Appendix:Kurux Swadesh list
This is a Swadesh list of words in Kurukh, compared with definitions in English.
Presentation
[edit]- For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.
American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
List
[edit]| № | English | Kurukh कुड़ुख़् (kuṛux) edit (207) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | I (1sg) | एन (ēn) |
| 2 | you (2sg) | नीन (nīn) |
| 3 | he, she, it (3sg) | ईस (īs) (proximal, masculine), आस (ās) (distal, masculine), ईद (īd) (proximal, non-masculine), आद (ād) (distal, non-masculine) |
| 4 | we (1pl) | एम (ēm) (exclusive), नाम (nām) (inclusive) |
| 5 | you (2pl) | नीम (nīm) |
| 6 | they (3pl) | ईर (īr) (proximal), इब्ड़र (ibṛar) (proximal), आर (ār) (distal), अब्ड़र (abṛar) (distal) |
| 7 | this | ई (ī) |
| 8 | that | आ (ā) |
| 9 | here | इसन (isan) |
| 10 | there | असन (asan) |
| 11 | who | ने (nē), नेहर (nēhar) |
| 12 | what | एंदरा (endarā), एंदेर (ender), एका (ekā) (prefix) |
| 13 | where | एक्सन (eksan), एखो (ekhō) |
| 14 | when | एकाबीरी (ekābīrī), इक्ला (iklā) |
| 15 | how | एकासे (ekāse) |
| 16 | not | मल्लै (mallai), मल (mal), माल (māl), मा (mā) |
| 17 | all | उर्मि (urmi) (non-human), ओर्मा (ormā) (human) |
| 18 | many | अजम (ajam), ढेर (ḍher) |
| 19 | some | कटिक (kaṭik), जुक्क (jukk) |
| 20 | few | जुक्क (jukk), कटिक (kaṭik) |
| 21 | other | नन्ना (nannā) |
| 22 | one | ओंद (ond) |
| 23 | two | एँड़ (ẽṛ) |
| 24 | three | मूंद (mūnd) |
| 25 | four | नाख़ (nāx) |
| 26 | five | पंचे (pañce) |
| 27 | big | कोँहा (kȭhā) |
| 28 | long | दीघा (dīghā) |
| 29 | wide | चकड़ (cakaṛ), पन्हा (panhā) |
| 30 | thick | मोँट (mõṭ) |
| 31 | heavy | ओत्था (otthā) |
| 32 | small | सन्नी (sannī) |
| 33 | short | पुड्डा (puḍḍā) |
| 34 | narrow | सरुवा (saruā) |
| 35 | thin | सरुवा (saruā) |
| 36 | woman | आली (ālī), मुक्का (mukkā) |
| 37 | man (adult male) | आलस (ālas), मेत (mēt) |
| 38 | man (human being) | आल (āl) |
| 39 | child | ख़द्द (xadd) |
| 40 | wife | आली (ālī), पच्चो (pacco) (endearingly) |
| 41 | husband | आलस (ālas), पच्गी (pacgī) (endearingly) |
| 42 | mother | अयो (ayō), अयंग (ayaṅg) |
| 43 | father | बबस (babas) |
| 44 | animal | जिया-जउँत (jiyā-jaũt) |
| 45 | fish | इंजो (iñjō) |
| 46 | bird | ओड़ा (ōṛā) |
| 47 | dog | अल्ला (allā) |
| 48 | louse | पेन (pēn) |
| 49 | snake | नेर्र (nerr) |
| 50 | worm | लेंडा (leṇḍā), पोच्गो (pocgō) |
| 51 | tree | मन्न (mann) |
| 52 | forest | टोड़ंग (ṭoṛaṅg) |
| 53 | stick | टेम्पा (ṭempā), सोट्टा (soṭṭā) |
| 54 | fruit | ख़ंज्पा (xañjpā) |
| 55 | seed | बीज (bīj) |
| 56 | leaf | अत्ख़ा (atxā) |
| 57 | root | पादा (pādā) |
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | ओड़्क (oṛk) |
| 59 | flower | पूँप (pū̃p) |
