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Appendix:Swadesh lists for Iberian languages

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

This is a Swadesh list of Iberian languages languages, specifically Spanish, Portuguese, Asturian, Catalan and Occitan, compared with that of English.

not done

Presentation

[edit]
For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

[edit]
EnglishSpanish
español
edit (207)
Portuguese
edit (207)
Asturian
asturianu
edit (207)
Catalan
català
edit (207)
Occitan
occitan
edit (205)
1I (1sg)yoeuyojojo, ieu
2you (2sg), vos, usted*tu, vocêtututu
3he, she, it (3sg)él, ellaeleél, ella, elloellel*, ela*
4we (1pl)nosotros, nosotrasnósnosotros, nosotresnosaltresnosautres
5you (2pl)vosotros, vosotras, ustedesvós, vocêsvosotros, vosotresvosaltresvosautres
6they (3pl)ellos, ellaseles, elasellos, ellesellseles*, elas*
7thisesteisto, este, estaestiaquest, aqueixaqueste*, aquesta*
8thatese, aquelaquilo, aqueleese, aquelaquellaquel*, aquela*
9hereaquí, acáaquiequíací, aquíaquí, ça, çai
10thereahí, , aliende, ellíallà, allí, lai, ailà, alai
11whoquiénquemquiénquiqual, cu, qui
12whatquéque, o quequéquè, quinqué
13wheredóndeondeóndeonont, onte
14whencuándoquandocuándoquanquand*, quora*
15howcómocomocómocomcossí
16notnonãonon, nunnonon
17alltodotodo, tudotoutottot*, tota*
18manymuchomuitoenforma, munchumoltfòrça, beucòp, molt
19somealgunoalguns, algumdalgúnalgunqualque
20fewpocopoucopocupocpauc
21otherotrooutrootrualtreautre
22oneunoumunuunun*, una*
23twodosdoisdosdosdos*, doas*
24threetrestrêstréstrestres
25fourcuatroquatrocuatroquatrequatre
26fivecincocincocincocinccinc
27biggrandegrandegrandegran, grosgrand, gròs
28longlargolongo, compridollargu, llongullarglong
29wideancholargo, amploanchuamplelarg
30thickgruesoespesso, grossogruesugruixutespés
31heavypesadopesadopesáupesatpesuc
32smallpequeñopequenopequeñupetit, menut, xicpichòt, pichon, petit
33shortcortocurtocurtiucurtcort
34narrowestrecho, angostoestreitoestrechu, angostuestretestreit
35thindelgado, flacofino, magro, delgadodelgáuprimmagre
36womanmujermulhermuyerdonafemna
37man (adult male)varónhomemvarónhomeòme
38man (human being)hombrehomemhomehumàuman
39childniñocriançaneñu, guaḥenenenfant
40wifeesposa, mujermulher, esposaesposamuller, esposafemna, esposa, molher
41husbandesposo, maridomarido, esposomaríumarit, espòsmarit, espós
42mothermadremãemadremaremaire
43fatherpadrepaipadreparepaire
44animalanimalanimalanimalanimalanimal
45fishpez, pescadopeixepezpeixpeis, peisson
46birdpájaroave, pássaropáxaruocell, auaucèl
47dogperrocão, cachorroperrugoscan, gos, chin
48lousepiojopiolhopioyupollpesolh
49snakeserpiente, víbora, culebraserpente, cobraculiebraserpsèrp
50wormgusanoverme, bichoviermecucvèrm
51treeárbolárvoreárbolarbrearbre
52forestbosquefloresta, bosquemonteboscforest
53stickpalobastão, paupalubastó, palbaston
54fruitfrutafruta, frutofrutafruit, fruitafruit
55seedsemillasementegranallavorgrana
56leafhojafolhafueyafullafuèlha
57rootraízraizraigañuarrelrasic, raiç, racina
58bark (of a tree)cortezacascacortezaescorçaescòrça, rusca
59flowerflorflorflorflorflor
60grasshierba, gramaerva, grama, relvayerbaherbaèrba
61ropecuerdacordacuerdacordacòrda
62skinpielpelepielpellpèl
