Appendix:Proto-Chimakuan reconstructions

Proto-Chimakuan reconstructions:

Powell (1974)

Gloss	Proto-Chimakuan
generalizing base connoting existence	*ʔá-
chief	*ʔák̍ʷit
mountain	*ʔáʔaxit
naked	*ʔaláq̍ʷa
to make, to do	*ʔali-
food, to feed	*ʔalit-
my sibling	*ʔáliʔs
waves, choppy sea	*ʔl̍-
my grandparent	*ʔamáʔas
to leave, abandon	*ʔilax̣a-
to sweep	*ʔiq̍ʷ
many, much	*ʔixʷ-(i)
generalizing base yielding locatives and partitives	*ʔó-
house	*ʔot̍i-tikʷ(i)
nose	*-os
to bleed, blood	*can-
to move, run around	*caw-
to dig	*caqʷ-
egg	*cickʷa-
gum	*ci̇́xaʔ
it's straight	*ci̇́xaʔV
waterfall	*ci̇́x̣aʔ
move, go	*cots-
when	*-c̍
negation, 'no, not'	*c̍a-
clothes, blanket	*-c̍a
diminutive suffix, 'a little, small'	*-c̍a
I cry	*c̍aksaʔli
shut tight, covered	*c̍ap-
water	*-c̍i, *-c̍o
to dive	*c̍ilak̍-
up, above	*c̍ilV́ w̍á
ground, world, universe	*c̍iq̍át-
high, above	*c̍ixiɬV
ground, floor	*-c̍o
hewn wood	*c̍okʷ-
come	*hakʷo-
good, well, pretty, handsome, delicious	*hak̍ʷi-
tree	*hám̍aʔa
to cover	*hap̍il
tired	*haq̍a-
to pack, carry on back	*haq̍ʷ-
to fall down, go down	*haw-
deer	*hawayisqa (?)
to breathe	*hax̣ál
generalizing base connoting identification or particularity	*hi-
stem connoting kinship	*hi̇́c-
grouse	*himhi̇́m
pigeon	*him̍o
father	*hi̇́na
daughter-in-law	*hóqɬ
to finish	*hoya-
hook	*kam̍-
to hang	*kan-
to hide	*kan̍-
parent's sister, aunt	*káy̍is-
to kick, dance	*kici̇́lV
to say, tell	*-kina
dog (probably wool-bearing type)	*kináno
across	*kita-
legend, story	*kixti-
to help	*ki̇́y̍a-
I hit, beat	*k̍ác̍illi (?)
stone	*k̍áλ̍a, k̍át̍ia
my younger sibling	*k̍an̍i̇́s
to be ashamed	*k̍asa-
snow	*k̍i̇́ʔ-
belly	*-k̍i
Roosevelt elk	*ki̇́kiɬ
lazy	*k̍ik̍iti-
every	*k̍itaʔ-
to tie up, bind	*k̍iy̍a-
finger	*kʷant
adopted	*kʷas-
demonstrative	*kʷiʔV
having an eye open	*kʷikʷ-i-
to lie down	*kʷikʷ-i-c̍óʔti-
large	*kʷikʷo-
six	*kʷi̇́ɬas
down, below	*kʷiyó w̍á
moving water	*kʷiw̍a
warm, cooked	*kʷyaɬa-
father's brother, uncle	*kʷyaq-
canoe	*-kʷo
full	*kʷok̍ʷi-
dead, gravely ill	*kʷol-
down, blow	*kʷoló w̍á
my wife	*kʷoɬis
spruce cone (?)	*kʷoyóqʷos
leg	*k̍ʷiɬ
to die, dead, to smite dead	*k̍ʷiq-
to steal	*k̍ʷot-
certain, truth, really	*k̍ʷóys-
dry	*k̍ʷoyxʷa
deceased	*-k̍ʷyayi
to lick	*lakʷi-
to travel	*laq̍a
slimy	*laqʷa-
to walk, foot	*law̍-
to eat	*-lax̣
song, to sound like something	*-layo
face	*-li
to forget	*limi-
I go ashore	*liti̇́ʔ-
dizzy, spinning around	*li̇́xʷa-
