some	tašnel
someone	mešak, tarake
sometimes	xaya’
somewhere	eke
son	as, pasel
son (adopted)	insaka
son-in-law	lem, ṭe-
soon	hel, no’; noše, ta’; -tep; wata
soot	pe’het, s-
sore	alam; inay; omti, l-
sorrel (plant)	pal
soul	xoyew ~ xoyw-
sound	itemna, k-
sour	sixol, k-; yohol
south	anlo, p-; lamka
spark	čokonup
speak	k’ol, sa ~ si
speak (fast)	atepnek
speaking	sa ~ si
spear (fish)	šikenay
spear (n.)	ke
spear (salmon)	owtke, ṭ-
spear (v.)	eṭot
specifier	ṭa-, ṭe-, ṭo- ~ ṭu-
speech	as ~ as-yo
spicy, make	enk’itox
spider	akana, l-; ts’open
spill	ṭa’a-
spine	eywis, lokon
spit	xalte
split	axatenap, exično, šak
spoiled	čewa
spotted	pelel
spring (leap)	ulox
spring (season)	pal, l-
spring (water)	teluk’oṭa
spring up	k’olpex
sprout	šete-ne ~ šata-ne
spy	kesk
squeeze	loxo, moṭox
squirrel	pits, šemk’om, šumk’om
squirrel (gray)	ološ, ṭ-
squirrel (male)	maše
squirrel (young)	sumhe
stab	ṭ’elax. p-; xaynil
staff	mitxa
stake	yop
stand	č’a; otsota, k-
stand firm	a’wexe
stand up	eč’a , k-; ek’ulen-, eṭ’ek; očel
star	tsuwan ~ čuw
star, morning	mašilak
stare	k’amle
start	omay’e, p-
startle	ts’okox
starving	č’ahalitena’
stative	-e, k-, -wk
stay	nem, a-; ško
steal	atnay, k-; katine, p-
step (measure)	ašil
stick (n.)	ak’ata, ṭ-; ke
stiff	wočop, k-
still	in, kokay
sting	ats; eyne, p-; ili-w; ts’en, p-
stink	tay, k-
stinkbug	ets ~ ats
stomach	on, sk-
stone	čxa
stone (red)	šoxwal
stop	eče, k-; epa, k-; ič’a; tiča; uč’el
storm	apit, t-
story	as ~ as-yo; hapokel-
straight	sululná:, k-; wile, k-
straighten	ič’a
strange	ṭato
strawberry	same
strength	mowpex ~ mowpx-
strength, call	xaypa; xo, p-
stretch (tv.)	eše, p-; šome
stretch up	ešala, k-
stretched	ačeweltek
stretched out	šewe
strike	kal, p-ṭí-
string	ašol
string (beads)	ṭaso
string (milkweed)	matl, ṭ-
string-like	tax
striped	pelel
stroke	apen, ṭ-
strong	awa, k-; elwane, t-; ise, t-; misatik; mowpex, k-; woslop
stump (tree)	ṭapin
stupid	lone, k-
stupidity	lone, k-
suck	ama, č’oy, solentax
sucker (fish)	pulxoy
suddenly	yote-
suffer	atip-n-, tsilo ~ tsili, yematil
sugar	kamaš
suggest	ončamaw
summer	ne, l-
summit	ka; kak; keko, ṭe-; sitenop
summon strength	xaypa; xo, p-
sun	ná
sunflower	k’ašil, ná
sunny	ṭa’aw
surface, at	yoxana’yu
surpass	iša, šup ~ šu-
swallow	epenox
swallow (bird)	siya-
sweat (n.)	akna
sweat (v.)	akna; šna, e-
sweat house	kwap
sweep	k’ape, k’ope
sweet	amašu, k-; yuk; yuwan
swell	kwal-
swiftly	penle
swim	laṭ’ne, k-
swing	anoyi
sycamore	ṭanék
taciturn fff	sa ~ si
tail	ts’e
take	amap, p-; ma’a; ne; yaw
take along	ma
take away	moxtilek, niya, ṭimtit
take out	amampe
tall	čama, kw’ak’a
talons	askwet; wët, s-
tamp	amaṭ’ux
tangled	kopete, k-ṭ-
tar	inok, s-; mak’, s-
tarantula	košo-
tarantula hawk	kučaten, ts-
tassel	soy’ne, k-
taste	awke
tasty	iwun, k-
tea	ča’
teach	al- ~ ale-
teal (green-winged)	pëpë
tear	šoka
tears	ušat
tell	mala; se, p-; si, a-; tititiš
tell (story)	hapokel-