63meatcarnecarnecarnecarncarn
64bloodsangresanguesangresangsang
65bonehuesoossossagüesuosòs
66fat (noun)grasagorduragrasagreixgraissa, grais
67egghuevoovogüevuouuòu
68horncuernochifre, cornocuernucorn, banyabana, còrn
69tailcolacauda, rabocolacuacoa
70featherplumapena, plumaplumaplomapluma
71hairpelo, cabellocabelo, pelopelopèl, cabellpel, cabel
72headcabezacabeçacabezacapcap, tèsta
73earorejaorelhaoreyaorellaaurelha
74eyeojoolhogüeyuulluèlh
75nosenariznarizñariz, ñarranasnas
76mouthbocabocabocabocaboca
77toothdientedentedientedentdent
78tongue (organ)lengualínguallinguallengualenga
79fingernailuñaunhauñaunglaungla
80footpiepiepeu
81legpiernapernapiernacamacamba
82kneerodillajoelhorodíagenollgenolh
83handmanomãomanoman
84wingalaasanalaalaala
85bellybarriga, vientreventre, barrigabarriga, banduyupanxaventre
86gutstripasentranhas, intestino, tripastripabudellsbudèl
87neckcuellopescoçopescuezucollcòl
88backespaldacostas, dorsollombuesquenaesquina
89breastpechopeito, seiospechupitpopa
90heartcorazóncoraçãocorazóncorcòr
91liverhígadofígadofégadufetgefetge
92to drinkbeberbeberbeberbeurebeure, béver
93to eatcomercomercomermenjarmanjar
94to bitemordermordermordermossegarmossegar, mòrdre, nhacar
95to suckchuparsugar, chuparzucarxuclar, mamar, xarruparchucar
96to spitescupircuspircuspirescopirescupir
97to vomitvomitarvomitardevolvervomitarvomir
98to blowsoplarsoprarsoplarbufarbufar, bofar
99to breatherespirarrespiraralendarrespiraralenar, respirar, polsar
100to laughreírrirrirriurerire
101to seeverververveureveire, véser
102to hearoírouviroyersentir, oirausir
103to knowsabersaber, conhecersabersabersaupre, saber
104to thinkpensarpensarpensarpensarpensar
105to smellolercheirargolerolorarsentir, pimpar
106to feartemertemertarrecertémercrénher, crentar
107to sleepdormirdormirdormirdormirdormir
108to livevivirvivervivirviureviure
109to diemorirmorrermorrermorirmorir
110to killmatarmatarmatarmatarmatar, tuar, maselar
111to fightpelearlutarengarrarlluitarcombatre, luchar
112to huntcazarcaçarcazarcaçarcaçar
113to hitgolpearbatercutircolpejar, picartustar, trucar, picar
114to cutcortarcortarcortartallarcopar, trencar
115to splitpartirrachar, fenderpartirpartir, separarseparar, desseparar
116to stabapuñalaresfaquear, apunhalarapuñalarapunyalarescotelar
117to scratcharañar, rascarraspar, arranhar, coçargatuñarraspar, rascar, esgarrinxarescarraunhar, radiar
118to digcavar, excavarcavarcavar, escavarcavar, excavarcavar, curar
119to swimnadarnadarnadarnedar, nadarnadar
120to flyvolarvoarvolarvolarvolar
121to walkcaminarandar, caminharcaminarcaminarcaminar, marchar
122to comevenirvirvenirvenir, vindrevenir
123to lie (as in a bed)echarse*, yacer, estar en el suelo*deitar-se, estar deitadoechasejeure*jaire
124to sitsentarse, estar sentado*sentar-se, estar sentadosentaseseure*sèire, assetar, siclar
125to standlevantarse, estar de piepôr-se de pé, estar em péllevantaseestar dret*
126to turn (intransitive)girar, dar una vueltavirar, girarxirargirar, tombargirar, virar
127to fallcaercaircayercaurecaire, tombar
128to givedardardardonar, dardonar, balhar, dar
129to holdtenersegurar, tertenertenir*téner
130to squeezeapretarapertar, comprimirapertarprémer, estrènyeresquichar