canoe	*-lo
general possessive and ordinal suffix	*-lo
hole, cave, tunnel	*loq̍ʷa-
to shake	*l̍aq̍ʷo-
near, toward	*l̍ay̍-
intensifying particle, 'indeed'	*ɬa
in the woords	*ɬálow̍wto
hair, feathers	*ɬap-
eye	*ɬaq̍ʷo (?)
behind	*ɬawo-
two	*ɬaw̍
face, leaf	*-ɬi
to tie	*ɬikʷi-
trail, road	*-ɬimt
tongue	*-ɬito
child	*-ɬk̍ʷa
strong	*ɬomi-
to spit	*ɬoxʷ
warrior	*ɬóxʷa
fish scales	*λ̍act-
nettle(s)	*λ̍álap, t̍ɬálap
bed	*λ̍ap-
swell up	*λ̍aqʷ-
to get up	*λ̍axʷ-
to sit down	*λ̍ay̍-
hard	*λ̍i̇́ka-
(blue) green	*λ̍i̇́q̍aʔ-
feathers	*λ̍óʔot-
break	*λ̍oq̍ʷ-
hard	*λ̍óx̣ʷa
wet	*maʔi
chipmunk	*mácmac
I'm thirsty	*mác̍il?li
to meet	*maq̍ʷo-
four	*máy̍as
hair	*mi̇́ɬkʷ
large, great	*mitsk̍a
thin, fine	*moc-
sleep	*m̍aɬ-
to smell, nose	*m̍as-
to lift, heavy	*m̍as-
beyond	*m̍aq-
to boil	*m̍óʔal (?)
to fetch fire	*naʔso
buttocks (female)	*-nac
prepare	*nikʷa
bird	*ni̇́noʔs
bark	*niq̍-
skin	*-nis
arrow	*-nis
tail, back	*-nosq̍ʷa
flat	*paɬ-
mouth, speak	*pil-
to know, understand	*piɬ-
light, moon, sun, sky	*pit̍-, *p̍it-, *p̍ikʷi-
white	*pix-
person, Indian	*póʔoqʷo
to blow	*poxʷ-
braids	*p̍acix̣V
pipe	*p̍aq-
to float	*p̍ax̣ʷa-
to fill, full	*p̍iλ̍a- (p̍it̍ɬa- ʔ)
seeː *pit̍-	*p̍it-, *p̍ikʷ-
to fall apart	*p̍oλ̍-
in front	*qal-
people in a canoe	*-qal
paddle	*qam̍-
just now, and then	*qati-
medicine	*qátil
grandchild	*qáxʷoli-
rapids	*-qc̍
in a manner	*-qɬ
day, season	*-qtiya
bone	*q̍a-
pull in a direction	*q̍aɬ-
white	*q̍am-
circular	*q̍an-
to bite, spit out (?)	*q̍aq-
to cut off square	*q̍atsi-
to swallow	*q̍aw-
to tie a knot	*q̍i-
berry, fruit	*q̍i̇́c̍a
hand hurts	*q̍ist̍ay-
broken down	*q̍iy-
made for a purpose	*-qʷa
three	*qʷál̍V
roast, cook	*qʷaɬ-
summer	*qʷáy̍ato
how many	*qʷóʔoc
where	*qʷóʔokʷ
instrument	*-qʷoɬ
to hear (?)	*-qʷoq̍ʷa-
to tear, split	*q̍ʷiq-
to extend	*q̍ʷay-
back	*-q̍ʷay
seeː *xʷaq̍ʷ-	*q̍ʷixʷa-
neck	*-q̍ʷos
to pursue	*sak-
to fell a tree	*sam̍i-
to laugh	*saya-
sleep	*-si
cedar bark	*sik̍ʷó-
face	*-sil
water	*-sina
mosquito	*sinakʷiqʷoɬ
hair	*-sini
wing	*-skiyit
fire	*-so
roof	*sów̍at
bladder	*sóxʷal-
sour	*soyóxʷ-
fire	*-spa
remainder	*-stik
nominalizer	*-t
day	*-ta
female	*taɬ-
a long time	*taɬ
heart, intelligence	*taɬ
half	*taɬ-
who	*taqa, taqi-
to chop	*taqʷó
to kill	*táti-
contiguous day	*táwiɬ-
in front	*taw̍
bow	*táxʷ-ɬ-
to jump	*tik̍-
to kindle a fire	*tik̍a-
heavy, full	*ti̇́la
instrument	*-tin, -tan
to do	*-tis
winter	*ti̇́tat