tempt	yewuš-ne-
ten	ṭo’e ~ ṭo’i, ṭopal
testicle	akel, oxot, solo, šulat
than	in
thank you	ts’apani
thanks	hane
that	pa, pe; ho
that way, be	išvi
the (relative)	an
then	an; ṭam; ta, l-
there	hu, maye, neepa, ṭiyax; pol, ṭ-
there (distant)	wa’
therefore	hew, tereṭe, ṭua
they	xeyot
thick	moṭ, š-
thief	katine, p-
thigh	apok
thin	ano, k-; ešxo-ni; kitana, s-; xole, ṭ-
thing	k’olšiyip; kwal
think	aken, p-; ali-nV; asu; esna; malentax; xoywem; xumyal-o
third	tiṭaku
third person	k- ~ ko-, o, -o, p-, yo
thirsty	axša ~ akši, šuway
this	asway, na
thorn	šewte, xake
thrash	utnekali-k
thrasher (bird)	čá
thread	elo; yol, š-
three	lap:ay, k-
throat	k’ay, epenox
throw	lalex; lix-o; tepay
throw away	lix-o, č’e:wa:nu
throw in	opoy’
throw out	la
throw a rock	kwele, š-
thrush (bird)	č’ap
thumb	čanay
thunder (n.)	ṭ’ilxo
thunder(v.)	loho, elowa, ṭ’-; k’espe’; ṭuk’; ṭutisi
thus	išna
tick (vermin)	makaw, s-; ṭoy
tickle	xuts’olne, yawš
tide	kapilinsa, šapawe
tie	k’elop, opok, sekoṭ’ak, ṭ’ak
tie up	eta-k, p-
tight	meṭe, k-
tighten	moṭ’u-xo
time	šaka, ṭ-
time, once upon a	kw’el, lelo t’ol
time, one	kw’el
time, what	taš
tip over	ókuṭ’-
tired	ayknop, k’-; č’ap, k-
tit (bird)	xanew
titmouse	kototo, ts’-
to	ṭoma
toad	kole, t’-
toast	ol, p-
tobacco	ṭalam
tobacco (wild)	sasen
today	ta’a
toe	apelay
toe (second)	terwak
toe (third)	tamay
together	-nxa; šlow, k-; tolkewo
together, all	oṭ’ol
together, be	amaw
toloache	moneymo
tomorrow, day after	pa’a
tongue	pal
tongue (animal’s)	an, t’-
tonight	mixoya
too much	peptelop, xaya
tool	mey ~ mi
tooth	olet, ṭ- ~ ulet; suluknay
top	eyne; tsi-; kak; keko, ṭe-
touch	axat’a; enele-k, p-; sole; yaws
toy	k’ete, s-; išxala
toyon (plant)	ṭalak
tracks	senaš, šxexe
trade	notili
trail	ua, l-
train (n.)	šo’oy, k-
transitive	-na
transport	ayem, p-
trap	maselni, tayl, weyk-
tray	ken, s-
tree	kaṭ; xalt’en, š-; xawat, š-
tree (tv.)	šolat, p-
tree sp.	šukwa
trinket	xenis
trip	eke
trough	ken, s-
true	esna, k-; kisa
truly	če’e; sa, k-
trunk (body)	o’oy
trunk (tree)	pasten
try	met
tule	axol, k’amte
tule (round)	oyon, š-
tumble	li’i
turn	wate-
turn around	il(e); wate-nup, k-s-
turn over	elkel-pe, p-; ešol-pe; wate-nup, k-s-
turtle	ṭaway ~ ṭawoy
twins	takašaw
twist	k’ina, ṭ’epene
twisted	itslolne
two	kakeš(u)
ugly	mahat, s-
uncle	apaš, l; aša; ewe-; k’a, e-; mone; sak ~ sax; semok; ta’
under	poxo-, pe-
understand	yem-; lone, k-
understand, not	koyme
unequal	elito
unique	čitso
unselfish	apa, k-
untie	alen; lal, p-; pakaye, k-ṭ-
until	ṭam
until ... must	ṭoko
upper	pukita, s-
urinate	esxatel, k-
urine	itaš
us	-ak, -ek ~ -k, -kan, kak
use	al, p-; eme’l, p-; mey; xala
useful	ts’epksa
useless	ṭek’ ~ ṭik
usual	xayo, ṭí-
valuable	eniyak, ṭ-
vaporize	itsipex
veins	wamat
venom (snake)	šowat
verbalizer	-ne
village	may, k-
vision	soka-n-
visit	ayš ~ išk-, imanil’a
voices	sa ~ si
volume (largest)	pal, k-l-