131to rubfrotaresfregarestregarfregarfretar, fregar
132to washlavarlavarllavarrentar, netejarlavar
133to wipelimpiarenxugarllimpiareixugareissugar
134to pulltirar de, jalar, halarpuxartirarestirartraire
135to pushempujarempurraremburiarempènyerempénher, butar
136to throwtirar, arrojaratirar, lançarrefundiarllançarlançar, getar
137to tieataratar, amarrararreyarlligarligar
138to sewcosercoser, costurarcosercosircóser, cordurar
139to countcontarcontarcuntarcomptarcomptar
140to saydecirdizerdicirdirdire
141to singcantarcantarcantarcantarcantar
142to playjugarbrincar, jogarxugarjugarjogar
143to floatflotarflutuar, boiarllexarflotar, surarflotar
144to flowfluirfluirfluyirfluircolar
145to freezecongelarse, helargelar, congelarxelargelar, glaçarglaçar
146to swellhincharseinchar, intumescerencherinflarconflar
147sunsolsolsolsolsolelh
148moonlunaluallunallunaluna
149starestrellaestrelaestrellaestel, estrellaestela, estel
150wateraguaáguaaguaaiguaaiga
151rainlluviachuvaorbayuplujapluèja
152riverríorioríuriuriu, rèc
153lakelagolagollagullaclac
154seamarmarmarmarmar
155saltsalsalsalsalsal
156stonepiedrapedrapiedrapedrapèira
157sandarenaareiasablearena, sorrasabla, arena, sorra
158dustpolvopoeira, polvupolsposca, polsa, pols
159earthtierraterra, solotierraterratèrra
160cloudnubenuvemnubenúvolnívol, niu
161fognieblanevoeiro, névoa, neblinaborrinaboiranèbla
162skycielocéucielucelcèl
163windvientoventovientuventvent
164snownievenevenieveneunèu
165icehielogeloxelugel, glaçglaç, gèl, glaça
166smokehumofumo, fumaçafumufumfum
167firefuegofogofueufocfòc
168ashcenizascinzascenicescendracendre
169to burnquemararder, queimarquemarcremarcremar
170roadcaminoestrada, ruacamíncarreterarota, estrada
171mountainmontañamontanhamontemuntanyamontanha
172redrojovermelhocolloráuvermell, roigroge
173greenverdeverdeverdeverdverd
174yellowamarilloamarelomariellugrocjaune
175whiteblancobrancoblancublancblanc
176blacknegropreto, negronegrunegrenegre
177nightnochenoitenuechenitnuèit
178daydíadiadíadiajorn
179yearañoanoañuanyan, annada
180warmcaliente, cálidoquente, mornocalientecalent, càlidcaud
181coldfríofriofríufredfreg, freid
182fullllenocheiollenupleplen, comol
183newnuevonovonuevunounòu, nòvel
184oldviejovelhovieyuvellvièlh
185goodbuenobombonubo, bon
186badmalomaumaludolent, roímal
187rottenpodridopodrepodrepodritpoirit
188dirtysuciosujopuercobrutbrut
189straightrectodireto, retoreuturectedreit
190roundredondoredondoredondurodó, redóredond
191sharp (as a knife)agudo, afiladoafiado, aguçadoagudu, afiláuesmolat, aguttalhant
192dull (as a knife)sin filo, desafilado, embotado, romocegoromuesmussat, rom
193smoothlisoliso, suavellisullis, suaulis, len
194wetmojadoúmido, molhadomoyáuhumit, mullatbanhat
195drysecosecosecusecsec
196correctcorrectocorrecto, corretocorreutucorrectecorrècte, just
197nearcercaperto, próximobarganalprop, vorapròche, prèp
198farlejoslonge, distantellueñellunyluènh
199rightderechadireitaderechadret, dretadreit
200leftizquierdaesquerdaesquierdaesquerre, esquerrasenèstre, esquèr, mance
201aten, aa, emen, aa, ena, en
202inenemendins, endins, en
203withconcomconambamb, avèque
204andy, eeyie
205ifsisesisise
206becauseporqueporqueporqueperquècar, perque
207namenombrenomenomenomnom