| 60 | grass | घाँसी (ghā̃sī) |
| 61 | rope | एप (ēp) |
| 62 | skin | चप्टा (capṭā) |
| 63 | meat | अहड़ा (ahṛā) |
| 64 | blood | ख़ेँस (xē̃s) |
| 65 | bone | ख़ोचोल (xocol) |
| 66 | fat (noun) | नेँता (nē̃tā) |
| 67 | egg | बी (bī) |
| 68 | horn | मरग (marag) |
| 69 | tail | ख़ोला (xolā) |
| 70 | feather | पेंचो (pencō) |
| 71 | hair | चुट्टी (cuṭṭī) |
| 72 | head | कुक्क (kukk) |
| 73 | ear | ख़ेब्दा (xebdā) |
| 74 | eye | ख़न्न (xann) |
| 75 | nose | मुई (muī) |
| 76 | mouth | बई (baī) |
| 77 | tooth | पल्ल (pall) |
| 78 | tongue (organ) | तत्ख़ा (tatxā) |
| 79 | fingernail | ओरोख़ (orox) |
| 80 | foot | ख़ेड्ड (xeḍḍ) |
| 81 | leg | ख़ेड्ड (xeḍḍ) |
| 82 | knee | मूका (mūkā) |
| 83 | hand | ख़ेक्खा (xekkhā) |
| 84 | wing | पेंचो (pencō) |
| 85 | belly | कूल (kūl) |
| 86 | guts | पोट्टा (poṭṭā) |
| 87 | neck | टोटा (ṭoṭā) |
| 88 | back | मेद (mēd) |
| 89 | breast | दुधी (dudhī) |
| 90 | heart | बुका (bukā) |
| 91 | liver | उम्बल्ख़ो (umbalxō) |
| 92 | to drink | ओन्ना (onnā) |
| 93 | to eat | मोख़ना (mōxnā) (for all food other than rice), ओन्ना (onnā) (for food in general, for rice) |
| 94 | to bite | हब्क'आना (habka'ānā) |
| 95 | to suck | चीपना (cīpnā) |
| 96 | to spit | तुप्पना (tuppnā) |
| 97 | to vomit | पुत्रना (putrnā) |
| 98 | to blow | ऊरना (ūrnā) |
| 99 | to breathe | साँस हो'ओना (sā̃s ho'onā) (to take breath), नाख़ना (nāxnā) |
| 100 | to laugh | अल्खना (alkhnā) |
| 101 | to see | एरना (ērnā) |
| 102 | to hear | मेन्ना (mennā) |
| 103 | to know | अख़ना (axnā) |
| 104 | to think | सोचना (sōcnā) |
| 105 | to smell | नुसुंगना (nusuṅgnā) |
| 106 | to fear | एल्चना (elcnā) |
| 107 | to sleep | ख़ंद्रना (xandrnā) |
| 108 | to live | उज्जना (ujjnā) |
| 109 | to die | खे'एना (khē'enā) |
| 110 | to kill | पिटना (piṭnā) |
| 111 | to fight | लड़ना (laṛnā) |
| 112 | to hunt | सेंद्रा बेचना (sendrā bēcnā) |
| 113 | to hit | लवना (launā) |
| 114 | to cut | खंडना (khaṇḍnā), ख़ोयना (xoynā) |
| 115 | to split | पल्कना (palknā) |
| 116 | to stab | जोबना (jobnā) |
| 117 | to scratch | गोद्र'आना (godra'ānā) |
| 118 | to dig | कोड़ना (koṛnā) |
| 119 | to swim | ओगना (ōgnā) |
| 120 | to fly | उढ़यारना (uṛhyārnā) |
| 121 | to walk | एकना (ēknā) |
| 122 | to come | बरना (barnā) |
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | बेड्रना (beḍrnā) |
| 124 | to sit | ओक्कना (okknā) |
| 125 | to stand | इजना (ijnā) |
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | किंद्रारना (kindrarnā) |
| 127 | to fall | खत्रना (khatrnā) |
| 128 | to give | चि'इना (ci'inā) |
| 129 | to hold | धरना (dharnā) |
| 130 | to squeeze | पीख़ना (pīxnā) |
| 131 | to rub | रग्द'आना (ragd'ānā) |
| 132 | to wash | नोँड़ना (nõṛnā) |