volume (second largest)	wokupt’
volume (smallest)	pokayxa, s-
vomit	k’oktsi
vulture (California)	tičk
vulture (red-headed)	xopnel
waist	o’na’ay; ts’owk-n-
wait	nal
wait!	hela
wake up	šoke-n-
walk	išak, sene
wand	itomuy
wander	ame, k-; išak
want	al, p-
want to do	kiya
wanting	miti- ... -liš
war	kaxla
warm (tv.)	ale-k, p-
warm self	name
waste	č’eewanu
wash	čakom-o, čup
wasp	mem, l-; pays
watch	etek-o, kesk, mawe, mote
water	ča
water (collected)	taš
water, bring	šimtox
water, carry	ayo
wave (sea)	eya, l-
way, out of	nayi
we	aki- ~ ak- ~ a-; ka-; -ak
we (future)	nak’
we (imperfective)	hak’
we (negative)	kak-
we (perfective)	lak’, lek
weak	ano, k-; ešxo-ni’; mowpex, k-; oti
weapon	xák’
weasel	ša
web	pehet, s-; ts’open
wedge	kun
weep	xata
weigh (tv.)	eṭ’a-, p-
welcome	mamalek
well	ts’ip, k-; xata ~ xate
well (water)	ayuwiš
well, ...	ṭume
well, do	ixate
west	k’ewel, p-; lamka
wet	wočen
whale	ṭay
what	ake ~ eke, keṭi, taš, te, ṭal
when	kaš, li, ṭutsey
when will	kašta
where	eke, kekoxe, ma
where from	ṭom
while	telin, ṭe
whip	xwe-
whippoorwill	kalo, s-
whirl	kent, p-
whirlwind	ṭokoy
whiskers	ešax
whiskey	olient, tipin
whisper	akasel
whistle	akos-nV, k-
white	ka-, maṭal; me, k-; ṭa’al
White people	etne’, k-; kata
who	keta, ta ~ tape
who is it that	ṭeka
whole	isili
why	menak’o; mitako, ṭíṭ-; miyok
wide	čapayi-ne
widow(er)	xap-
wife	welo, sen; si, l-
wild (not tame)	aṭampa, k-
wildcat	sam, s-
willow	ašwet
willow (white)	sxet- pe-
win	oneta, k-
win (bet)	eše, p-
wind	ts’akay
wind (east)	awat, t-
wind (north)	šele
wind (west)	meseamča
windpipe	ololay
windpipe (animal’s)	mokutu, s-
wing	opuk; šax, ṭe-
wing point	its’alto
winnowing tray	samak
winter	še, l-
wipe	k’ape, k’ope
wire (barbed)	šewte
wise	oyoweto
wish (n.)	še, l-
wish (v.)	tiyxay
with which	ṭemiṭo
withdraw	amamp
within	ṭoke
without	mayaya
withstand	xa, ol-
wits, lose	kw’ale, l-
wolf	oxo, ṭ-
woman	ne, l-; ts’e, le-
woman (married)	wawe
woman (old)	čene, šelte
womb (animal’s)	akaynay
wood	ak’ata, ṭ-; k’at
wood, bring	nayem
wood, get	nekenil, ak-
wood, pipe	č’o’lë
woodpecker	wetok
woodpecker (California)	pelaka, tenak
woodpecker (Lewis)	šaknil
woodpecker (red-shafted)	č’am, sik
woodpecker (yellow-bellied)	ts’el
work (n.)	takat-o
work (v.)	talxwal
world	kw’el, lak’
worm	iwpte, ṭ’-; k’ot, š-; talmuy; timehay; yó, ṭ-
worry	aša
worry about	ili-w
worth	eniyak, ṭ-
would that	peak ~ piak, ṭ-
wound	inay; lom-te; ṭen, p-; yaṭawla, t-
wrap	čele
wrap around	sikilip
wren (ruby-crowned)	petets
wrinkled	ts’axwen
wrist	č’ay
write	ašam-; šak’a
yawn	šaxanlup
year	awon-; še, l-
yell	ames
yellow	awuṭ, ṭ-; xawet, ṭ-
yellow jacket	mem, l-
yes	an, ha’a, he’e
yesterday	noṭyey’o, ṭ’i; nakoxa
yesterday, day before	pa’a
yet	in
Yokuts	iškam
you (pl.)	-kam, -met, mom, ox
you (sg.)	-ka, m-, mo, om, -t
young	tek’a, s-
your (sg.)	ṭ-me-, ṭum-
yours	me’e
yucca (large)	k’alë, š-
yucca (small)	tay, te-