to carry	*tixʷi-
in the house	*tiwa-
man, male	*tiy̍aɬ-
dull	*tom̍-
to bind up	*topa-
possessive for body parts	*-tot
fire drill, drill	*tots-
canoe	*-tq
heart	*-tqay̍
to shake	*tsosa-
to buy, sell	*t̍akʷi-, *takʷo-
middle, half	*t̍akʷi-
missing, crave, want	*t̍aɬ-
straighten up, out	*t̍am-
tail	*-t̍an̍aq
to crawl	*t̍aqal
to miss one's aim	*t̍aq-
hot	*t̍ax̣-
hand	*-t̍ay
to cut	*-t̍ay
to feel, taste, smell, sense	*t̍ik-
to jump	*t̍ik̍-
rope	*t̍ikʷ-
taste, good-tasting	*-t̍ina
head	*-t̍ikʷ
name	*t̍i̇́soqʷoɬ
young	*t̍sin-
negation, 'no, not'	*wa
to split	*wakʷi-
one	*waɬ-, *wiɬ-, *wi̇́-
woman	*wisac̍opat
in that place	*w̍á
to whistle	*xʷapáʔa
dry	*xʷaq̍ʷ- (?)
relative by marriage after the link is dead	*xʷixʷi-
low in pressure, easy	*xʷónaʔV
to carve	*xʷopa-
to freeze, ice	*x̣ákaʔ
to make an incision	*x̣al-
to eat, drink	*-x̣axʷi
shoulder	*-x̣ay̍it
parent-in-law	*x̣ʷayislo-
tree, wood	*ya-
my niece, nephew	*yápilitis
prairie	*yáqʷo
snake	*yáyw̍a (?)
out on the beach, in front	*yáxʷoɬV
attenutive infix, 'a little'	*-yi-
dead, ghost	*yil-, *-yil
dollar	*-yixit
to look for, get, collect	*-ʔalixʷi-
chest	*-camɬ-
hum, noise	*c̍an-
old	*-c̍ayi
to fish with a pole	*c̍ayoq
onomatopoetic term, 'squeal'	*c̍inikʷa
female (having to do with reproduction)	*-c̍o
to shake	*c̍oxʷ-
weave (?), materials for weaving (?)	*hokʷ-
to hammer	*k̍ax-
heel	*-k̍iɬ-
to be crooked, have a protuberance	*k̍opaʔ-
weak from sickness or hunger (?)	*kʷica-
stomach	*kʷiqin (?)
to arrive by canoe	*kʷol-
to fly	*kʷyakʷya-
get lost, go wrong	*liko-, *lika- (?)
to flow from the source	*lól̍o
outside	*lot-
to run	*l̍ita- (?)
old	*ɬim- (?)
alder	*λ̍ic-, *λixic (?)
breast (female)	*máqas (?)
claw, fingernail	*m̍aɬ-
to bob, nod	*naq- (?)
frighten	*naw-a
enough	*pan- (?)
hole	*paxʷ (?)
tears, to cry	*qaʔt-
snuggled inside	*qap-
stream (?)	*q̍a-
hair	*q̍a-, q̍a (?)
to peep	*q̍a-
small	*q̍at̍in- (?)
chew	*q̍ik̍ʷo-, q̍ikʷi-
grey with age	*q̍ʷáyti-
stomach	*siq̍ʷo-
to vanquish	*tip-
throat, upper chest	*tomi-
having to do with the mind and perceiving (?)	*t̍akʷi-
to hit a target	*t̍akʷi-
to sit on	*t̍aq-
mist, fog	*xʷaʔ
to hit	*xʷac-
cold	*xʷiy-, *xʷoy-
movement	*-x̣ (?)
to bite	*-x̣ic-
go out and return	*yakʷi-

References

• Powell, James V. 1975. Proto-Chimakuan: Materials for a Reconstruction. Working Papers in Linguistics, University of Hawaii 7/2. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.