| 133 | to wipe | निड़गना (niṛgnā) |
| 134 | to pull | नतगना (natagnā) |
| 135 | to push | तुकना (tuknā) |
| 136 | to throw | हेब्ड़ना (hebṛnā) |
| 137 | to tie | हे'एना (he'enā) |
| 138 | to sew | ओज्जना (ojjnā) |
| 139 | to count | गन्ना (gannā) |
| 140 | to say | ब'अना (ba'anā) |
| 141 | to sing | पाड़ना (pāṛnā) |
| 142 | to play | बेचना (bēcnā), अस्सना (assnā) (for instruments) |
| 143 | to float | ओगना (ōgnā) |
| 144 | to flow | बोहारना (bohārnā) |
| 145 | to freeze | कड़रना (kaṛrnā) |
| 146 | to swell | पूख़ना (pūxnā) |
| 147 | sun | बीड़ी (bīṛī) |
| 148 | moon | चंदो (candō) |
| 149 | star | बिंको (biṅkō) |
| 150 | water | अम्म (amm) |
| 151 | rain | चेँप (cē̃p) |
| 152 | river | ख़ाड़ (xāṛ) |
| 153 | lake | पोखारी (pokharī) |
| 154 | sea | दर्या (daryā) |
| 155 | salt | बेक (bēk) |
| 156 | stone | पखना (pakhnā) |
| 157 | sand | चल्कुर (calkur) |
| 158 | dust | धुली (dhulī), रिँड़ो (rĩṛō) |
| 159 | earth | ख़ेख़ेल (xēxel) |
| 160 | cloud | बदाली (badālī) |
| 161 | fog | कुही (kuhī) |
| 162 | sky | मेर्ख़ा (merxā) |
| 163 | wind | ताका (tākā) |
| 164 | snow | कीबा (kībā) |
| 165 | ice | कीबा (kībā), बरफ (baraph) |
| 166 | smoke | मोज्ख़ा (mojxā), मोस्गा (mosgā) |
| 167 | fire | चिच्च (cicc) |
| 168 | ash | चिंद (cind) |
| 169 | to burn | ओल्दना (oldnā) |
| 170 | road | डहरे (ḍahre), पाबे (pābe) |
| 171 | mountain | पर्ता (partā) |
| 172 | red | ख़ेँसो (xē̃sō) |
| 173 | green | हरियर (hariyar) |
| 174 | yellow | बाल्का (bālkā) |
| 175 | white | पंडरू (paṇḍrū) |
| 176 | black | मोख़ारो (moxāro) |
| 177 | night | माख़ा (māxā) |
| 178 | day | उल्ला (ullā) |
| 179 | year | बछर (bachar), चान (cān) |
| 180 | warm | बिड़ना (biṛnā), कुड़ना (kuṛnā) |
| 181 | cold | पईँयाँ (paī̃yā̃), कीर्ना (kīrnā) |
| 182 | full | निंदका (nindkā), पूर (pūr) |
| 183 | new | पुना (punā) |
| 184 | old | पच्चा (paccā) |
| 185 | good | दव (dau), बेस (bēs) |
| 186 | bad | मल्दव (maldau), अनेस (anēs) |
| 187 | rotten | कित्त्का (kittkā) |
| 188 | dirty | केच्केचा (keckecā) |
| 189 | straight | उज्गो (ujgō) |
| 190 | round | गोल (gōl) |
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | धार (dhār) |
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | बोथे (bothē) |
| 193 | smooth | चिकना (ciknā) |
| 194 | wet | चइँका (caĩkā) |
| 195 | dry | ख़इका (xaikā) |
| 196 | correct | ठीक (ṭhīk) |
| 197 | near | हेद्दे (heddē), गुसन (gusan) |
| 198 | far | गेच्छा (gecchā) |
| 199 | right | तीना (tīnā) |
| 200 | left | लेंगा (leṅgā) |
| 201 | at | नू (nū), गुसन (gusan) |
| 202 | in | नू (nū) |
| 203 | with | संगे (saṅgē), गुसन (gusan) |
| 204 | and | अरा (arā), दरा (darā) |
| 205 | if | अगर (agar) |
| 206 | because | अवंगे (aoṅgē) (therefore) |
| 207 | name | नामे (nāmē) |